高效液相色谱法同时测定血清中苯妥英、卡马西平的浓度

目的 :建立HPLC法同时测定血清苯妥英 (PHT)与卡马西平 (CBZ)浓度。方法 :以C18反相柱为色谱柱 ,甲醇 水 (5 5∶45 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 40nm ;用乙酸乙酯作为提取剂。结果 :PHT、CBZ平均回收率各为 99.5 %和 10 0 .5 % ,日内和日间RSD均低于 6 .6 % (n =5 ) ;分析方法的定量测定下限 :PHT为 1.2 μ犂·ml-1,CBZ为 0 .2 μ犂·ml-1。分析方法的检测下限 :PHT为 0 .4μ犂·ml-1;CBZ为 0 .1μ犂·ml-1。PHT在 5～ 40 μ犂·ml-1浓度范围线性关系良好 ,r=0 .998;CBZ在 2 .5～ 2 5 μ犂·ml-1浓度范围线性关系良好 ,r=0 .998。结论 :方法灵敏、准确 ,可用于PHT和CBZ临床血药浓度监测。     

RP-HPLC同时测定血浆中苯巴比妥、苯妥英、卡马西平和氢化可的松的浓度

目的　建立同时测定人血浆中苯巴比妥 (PB)、苯妥英 (PHT)、卡马西平 (CBZ)和氢化可的松 (HC)浓度的方法。方法　采用C18柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ,以 0 0 1mol·L-1NaH2 PO4(pH 3 0 ) -甲醇 -乙腈 (4 7∶4 9∶4 )为流动相 ,莫沙必利为内标 ,检测波长 2 4 5nm。结果　标准曲线线性范围PB为 12 5～ 2 0 0 0 μmol·L-1,PHT为 6 2 5～ 10 0 0 μmol·L-1,CBZ为 5 0～ 80 0 μmol·L-1,HC为 80～ 12 80 μg·L-1。萃取回收率PB为 77 95 %～ 87 83% ,PHT为 84 97%～ 86 4 5 % ,CBZ为 79 2 1%～ 93 36 % ,HC为82 90 %～ 93 36 % ;方法回收率PB为 97 2 8%～ 10 0 5 % ,PHT为 96 4 3%～ 10 0 4 2 % ,CBZ为 95 6 3%～ 10 0 4 2 % ,HC为 98 82 %～10 0 98% ;日内测定RSD则分别为 1 2 1%～ 5 95 %、0 6 5 %～ 5 5 2 %、3 4 %～ 9 9%、1 70 %～ 6 0 3% ;日间测定RSD则分别为1 17%～ 6 76 %、3 6 4 %～ 7 2 6 %、0 96 %～ 4 81%、1 4 4 %～ 7 4 2 %。结论　本法快速、灵敏、准确 ,可用于临床同时监测 4种药物的浓度     

HPLC法测定人血浆中曲唑酮的浓度

目的 :建立测定人血浆中曲唑酮 (TZD)浓度的RP HPLC法。方法 :以美国Dikma公司DiamonsilTMC18反相柱 (2 5 0mm×4 6mm ,5 μm)为色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 超纯水 (85∶15 ,V/V) ,流速为 0 8mL·min-1,检测波长 2 5 6nm ,以乙酸乙酯为提取剂。结果 :TZD高 (83 33mg·L-1)、中 (16 6 7mg·L-1)、低 (1 6 7mg·L-1) 3个浓度的平均回收率分别为 10 0 19% ,97 4 5 % ,95 5 1% ;日内、日间RSD均 <5 % (n =5 ) ;分析方法的最低检测浓度为 0 0 8mg·L-1。线性范围为 0 83～ 16 6 6 7mg·L-1,回归方程为Y =0 0 2 16X - 0 0 0 333,r=0 9999(n =10 )。结论 :该方法可用于临床TZD血药浓度监测和药动学研究     

HPLC法测定茵栀黄软胶囊中黄芩苷、栀子苷和绿原酸的含量

目的测定茵栀黄软胶囊中的 3种有效成分 ,黄芩苷、栀子苷、绿原酸的含量。方法HPLC法 ,Irregular HC18(2 5 0 . 0mm× 4 6mm ,10 μm)色谱柱。黄芩苷流动相 :甲醇 水 磷酸 (V∶V∶V =4 7. 0∶5 .3 0∶0. 2 ) ,流速 :1 0mL·min-1,检测波长 :2 80nm ;栀子苷流动相 :乙睛 水 (V∶V =15∶85 ) ,流速 :1 0mL·min-1,检测波长 :2 38nm ;绿原酸流动相 :乙睛 磷酸溶液 (w =0 . 4 % )(V∶V =13∶87) ,流速 :1 0mL·min-1,检测波长 :32 7nm。结果黄芩苷在 2 7 5～ 137 5mg·L-1内质量浓度与峰面积具有良好的线性关系 ,线性回归方程为A =6 4. 83× 10 4ρ - 1 6. 96× 10 .5 ,r =0 . 9998,平均回收率为 99 4 6 % (RSD =1 0 1% ) ;栀子苷在 16 .5～ 82 . 5mg·L-1内质量浓度与峰面积具有良好的线性关系 ,线性回归方程为A =8 794× 10 .5ρ - 4 . 116× 10 2 ,r =0 . 9999,平均回收率为 10 0 . 37% (RSD =1 4 .0 % ) ;绿原酸在 2 4～ 12 0mg·L-1内质量浓度与峰面积具有良好的线性关系 ,线性回归方程为A =2 4 88× 10 4ρ - 9 2 4 4× 10 4,r =0 9999,平均回收率为 99 38%(RSD =1. 89% )。结论测定方法可用于茵栀黄软胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定血清苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠、卡马西平的浓度

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定人血清中苯巴比妥(PBB)、苯妥英钠(PHT)、卡马西平(CBZ)的血药浓度。方法血清经乙酸乙酯两次提取后,以Symmetry C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)分析,流动相:甲醇-水(60∶40),UV检测波长210nm,流速0.8mL.min-1,柱温:25℃。结果平均回收率PBB97.2%、PHT97.4%、CBZ96.3%,日内和日间RSD均小于7%。标准曲线线性关系良好。结论本法适用于临床血药浓度监测。     

HPLC同时测定血清中苯妥英、苯巴比妥和卡马西平的浓度

目的 :建立同时测定微量血清中苯妥英、苯巴比妥和卡马西平浓度的方法。方法 :采用HPLC法 ,以巴比妥为内标同时测定。KromasilC18不锈钢色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 水 (5 7∶43) ,流速 0 .8ml·min 1,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :检测浓度范围苯妥英为 4.0～ 5 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r=0 .9995 ) ,苯巴比妥 5 .0～ 6 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r =0 .9996 ) ,卡马西平为2 .5～ 2 0 .0 μg·ml 1(r =0 .9992 )。最低检测限分别为 1.0 μg·ml 1、2 .0 μg·ml 1和 0 .5 μg·ml 1;平均回收率分别为99.2 2 %、99.6 8%和 98.6 2 % ;日内和日间RSD均低于 5 % (n =5 )。结论 :该法准确、灵敏度高 ,重复性好 ,可作为 3种血药浓度监测的常规方法     

高效液相色谱法测定新癀片中吲哚美辛的含量

目的 　建立 HPL C法测定新癀片中吲哚美辛的含量。方法 　色谱柱 C1 8柱 ( 4 .0 mm× 2 5 0 mm,5 μm) ,流动相 :0 .1mol·m L- 1醋酸钠 (用冰醋酸调 p H5 .0 ) -甲醇 ( 3 0∶ 70 ) ,检测波长 :2 5 4nm,流速 :0 .8ml· min- 1 ,柱温 :室温 ,进样量 :10μL。 结果 　吲哚美辛在 160～ 480μg· m L- 1浓度范围内线性关系良好 ( r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 10 0 .5 % ,RSD为 0 .8%。 结论 　本法简便快速 ,准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定血浆中艾司唑仑、三唑仑和阿普唑仑浓度

目的 :建立同时测定血浆中艾司唑仑、三唑仑和阿普唑仑浓度的方法。方法 :采用HPLC法 ,选用ZORBAXRP C18柱(15 0mm× 4 .6mm ,5 μm) ;甲醇 2 5mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液 (5 7∶4 3)作流动相 ;检测波长为 2 30nm。结果 :本法对三唑仑、阿普唑仑和艾司唑仑的最低检测限浓度均为 4 μg·L-1;回收率接近 10 0 % ;日内、日间精密度 <5 % ;线性范围均为 2 0～ 10 0 0 μg·L-1。结论 :本法能同时测定血浆中三唑仑、阿普唑仑和艾司唑仑 ,此法重现性好 ,灵敏 ,可靠 ,可用于临床药物中毒监测。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方盐酸二甲双胍片中盐酸二甲双胍及格列本脲含量

目的测定复方盐酸二甲双胍中盐酸二甲双胍及格列本脲的含量。方法优化高效液相色谱法条件。 (1)盐酸二甲双胍的色谱条件是 :色谱柱 :HypersilCN(2 0 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm,大连依利特 ) ;流动相 :乙腈 - 0 0 0 5mol·L-1NH4H2 PO4(pH 3 5 ,5 3∶4 7) ;检测波长 :2 34nm ;柱温 :35℃ ;流速 :1 0mL·min-1。 (2 )格列本脲的测定 :色谱柱 :HypersilODS柱 (2 0 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm,大连依利特 ) ;流动相 :甲醇 - 0 0 0 5mol·L-1NH4H2 PO4(pH3 5 ,5∶3) ;检测波长 :30 0nm ;柱温 :35℃ ;流速 :1 0mL·min-1。结果盐酸二甲双胍和格列本脲的线性范围分别为 5 0～ 5 0 0mg·L-1和4 1 2～ 16 4 8mg·L-1;RSD均不超过 1% ;盐酸二甲双胍质量分别为 80 1、10 0 2、12 0 7μg的回收率分别为 99 9%、10 0 1%、10 0 0 % ,格列本脲质量分别为 80 2 4、10 0 30、12 0 36 μg的回收率分别为 10 1 0 %、99 7%、10 0 2 % ;最低检测限分别为 0 2 0和 0 80mg·L-1。结论本法适于复方盐酸二甲双胍的含量测定     

HPLC测定克拉霉素及其制剂的含量

目的　采用HPLC法测定克拉霉素及其制剂的含量。方法　C1 8或C8色谱柱 (4 .6mm× 2 5 0mm ,5 μm) ,流动相分别为磷酸二氢钾溶液 (0 .0 6 7mol·L- 1 ) -甲醇 (4 0 0∶6 0 0 ) (pH 4 .0 )和磷酸二氢钾溶液 (0 .0 6 7mol·L- 1 ) -乙腈 (5 5∶4 5 ) ,检测波长 2 10nm ,均采用外标法。结果　 3种方法线性范围均为 0 .0 2 5～ 2 .0mg·ml- 1 (r=0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 10 0 .2 % ,RSD =0 .4 8% (n =6 )。结论　 3种方法的分离效果均较好 ,没有明显差异 ,其中方法b较为适宜。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.