海人酸致大鼠海马结构GABA_B受体亚单位表达的研究

目的:探讨海人酸诱导大鼠颞叶癫(EP)发作后2种γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体亚单位GABABR亚单位1a(GBR1a)和GABABR亚单位2(GBR2)在EP发生、发展中的作用。方法:运用原位杂交及免疫组化法,检测EP发作后GABABR亚单位mRNA及蛋白在海马的表达。结果:致早期CA1和CA3区2种亚单位mRNA表达持续低下后逐渐增加,DG区则暂时性下降后很快回升;而免疫反应早期却未见明显改变,随后CA1和CA3区表达处于低水平,DG区和颞叶皮质表达下降后很快恢复。结论:致后2种GABAB受体亚单位基因和蛋白表达上调为颞叶EP的内源性自我保护机制。     

海人酸致痫大鼠海马结构GABAB受体亚单位表达的研究

目的：探讨海人酸诱导大鼠颞叶癫痫（EP）发作后2种γ-氨基丁酸（GABA）受体亚单位GABABR亚单位1a（GBR1a）和GABABR亚单位2（GBR2）在EP发生、发展中的作用。方法：运用原位杂交及免疫组化法，检测EP发作后GABABR亚单位mRNA及蛋白在海马的表达。结果：致痫早期CA1和CA3区2种亚单位mRNA表达持续低下后逐渐增加，DG区则暂时性下降后很快回升；而免疫反应早期却未见明显改变，随后CA1和CA3区表达处于低水平，DG区和颞叶皮质表达下降后很快恢复。结论：致痫后2种GABAB受体亚单位基因和蛋白表达上调为颞叶EP的内源性自我保护机制。     

实验性癫癎大鼠发作后海马γ-氨基丁酸B受体亚单位的表达及其激动剂的影响

目的观察海人酸(KA)诱导的实验性癫癎(EP)大鼠发作后海马γ-氨基丁酸B受体(GABABR)亚单位mRNA表达及其激动剂巴氯芬的影响。方法运用原位杂交法检测各实验组大鼠EP发作后及巴氯芬干预后海马区GABABR亚单位GAR1a及GAR2 mRNA表达。结果KA致癎早期(6~12h)2种亚单位mRNA表达水平广泛下降,至1d仍明显低于对照组(均P<0.05),但齿状回(DG)区mRNA表达开始回升,3d后表达水平已明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而CA1与CA3区表达仍维持低水平(均P<0.05),但其表达水平渐向对照组水平恢复。巴氯芬干预后亚单位表达明显下降的时间点延迟,且表达水平明显高于非干预的致癎组(P<0.05~0.01)。结论致癎鼠2种亚单位表达下降后又上调为颞叶EP的内源性自我保护机制;巴氯芬促进2种亚单位表达,增强GABA抑制作用,有利于控制EP,为筛选针对GABABR亚单位的抗癎药提供新途径。     

实验性癫痫大鼠发作后海马γ-氨基丁酸B受体亚单位的表达及其激动剂的影响

目的 观察海人酸(KA)诱导的实验性癫疒间(EP)大鼠发作后海马γ-氨基丁酸B受体(GABABR)亚单位mRNA表达及其激动剂巴氯芬的影响.方法 运用原位杂交法检测各实验组大鼠EP发作后及巴氯芬干预后海马区GABABR亚单位GAR1a及GAR2 mRNA表达.结果 KA致疒间早期(6～12 h)2种亚单位mRNA表达水平广泛下降,至1 d仍明显低于对照组(均P<0.05),但齿状回(DG)区mRNA表达开始回升,3 d后表达水平已明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而CA1与CA3区表达仍维持低水平(均P<0.05),但其表达水平渐向对照组水平恢复.巴氯芬干预后亚单位表达明显下降的时间点延迟,且表达水平明显高于非干预的致疒间组(P<0.05～0.01).结论 致疒间鼠2种亚单位表达下降后又上调为颞叶EP的内源性自我保护机制;巴氯芬促进2种亚单位表达,增强GABA抑制作用,有利于控制EP,为筛选针对GABABR亚单位的抗疒间药提供新途径.     

颞叶癫大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化

目的 研究颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化.方法 给SD大鼠腹腔注射匹罗卡品、氯化锂制作颞叶癫(癎)模型.用免疫组化法和原位杂交技术对致(癎)后不同时间点大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回的Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白表达进行检测,并与正常对照组比较.结果 颞叶癫(癎)大鼠致(癎)后7 d、15 d,海马CA1区、CA3区Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05～0.01), 致(癎)后30 d、60 d表达与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;而齿状回Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达与正常对照组的差异无统计学意义.结论 颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区Sema3F、Np2表达在致(癎)后早期明显下调,而在慢性期恢复正常.     

颞叶癫癎大鼠海马TrkB mRNA及其蛋白表达的动态变化

目的探讨颞叶癫瘸发作大鼠海马TrkB mRNA及其蛋白表达的动态变化特征.方法建立匹罗卡品(PILO)颞叶癫癎大鼠模型,应用原位杂交及免疫组织化学方法分别检测致瘸大鼠海马齿状回、CA3区及CAi区TrkB mRNA及其蛋白质表达的变化.结果 PILO致瘸后3～6 h,海马齿状回颗粒细胞层、CA1、CA3区锥体细胞层TrkBmRNA表达显著增高(P＜0.01),稍后TrkB蛋白表达也随之增高.第7～30d,TrkBmRNA及其蛋白在齿状回、CA3区呈现第二次表达增强.结论在癫癎发作早期,TrkB表达增强,提示其可能参与急性癜癎状态的发生;后期表达增强则可能参与了海马的可塑性反应而与慢性自发性发作形成有关.     

慢性癫癎大鼠海马电压依赖性钙通道α1亚单位mRNA的研究

目的研究Ca2+及其通道mRNA在癫癎发病中的作用.方法采用半定量原位杂交和Northern杂交技术,对戊四氮慢性致癎大鼠在致癎不同时段海马内电压依赖性钙通道(VDCC)α1亚单位mRNA的表达变化进行了研究.结果实验大鼠在癫癎形成早期海马不同亚区内α1A、α1D、α1E亚单位mRNA表达水平较对照组明显升高,α1B亚单位mRNA在CA1区和齿状回表达水平下降,而α1C-Ⅰ、α1C-Ⅱ表达无明显变化.充分点燃期仅α1B亚单位mRNA水平在CA3区明显升高.最后一次癫癎发作后第28天,各亚单位无明显变化.结论在致癎过程中,VDCC α1亚单位mRNA有不同程度的变化,其结果可能通过改变神经递质的释放模式而在癫癎灶形成中起一定作用.     

颞叶癫癎大鼠海马AQP4 mRNA和其蛋白的表达变化

目的观察水通道蛋白AQP4mRNA和其蛋白在颞叶癫大鼠海马表达的时空变化,探讨其在癫发生发展中的作用。方法采用氯化锂匹罗卡品致大鼠模型,运用原位杂交和免疫组化检测不同时间点大鼠海马齿状回(DG区)、CA1、CA3区AQP4mRNA和其蛋白表达。结果AQP4mRNA和其蛋白表达主要在CA1、CA3区的锥体细胞和DG区的颗粒细胞;致后6～24h海马各区AQP4mRNA表达显著增加,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.01),蛋白表达从12h开始显著增加,24h到达高峰;静止期各区AQP4表达逐渐下降至正常水平,慢性自发发作期DG区AQP4mRNA和其蛋白表达再次显著增加(P<0.01)。结论性发作后急慢性期海马AQP4表达增加,AQP4表达增加可能增加海马神经元兴奋性,导致性发作加剧的恶性循环;DG区颗粒细胞AQP4表达改变在癫发生发展中的作用可能较CA1、CA3区更重要。     

颞叶癫痫大鼠海马区NR2B／PSD-95的动态表达变化

目的:观察N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体2亚基B(NR2B)和突触后致密物95(PSD-95)蛋白在锂-匹罗卡品致大鼠海马表达的动态变化,探讨其在颞叶癫癎发生、发展中的作用。方法:采用锂-匹罗卡品颞叶癫癎大鼠模型,用免疫组织化学法观察不同时间点大鼠海马CA1、CA3、DG区NR2B和PSD-95蛋白表达。结果:NR2B和PSD-95蛋白在大鼠海马分布广泛,表达丰富;大鼠腹腔注射锂-匹罗卡品后,NR2B和PSD-95蛋白在海马各区表达逐渐减少,24h降至低谷,与对照组比较差异有显著意义(P<0.01);此后逐渐回升,但仍低于对照组;30d在海马CA1、CA3区表达再次降低,与对照组比较有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论:NR2B和PSD-95蛋白表达下调可能分别参与颞叶癫癎急性期和慢性自发发作期的保护性机制。     

颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化

目的研究颞叶癫大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化。方法给SD大鼠腹腔注射匹罗卡品、氯化锂制作颞叶癫模型。用免疫组化法和原位杂交技术对致后不同时间点大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回的Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白表达进行检测,并与正常对照组比较。结果颞叶癫大鼠致后7d、15d,海马CA1区、CA3区Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显低于正常对照组(P<0.05~0.01),致后30d、60d表达与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;而齿状回Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达与正常对照组的差异无统计学意义。结论颞叶癫大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区Se-ma3F、Np2表达在致后早期明显下调,而在慢性期恢复正常。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -