Familial aggregation in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a study from south India

An analysis of 617 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients from 587 families was made. In 33 families (5.6%) there was more than one Type 1 diabetic patient. In 98 families (16.7%) positive family history of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes was present. There was a linear correlation between the age at diagnosis of the proband and that of the sibling (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001) in the Type 1 multiplex families. The risk of Type 1 diabetes in relatives was found to be 2.7% by Li Mantel estimate, which is lower than that reported among Europeans. The cumulative risk was higher (p less than 0.001) in the relatives of Type 1 diabetic patients with age at diagnosis less than or equal to 10 years.     

Familial clustering of diabetic retinopathy in South Indian Type 2 diabetic patients.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine whether there is familial clustering of diabetic retinopathy among South Indian Type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS: During the period September 1991 to September 1997, 322 families with at least two diabetic siblings who were registered at our centre and had undergone a retinal examination were selected for the study.The sibling with the longest duration of diabetes was defined as the proband. The prevalence of retinopathy was compared between the siblings of probands with and without retinopathy. RESULTS: Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in 11.2% of the siblings of the probands without diabetic retinopathy and in 35.3% of the siblings of the probands with diabetic retinopathy (P < 0.0001). The increased prevalence of retinopathy among siblings of probands with retinopathy represented all grades of retinopathy, namely non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with and without maculopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, although the latter did not reach statistical significance due to the small numbers. Hypertension, metabolic control and the duration of diabetes among the probands did not affect the clustering of retinopathy. The odds ratio for retinopathy in the siblings of probands with retinopathy after adjusting for age, glycosylated haemoglobin, duration of diabetes, proteinuria and other confounding variables was 3.37(95% confidence interval 1.56-7.29, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Familial clustering of diabetic retinopathy was three times higher in siblings of Type 2 diabetic subjects with diabetic retinopathy.     

Albuminuric diabetic kidney disease predicts foot ulcers in type 2 diabetes

Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) are feared among individuals with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but it is unclear whether they are more frequent, especially in normoalbuminuric DKD.Five hundred and twenty patients admitted in our diabetology ward from 2007 to 2017 were followed up during 54 ± 26 months. New DFUs were registered, and their relationship with the initial renal status was analyzed by LogRank and multivariate Cox regression analysis.The 520 subjects were mainly men (57.9 %), 62 ± 9 years old, with a duration of diabetes of 14 ± 10 years, HbA1c: 8.7 ± 1.8 % (72 ± 19 mmol/mol), and complications: 33.7 % macroangiopathies, 22.1 % previous foot ulcers, 44.8 % DKD, 26.9 % retinopathies. Fifty-seven new DFU occurred, mainly in subjects with DKD. DKD was related to later DFU (HR: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.05–3.07), this relationship stayed significant adjusted for age, gender, and a history of previous DFU (HR: 3.61; 95%CI: 2.11–6.18), and further adjusted for the duration of diabetes, HbA1c, BMI, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Among the 233 subjects with DKD, 129 (55.3 %) had an isolated AER > 30 mg/24H, 41 (17.6 %) had an isolated eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m², and 63 (27.0 %) cumulated both abnormalities. By Cox regression analysis adjusted for age and gender, albuminuric DKDs were related to later DFU: with eGFR≥60: HR: 1.91; 95%CI: 1.02–3.59, with eGFR<60: HR: 2.53; 95%CI: 1.25–5.10, whereas normoalbuminuric DKD was not: HR: 1.04; 95%CI: 0.35–3.07, despite similar rates of neuropathies, peripheral arterial diseases, and retinopathies.In people with type 2 diabetes, albuminuric DKD was associated with two to three folds increased risk of DFUs, whereas normoalbuminuric DKD was not.     

Familial aggregation of T2DM among Arab diabetic population

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of familial history of type 2 diabetes among Arab diabetic patients, compare the maternal and paternal transmission of type 2 DM in patients and evaluate its influence on the clinical characteristics of this disease. This was a cross sectional study. The survey was carried out in urban and semi-urban primary health care [PHC] centers. Of the 2,400 registered with diagnosed diabetes, 1,980 agreed and gave their consent to take part in this study, thus giving a response rate of 82.5 %. DM was defined according to the WHO expert group. Of the study population, 72.9 % reported family history of DM. Family history of DM was significantly higher in females (54.2 %; p?=?0.04) and in the age group below 30 years (24 %; p?<?0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was higher among patients with diabetic mother (25.4 % vs 22.1 %) and maternal aunts/uncles (31.2 % vs 22.2 %) compared to patients with diabetic father and paternal aunts/uncles. Family history of DM was higher in patients of consanguineous parents (77.4 %) than those of nonconsanguineous parents (70.4 %). The present study has found a significant maternal effect in transmission of T2 DM. Family history is associated with the increased incidence of diabetes.     

Familial aggregation in tropical fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes

There is very little information on the genetic factors associated with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD). Ninety-eight first-degree relatives of FCPD patients were subjected to detailed studies, which included glucose tolerance tests, x-ray films of the abdomen, ultrasonography, and studies of exocrine pancreatic function. The study shows that there is a familial aggregation of FCPD with evidence of vertical transmission of the disease from parent to offspring in some families. Routine screening of families of FCPD probands helped to pick up cases in the stage of impaired glucose tolerance. There is heterogeneity in FCPD with respect to familial factors. Some families show marked familial aggregation of FCPD while in others the disease occurs either sporadically or in association with other family members who have abnormal glucose handling.     

Rheumatic-musculoskeletal manifestations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in south India

Aim: To determine the prevalence of rheumatic musculoskeletal disorders (RMSD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and study their risk factors. Methods: Diagnosed patients of T2DM attending the diabetic clinic in a premier teaching institution in south India were interviewed and requested to mark their RMS pain sites on a mannequin and intensity of pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS). A complete RMS examination was done and diagnoses were noted. These RMSDs were compared with those in age‐ and sex‐matched, non‐diabetic individuals from the general population. Association of RMSD with variables was determined using Chi‐square test and multiple logistic regression models for risk factors were created using SPSS 17.0 software. Results: Prevalence of RMSD in 310 cases and controls was 42.58%; 95% CI: 37.08–48.08 and 31.61%; 95% CI: 26.43–36.79, respectively. RMS pain was marked by 194 individuals. Knee was the most common site of pain (33.4%). Prevalence of common RMSD was osteoarthritis knee (20.64%; 95% CI 16.14–25.16), frozen shoulder (16.45%; 95% CI: 12.32–20.58), diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (14.52%; 95% CI: 10.6–18.44) and limited joint mobility (8.06%; 95% CI: 5.03–11.09). Age (P = 0.046), duration of T2DM (P < 0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin (P < 0.001) were found to have significant associations with RMSD. In logistic regression analysis, duration (OR: 1.467; 95% CI: 1.210–1.779) and severity (OR: 1.354; 95% CI: 1.169–1.569) of T2DM were identified as the risk factors. Conclusion: Thorough RMS examination should be included as an integral part of care in T2DM patients.     

High prevalence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes among the offspring of conjugal Type 2 diabetic parents in India

Summary The prevalence of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes among offspring of conjugal Type 2 diabetic parents in India was determined by performing oral glucose tolerance tests. Diabetes was present in 50% of offspring, and 12% had impaired glucose tolerance according to the National Diabetes Data Group criteria. Thus, 62% of all offspring had abnormal glucose tolerance tests. This is the highest prevalence rate for diabetes among offspring of conjugal diabetic parents and might represent an ethnic variation of the genetic factors operating in Indian patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes.     

Relationships between electrochemical skin conductance and kidney disease in Type 2 diabetes

BackgroundSUDOSCAN® non-invasively measures peripheral small fiber and autonomic nerve activity using electrochemical skin conductance. Since neuropathy and nephropathy are microvascular Type 2 diabetes (T2D) complications, relationships between skin conductance, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) were assessed.MethodsTwo hundred five African Americans (AA) with T2D, 93 AA non-diabetic controls, 185 European Americans (EA) with T2D, and 73 EA non-diabetic controls were evaluated. Linear models were fitted stratified by population ancestry and T2D, adjusted for covariates.ResultsRelative to EA, AA had lower skin conductance (T2D cases p < 0.0001; controls p < 0.0001). Skin conductance was also lower in T2D cases vs. controls in each population (p < 0.0001, AA and EA). Global skin conductance was significantly associated with eGFR in AA and EA with T2D; adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and HbA1c, positive association was detected between skin conductance and eGFR in AA T2D cases (parameter estimate 3.38, standard error 1.2; p = 5.2E^− 3), without association in EA T2D cases (p = 0.22).ConclusionsNoninvasive measurement of skin conductance strongly associated with eGFR in AA with T2D, replicating results in Hong Kong Chinese. SUDOSCAN® may prove useful as a low cost, non-invasive screening tool to detect undiagnosed diabetic kidney disease in populations of African ancestry.     

Type 2 diabetes presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis in adolescence.

We report two black adolescent subjects who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis, but who lacked autoimmune markers and demonstrated clinical and biochemical characteristics more typical of Type 2 diabetes, including obesity, acanthosis nigricans, positive family history for Type 2 diabetes, and Type 2 diabetic dyslipidaemia. Subsequent to acute presentation, insulin was discontinued in both subjects and excellent glycaemic control was achieved with metformin therapy alone. Four months following acute presentation, both had adequate C-peptide responses to intravenous glucagon. Type 2 diabetes can present as diabetic ketoacidosis in obese adolescent subjects.     

Natural course of kidney function in Type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy.

AIMS: To determine the natural course of kidney function and to evaluate the impact of putative progression promoters in Caucasian Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with diabetic nephropathy who had never received any antihypertensive treatment. METHODS: A long-term observational study of 13 normotensive to borderline hypertensive Type 2 DM patients with diabetic nephropathy. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured approximately every year (51Cr-EDTA plasma clearance technique). Albuminuria, blood pressure (BP) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was determined 2-4 times per year and serum cholesterol every second year. RESULTS: The patients (12 males/one female), age 56+/-9 (mean +/- SD) years, with a known duration of diabetes of 10+/-6 years, were followed for 55 (24-105) (median (range)) months. GFR decreased from 104 (50-126) to 80 (39-112) ml x min(-1) x 1.73 m(-2) (P = 0.002) with a median rate of decline of 4.5 (-0.4 to 12) ml x min(-1) x year(-1). During follow-up, albuminuria rose from 494 (301-1868) to 908 (108-2169) mg/24 h (P = 0.25), while BP, HbA1c and serum cholesterol remained essentially unchanged. In univariate analysis the rate of decline in GFR did not correlate significantly with neither baseline nor mean values during follow-up of BP, albuminuria, HbA1c and serum cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that normotensive to borderline hypertensive Type 2 DM patients with diabetic nephropathy have a rather slow decline in kidney function, but we did not unravel the putative progression promoters responsible for the variation in rate of decline in GFR.     

Familial aggregation of primary Raynaud's disease

Objective. To determine the occurrence of familial aggregation of primary Raynaud's disease. Methods. Twenty-three patients with primary Raynaud's disease and their first-degree relatives were assessed by questionnaire and, when possible, by physical examination. The same procedures were performed on the patients' spouses and the spouses' first-degree relatives, who served as the control group. Results. The prevalence of Raynaud's disease was significantly higher in the families of the probands than in the control families when assessed by questionnaire (26.1% versus 5.5%; P < 10₋₅), and by physical examination (11.2% versus 2.8%; P = 0.015). Conclusion. These findings demonstrate that there is significant familial aggregation of primary Raynaud's disease.     

Familial aggregation of type 2 diabetes mellitus as an etiological factor in hypertension

Blood pressure (BP) and serum urate concentrations were measured in 22 normoglycaemic, non-obese, middle-aged men with a strong family history of Type 2 diabetes and in 51 controls, taking confounding variables such as sex, age, body weight and life style habits into account. The subjects with a positive family history of diabetes, who were also characterized by impaired physical fitness and insulin secretion, had significantly elevated BP in comparison with the controls, most pronounced for diastolic BP. Serum urate concentration tended to be somewhat higher in the positive family history group than in controls, although not significantly. Blood pressure was positively correlated to plasma insulin concentrations, while negatively correlated to physical fitness, assessed by submaximal exercise tests. The data support the hypotheses that some of the metabolic disturbances and atherosclerosis risk factors associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus may precede the disturbance of glucose tolerance and that advice on life style habits may be of benefit to certain individuals at risk.     

Relationship of lipoprotein(a) with intimal medial thickness of the carotid artery in Type 2 diabetic patients in south India.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the association of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels with intimal medial thickness (IMT) in Type 2 diabetic patients in south India. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 587 consecutive Type 2 diabetic patients at the M.V. Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai. The mean age of the study group was 55 +/- 10 years and 71.2% were males. IMT of the right common carotid artery was determined using high-resolution B mode ultrasonography. Lp(a) levels were measured using ELISA. Since the frequency distribution of Lp(a) was skewed, Lp(a) values were log transformed and the geometric mean was used for statistical analysis. The tertiles of IMT were determined to analyse the association of Lp(a) and other factors with IMT. RESULT: The mean Lp(a) level in the study patients was 18.9 +/- 3.1 mg/dl (geometric mean +/- sd) and the mean IMT of the study subjects was 0.93 +/- 0.19 mm (mean +/- sd). The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis (defined as IMT > 1.1 mm) among subjects with elevated Lp(a) levels > 20 mg/dl was significantly higher compared with those with Lp(a) levels 相似文献   

Prevalence of childhood diabetes in an urban population in south India.

The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes in children less than or equal to 15 years in an urban area in south India, by a population study. Three zones from the northeastern part of the city demarcated by the Directorate of Census were chosen. Ascertainment of the cases from these zones was made (a) by collecting data from the major hospitals and diabetes clinics by personal visit; (b) by questionnaire sent to medical practitioners in the area; and (c) from the chemists and druggists who sell insulin. Recommendations of the Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Registry Group were used. Thirty children with insulin-dependent diabetes with age at diagnosis less than or equal to 15 years were identified. The prevalence was 0.26/1000. The peak age at diagnosis was 12 years. This first population-based study of prevalence of insulin-dependent diabetes in south India shows that insulin-dependent diabetes is not rare. It is higher than reported from many other Asian countries.     

Glycosuria and diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents in south India.

In Madras city (India) 10,513 school students between 3 and 20 yr of age were investigated for glycosuria and its causes. While no previously known cases of diabetes mellitus of any type were encountered, four students (0.038%) in the survey population were found to have glycosuria. One (0.009%) had renal glycosuria, two (0.019%) were possibly NIDDY (MODY) and one (0.009%) had transient glycosuria while receiving anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. It is therefore concluded that neither diabetes mellitus nor glycosuria of non-diabetic causes is a crucial health problem in Indian children and adolescents. While the reasons for this are not known, further research in this field could be of global interest.     

达格列净对2型糖尿病早期糖尿病肾病患者尿外泌体微RNA的影响

目的探讨达格列净对2型糖尿病(T2DM)早期糖尿病肾病(DKD)患者尿外泌体微RNA(miRNA)的影响。方法选取2018年9月至2019年9月于徐州医科大学附属淮安医院内分泌科住院的T2DM早期DKD患者60例。将纳入的患者按照尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(UACR)进行分组,其中30 mg/g1c)及血脂等生化指标。计算体质指数(BMI)。运用实时聚合酶链反应、芯片法测定尿外泌体miRNA水平。组间比较采用t检验、单因素方差分析、χ²检验、Wilcoxon秩和检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。结果DAP组患者治疗后与治疗前相比,体重、BMI、FPG及餐后2 h血糖水平均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DKD组患者治疗后与治疗前相比,体重、BMI、HbA_1c、FPG、餐后2 h血糖及UACR水平均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,传统药物治疗组中5种miRNA(miR-let-7b-5p、miR-21-5p、miR-182-5p、miR-200c-3p和miR-423-5p)表达上调,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);DKD组与传统药物治疗组相比,上述5种miRNA表达亦上调,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DKD组治疗后上述5种miRNA的表达较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论T2DM早期DKD患者存在多种尿外泌体miRNA表达的失调,达格列净可下调细胞外泌体miRNA的表达。