贞芪扶正胶囊对免疫力低下小鼠免疫功能的影响研究

目的:研究贞芪扶正胶囊(ZQFZ)对免疫力低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:用环磷酰胺复制小鼠免疫功能低下模型,通过测定腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、迟发型超敏反应和溶血素抗体等指标,观察ZQFZ对小鼠非特异性免疫、细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的影响。结果:ZQFZ可显著促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,提高吞噬率和吞噬指数;显著增强二硝基氯苯所致迟发型超敏反应;提高血清溶血素抗体水平。结论:ZQFZ对免疫力低下小鼠免疫功能有显著促进作用。     

补肾延寿胶囊的免疫药理作用

目的 研究补肾延寿胶囊对免疫系统功能的影响.方法 采用小鼠碳粒廓清、植物血凝素(PHA)刺激淋巴细胞转化、血清溶血素含量、迟发型超敏反应等实验.结果 补肾延寿胶囊能显著增强正常小鼠单核细胞吞噬功能和PHA刺激的淋巴细胞转化,明显增加氢化泼尼松所致免疫功能低下小鼠的脾、胸腺指数和血清溶血素含量,对小鼠迟发型超敏反应也有一定抑制作用.结论 补肾延寿胶囊有免疫调节作用.     

聚酯型儿茶素对小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的 :研究聚酯型儿茶素对正常小鼠及实验性免疫功能低下小鼠的影响。方法 :选用二硝基氟苯 (DNFB)致小鼠迟发型超敏反应 (DTH)模型、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞 (PMΦ )吞噬鸡红细胞模型以及血清溶血素生成法 (HC50) ,分别观察对正常小鼠特异性细胞免疫、非特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的影响。以环磷酰胺腹腔注射15mg/(kg·d)×4d造成免疫功能低下的模型 ,采用DTH、碳粒廓清法及血清溶血素生成法测定有关免疫指标。结果 :聚酯型儿茶素 (50、100、200mg/(kg·d)×7d)可明显增强正常小鼠的耳片肿胀度、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能及血清溶血素生成 ,明显提高环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠的DTH反应、碳粒廓清K和α值及HC50 值。结论 :聚酯型儿茶素对正常及免疫功能低下小鼠的细胞免疫和体液免疫均具有增强作用。     

胸腺免疫抑制提取物对小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究了猪胸腺免疫抑制提取物对正常及免疫增强小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明:本品能抑制正常及免疫增强小鼠的迟发型超敏反应,肌注40mg/kg能抑制正常小鼠溶血素水平,对小鼠碳粒廓清指数及腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性均有抑制作用。     

苦豆子多糖对小鼠体内外免疫功能的调节作用

目的 考察苦豆子多糖对小鼠免疫功能的体内外调节作用。方法 MTT 法体外观察苦豆子多糖在不同浓度对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响;腹腔注射环磷酰胺建立免疫低下小鼠模型,通过碳粒廓清和血清溶血素实验测定非特异性免疫功能和体液免疫功能,测定小鼠巨噬细胞的碳粒廓清指数 K 、吞噬指数 α和小鼠血清中溶血素的含量。结果 不同浓度苦豆子多糖可不同程度地促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖;苦豆子多糖能在一定程度上提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的廓清能力、吞噬速度及血清中溶血素的含量,提高小鼠机体免疫能力。结论 苦豆子多糖能够通过多种免疫途径增强小鼠免疫功能。     

清解利感合剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：考察清解利感合剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响,为临床应用提供实验依据。方法：采用小鼠碳粒廓清实验,观察清解利感合剂对小鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响;采用小鼠迟发型超敏反应、血清溶血素生成实验,观察清解利感合剂对小鼠特异性细胞免疫及体液免疫的影响。结果：清解利感合剂以2．5、5、10、20mL／kg的剂量连续灌胃给药7d,能明显增强免疫低下小鼠单核吞噬细胞系统的吞噬功能及促进血清溶血素生成,但对正常小鼠无明显影响;能增强免疫低下小鼠DNFB诱发的迟发型超敏反应,对正常小鼠则有抑制趋势。结论：清解利感合剂能增强免疫低下小鼠的非特异性和特异性细胞及体液免疫功能。     

二乙基二巯基氨基甲酸钠对环磷酰胺致免疫低下小白鼠兔疫功能的影响

采用碳廓清除率;迟发型超敏反应;免疫器官重量和血清溶血素生成。结果显示体内给药的DTC可以显著增强DNFB所致小鼠迟发型超敏反应,显著增加小白鼠胸腺和腺脏的重量,高剂量时显著增强小鼠血清溶血素的生成,能显著增强小鼠的碳廓清除率,说明,DTC可增强环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能。     

苦参碱对免疫功能低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的观察苦参碱对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响,寻找苦参碱治疗慢性乙型肝炎的可能机制。方法采用环磷酰胺建立免疫低下小鼠模型,小鼠腹腔注射苦参碱后,观察苦参碱对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬廓清能力、对T淋巴细胞酯酶染色率、对二硝基氯苯所致迟发型超敏反应的影响、和对小鼠血清溶血素抗体的影响。结果苦参碱能抑制T淋巴细胞酯酶染色率,增强网状内皮系统的吞噬能力,但对迟发型超敏反应和血清溶血素抗体无明显影响。结论苦参碱对免疫低下小鼠的细胞免疫具有明显抑制作用,并增强其非特异性免疫。     

复方华蟾胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:观察复方华蟾胶囊(CHC)对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法:采用免疫抑制药造成小鼠免疫低下,然后,进行免疫器官重量、血清溶血素形成、绵羊红细胞诱导的迟发型超敏反应,腹腔巨噬细胞(MФ)内溶菌酶活性及MФ吞噬鸡红细胞试验.结果:小鼠灌胃CHC 4,1.33 g·kg-1,7 d,可对抗环磷酰胺(CTX)40 mg·kg-1,3 d,引起的胸腺、脾脏指数下降.CHC(4,1.33,0.44 g·kg-1,7 d)非常显著地恢复CTX(15 mg·kg-1,3 d)引起的血清溶血素降低,非常显著地增加CTX(40 mg·kg-1,4 d)和硫唑嘌呤(55 mg·kg-1,4 d)引起的迟发型超敏反应低下,可增至正常水平.CHC(1.33 g·kg-1,7 d)可提高CTX(25 mg·kg-1,6 d)所致免疫低下小鼠腹腔MФ内溶菌酶活力,吞噬率及吞噬指数.结论:复方华蟾胶囊对免疫低下小鼠免疫功能具有明显的增强作用.     

合成鱼腥草素对环磷酰胺模型小鼠免疫功能的影响

对于环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下模型小鼠 ,灌胃给予合成鱼腥草素 6 0mg/kg、12 0mg/kg能明显增加环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下模型小鼠的脾脏指数、外周血淋巴细胞ANAE阳性百分率 ;增强单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能、迟发型超敏反应强度及ConA诱导的脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力 ;对胸腺指数则无明显影响 ;合成鱼腥草素 12 0mg/kg还能明显增强环磷酰胺模型小鼠血清溶血素的生成及脾脏空斑形成细胞溶血能力 .     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.