龙岩市2009年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫活动效果评价

目的评价龙岩市2009年麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）强化免疫活动效果。方法对MV强化免疫摸底质量、接种率、人群抗体水平和麻疹监测系统资料进行分析。结果 MV强化免疫共接种8月龄～14岁目标儿童387 998人,报告接种率和调查接种率均〉95%,免疫后人群麻疹抗体阳性率和抗体滴度均显著升高,麻疹发病率较强化免疫前下降了93.98%。结论龙岩市2009年麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著,发病率已降至1/100万以下。为保持强化免疫取得的成果,应做好常规免疫和麻疹监测工作,适时开展后续免疫。     

2007~2011年青岛市常规免疫接种率监测评价简

目的了解2007～2011年青岛市常规免疫接种率监测情况。方法通过中国免疫规划监测信息管理系统,收集青岛市2007～2011年常规免疫接种率监测数据,采用估算接种率、差值（D值）、比值（R值）评价方法进行坪价。结果2007～2011年青岛市卡介苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百日咳-白喉-破伤风联合疫苗、含麻疹成分疫苗、乙型肝炎疫省、A群流脑疫衔、乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗常规基础免疫报告接种率均大于99%。估算接种率为99．82％～135．99%;D值计价显示．评价为可信的指标占11．43％,评价为可疑的占48．57%。评价为不可信的占40．00％;R值评价显示,除2008、2009年乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗外．各种疫苗应种人数基本符合逻辑。结论2007～2011年青岛市常规免疫接种率保特征较高水平,估算接种率偏高,接种率监测数据报告质量有待进一步提高。     

内蒙古自治区2008~2013年常规免疫接种率监测结果评价

目的了解内蒙古自治区2008~2013年常规免疫接种率监测工作情况,对常规免疫接种率监测结果进行评价。方法通过差值法和比值法对监测结果进行比较分析。结果内蒙古全区卡介苗（BCG）、百白破疫苗（DPT）、乙肝疫苗（HepB）、脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗（OPV）、麻疹类疫苗（MCV）和乙脑疫苗（JE）六苗常规免疫报告接种率均高于98%,估算接种率介于76.10%~110.89%。D值评价中,BCG、MCV仅2012年可信,DPT、HepB、OPV仅2012-2013年可信,JE仅2009年可信。2008~2013年,R值评价29次,仅3次不可信。结论内蒙古常规免疫接种率报告无逻辑错误,真实信、准确信有待提高。     

贵州省麻疹疫苗后续强化免疫效果分析

目的分析贵州省麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)后续强化免疫效果,探讨消除麻疹策略。方法综合分析后续强化免疫接种率、人群抗体水平和麻疹监测系统资料。结果本次强化免疫共接种目标儿童3279288人,报告接种率和快速评估接种率均95%,免疫后人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率、保护率和几何平均滴度显著升高,麻疹发病率较后续强化免疫前下降79.1%。结论贵州省MV后续强化免疫效果显著,适时开展后续强化免疫是保持麻疹低发病率水平的重要措施。为实现消除麻疹目标,应加强常规免疫和麻疹监测,适时开展麻疹疫苗查漏补种或后续强化免疫,保证2剂次麻疹疫苗接种率≥95%。     

青山区麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的总结青山区2009-2011年麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）强化免疫效果,探讨消除麻疹策略。方法综合分析MV强化免疫现场调查资料、评估报告和法定传染病报告系统资料。结果青山区2009-2011年MV强化免疫共接种目标儿童81852人,报告接种率和调查接种率均大于95％：强化免疫后麻疹发病锐减。结论青山区2009年MV强化免疫后麻疹发病显著降低。     

上海市宝山区2005—2008年常规免疫接种率监测与评价

常规免疫监测包括接种率监测与接种率评价两方面的内容,接种率报告是进行监测和评价的基础。为了解上海市宝山区常规免疫接种率报告情况,对基层报告接种率进行监测和评价,现将2005-2008年卡介情（BCG）、乙型肝炎疫苗（HB—VAX）、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）、百白破疫苗（DPT）、麻疹疫苗（MV）的常规免疫接种率监测结果评价如下。     

海南省流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗有效性与安全性评价

摘要:目的　评价海南省免疫规划使用流行性乙型脑炎（以下简称“乙脑”）减毒活疫苗预防接种的有效性和安全性,为乙脑预防接种实施和控制提供策略依据。方法　收集1980年以来乙脑疫情资料及2008-2012年乙脑减毒活疫苗接种后疑似预防接种异常反应（Adverse Events Following Immunization;AEFI）监测资料,从乙脑发病率、疫苗保护率、异常反应发生率等流行病学指标评价有效性和安全性。结果　2008-2012年海南省乙脑年均发病率为0.17/10万,疫苗平均保护率为97.52%。AEFI报告203例,总发生率为14.03/10万,以一般反应（发热/红肿/硬结）;异常反应发生率为3.53/10万,主要表现为过敏性皮疹,严重异常反应如血小板减少性紫癜、Arthus反应、脑炎和脑膜炎发生率为0.07/10万。结论　海南省将乙脑减毒活疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫推广应用效果显著,疫苗安全性高,可继续推广应用乙脑减毒活疫苗。     

通辽市2007年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的总结通辽市2007年麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）强化免疫效果，探讨消除麻疹的策略。方法综合分析该市MV强化免疫现场调查资料，评估报告和法定传染病报告系统资料。结果通辽市2007年MV强化免疫共接种目标儿童143358人，报告接种率和调查接种率均〉95％，强化免疫后麻疹发病锐减。结论通辽市2007年MV强化免疫后麻疹发病显著降低，但今后仍需加强常规免疫工作，保持高水平的实际免疫覆盖率和免疫成功率，尤其是大年龄组人群，消除免疫空白。     

西安市新城区2007年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫活动效果评价

[目的]探讨加速控制和消除麻疹的策略和技术措施。[方法]2007年9月对西安市新城区93243名8月龄至14岁儿童实施麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）强化免疫,对报告接种情况进行评价。[结果]新城区MV强化免疫共接种8月龄至14岁目标儿童92124人,报告接种率和快速评估接种率均〉95％,强化免疫后麻疹发病率由2007年的10．99／10万降至2008年的1．99／10万。[结论]强化免疫达到了预期的目的。     

甘肃省镇原县2010年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫效果分析

目的 评价麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)强化免疫接种效果,为有效控制麻疹发病和如期实现2012年消除麻疹目标提供科学依据.方法 根据甘肃省疾病预防控制中心下发的《麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫实施方案》,在镇原县范围内对8月龄～4岁儿童集中接种一剂次MV后,采用现场快速调查、接种率估算法和血清学效果评价等方法进行评估.结果 镇原县2010年MV强化免疫共接种目标儿童26 280人,MV平均报告接种率97.86％,现场快速调查接种率100.00％,估算接种率93.31％,适龄儿童麻疹IgG抗体阳性率由免疫前88.11％上升至免疫后99.29％ (P＜ 0.01).零剂次儿童主要分布在8月龄～1.8岁婴幼儿.结论 MV强化免疫接种率达到了95％的目标,短时期内在易感儿童中形成了牢固的免疫屏障.但今后在重点加强常规免疫接种工作的同时,有些地区还需考虑4～5年后开展MV后续免疫.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.