国产厄贝沙坦胶囊的生物等效性研究

18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服厄贝沙坦胶囊和厄贝沙坦片剂300mg,进行药代动力学和相对生物利用度研究.血药浓度采用高效液相色谱法测定.结果表明胶囊和片剂的主要药代动力学参数Cmax分别为2.51±0.66和2.64±0.46mg·L-1,tmax分别为1.50±0.70和1.29±0.47 h,t1/2分别为10.28±4.48和10.13±5.42 h,AUC0-24分别为9.99±2.24和10.21±1.84 mg·h·L-1.相对生物利用度为98.13±12.52%,统计学结果显示胶囊和片剂生物等效.     

奥硝唑胶囊人体药代动力学及生物等效性研究

目的研究国产奥硝唑胶囊在人体内的药代动力学参数和生物等效性.方法18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服国产奥硝唑胶囊1.5g和进口奥硝唑片1.5g,采用HPLC法测定给药后不同时间点血浆奥硝唑的浓度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果两种制剂的血药浓度曲线均符合二室模型,主要药代动力学参数t1/2(β)分别为16.08±2.32h和15.85±2.26h,Tmax分别为1.75±0.49h和1.75±0.48h,Cmax分别为21.94±3.31mg·L-1和22.58±5.94mg·L-1AUC0～72分别为446.50±55.14mg·h·L-1和433.31±58.52mg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞分别为465.22±56.73mg·h·L-1和451.67±57.97mg·h·L-1.国产奥硝唑胶囊的相对生物利用度为103.52%±6.59%,两种制剂主要药代动力学参数均无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论双单侧t检验结果提示,国产奥硝唑胶囊和进口奥硝唑片具有生物等效性.     

感咳双清胶囊中黄芩苷在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学研究

目的:研究感咳双清胶囊中黄芩苷在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学。方法:8名健康志愿者单次口服1.8g感咳双清胶囊,采用高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算药动学参数。结果:口服1.8g感咳双清胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为t1/2z=(3.304±0.614)h;tmax=(8.0±0.0)h;Cmax=(2.214±0.363)mg·L-1,AUC(0～24)=(18.914±4.064)mg·h·L-1;AUC(0～∞)=(19.291±4.110)mg·h·L-1。其动力学过程符合二室模型。结论:黄芩苷在体内吸收和消除较慢,达tmax所需时间长。     

舒马普坦胶囊和片剂人体药物动力学及相对生物利用度研究

目的 研究国产舒马普坦胶囊、片剂在人体内的药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂100 mg。采用HPLC-MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,采用双单侧t检验进行生物等效性判断。结果 进口参比制剂中舒马普坦的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(41.68±18.38)μg·L-1;tmax为(2.08±0.65)h;AUC0→12为(152.14±61.63)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±0.8)h。国产舒马普坦胶囊的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.01±17.01)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产舒马普坦片剂的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.78±17.67)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产胶囊剂和国产片剂对进口片剂的相对生物利用度分别为91.0％±14.8％和92.0％±11.6％。结论 经统计学分析,国产舒马普坦片剂和胶囊剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性,制剂间药物动力学参数无显著差异。     

扎莱普隆胶囊的相对生物利用度研究

目的比较扎莱普隆胶囊和片剂在健康人体内的药代动力学过程,并对两制剂的生物等效性做出评价.方法20名健康男性志愿者采用交叉给药方案,分别单剂量口服10mg扎莱普隆胶囊和片剂,用高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定血浆中扎莱普隆浓度,进行生物等效性评价.结果实验表明扎莱普隆胶囊和片剂的tmax分别是1.04±0.35h和1.10±0.45h,Cmax分别是26.06±9.14μg·L-1和27.39±7.51μg·L-1,t1/2Ke分别是1.33±0.26h和1.34±0.22h,AUC0-8分别是83.39±37.35μg·h·L-1和87.44±35.25μg·h·L-1.相对生物利用度为94.40%±11.06%.结论结果显示两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

高效液相色谱法测定米非司酮胶囊相对生物利用度

目的建立人血浆中米非司酮浓度的HPLC测定方法,研究健康受试者口服米非司酮胶囊的药动学,以国产同品种片剂作为参比制剂,计算两制剂的相对生物利用度,判断两种制剂是否等效.方法18名受试者随机分为两组,先后单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂后,采用HPLC法测定血药浓度,并计算药动学参数,经方差分析和双单侧t检验进行等效性判断.结果米非司酮最小检测浓度为0.075 mg·L-1,回收率大于85%,日内和日间RSD均≤5%.主要药动学参数分别为米非司酮胶囊tmax为(1.03±0.27)h,AUC0-48为(5 048.7±552.2)μg·h·L-1,Cmax为(461.6±38.5)μg·L-1,t1/2为(44.6±13.5)h.参比制剂tmax为(0.94±0.16)h,AUC0-48为(5 085.8±544.5)μg·h·L-1,Cmax为(4 68.6±51.8)μg·L-1,t1/2为(40.7±9.3)h.结论建立的HPLC法简便快速,定量可靠准确,适合于米非司酮胶囊临床研究.米非司酮胶囊的相对生物利用度为(99.8±10.5)%,经统计学分析,两制剂生物等效.     

复方烟酸缓释片与烟酸普通片在犬体内药代动力学的比较研究

目的比较复方烟酸缓释片与烟酸普通片中烟酸及其代谢物烟尿酸在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学。方法6只Beagle犬采用随机交叉给药方案,单剂量口服500mg复方烟酸缓释片或烟酸普通片后,用RP-HPLC法同时测定Beagle犬血浆中烟酸及其主要代谢物烟尿酸的药物浓度,计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果Beagle犬单剂量口服500mg复方烟酸缓释片和烟酸普通片后,烟酸主要药代动力学参数tmax分别为(2.17±0.61)h和(1.04±0.49)h,Cmax分别为(30.85±4.50)mg·mL-1和(68.05±20.48)mg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(0.69±0.43)h和(0.43±0.10)h,MRT分别为(2.12±0.62)h和(1.72±0.40)h,AUC0-12h分别为(62.17±21.13)mg·h·L-1和(138.67±44.86)mg·h·L-1;烟尿酸主要药代动力学参数tmax分别为(2.42±0.49)h和(1.50±0.45)h,Cmax分别为(0.76±0.34)mg·mL-1和(1.66±0.63)mg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(1.74±1.24)h和(1.64±1.03)h,MRT分别为(2.42±0.62)h和(1.79±0.38)h,AUC0-12h分别为(1.55±0.76)mg·h·L-1和(3.25±1.16)mg·h·L-1。结论单剂量口服复方烟酸缓释片,测得的Cmax、tmax和AUC与烟酸普通片均有显著性差异,受试缓释片的tmax长于参比普通片,Cmax低于参比普通片,说明受试缓释片无突释现象,有一定缓释效果。     

醛糖还原酶抑制剂依帕司他胶囊和片剂的人体生物等效性

目的 :评价依帕司他胶囊和片剂的人体生物等效性。方法 :2 0名健康男性受试者 ,随机分为 2组 ,分别于早晨空腹一次口服依帕司他胶囊或片剂5 0mg。 1wk后再交叉服药。用HPLC法测定依帕司他血药浓度。结果 :依帕司他胶囊和片剂的主要药动学参数 ,Tmax为 (1.7±s 0 .4 )h和 (1.6± 0 .6 )h ,Cmax为 (4 .0± 0 .9)mg·L- 1和 (4 .3± 1.1)mg·L- 1,MRT为 (1.6± 0 .3)h和 (1.6± 0 .4 )h ,T1/2 为(1.7± 0 .6 )h和 (1.4± 0 .3)h ,AUC0 8为 (10 .9±2 .1)mg·h·L- 1和 (11.4± 2 .8)mg·h·L- 1,AUC0 ∞为 (11.1± 2 .2 )mg·h·L- 1和 (11.5± 2 .8)mg·h·L- 1。依帕司他胶囊相对生物利用度为 (10 0±2 2 ) %。结论 :依帕司他胶囊与片剂具有生物等效性     

替米沙坦片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究国产和进口替米沙坦片在健康人体的药代动力学并评价2制剂的生物等效性。方法20名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80mg后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆替米沙坦浓度。用3P97药代动力学软件计算药代动力学参数。结果2种替米沙坦片在健康志愿者体内的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,2种制剂的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(944.71±376.08),(852.72±333.78)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.98±0.60),(1.28±0.65)h;t1/2β分别为(28.78±13.88),(25.83±9.25)h;AUC0-t分别为(4.14±2.44),(3.83±1.97)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(4.64±2.84),(4.17±2.22)mg·h·L-1。国产对进口制剂的平均相对生物利用度F0-t为(99.64±23.93)%,F0-∞为(97.97±26.20)%。结论国产和进口替米沙坦片剂为生物等效制剂。     

国产与进口司他夫定胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价国产和进口司他夫定胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性。方法18名健康志愿者自身交叉、单剂量口服司他夫定胶囊参比(40mg)和被试制剂(45mg)后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆司他夫定浓度。用3P97药代动力学软件进行参数计算及生物等效性评价。结果2种司他夫定的药时曲线均符合一房室模型,参比制剂、被试制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下。Cmax分别为(1033.85±225.63)和(1047.51±282.13)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.75±0.21)和(0.96±0.34)h;t1/2ka分别为(0.16±0.16)和(0.38±0.32)h;t1/2ke分别为(1.49±0.22)和(1.38±0.23)h;AUC0-t分别为(2.23±0.40)和(2.33±0.51)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(2.34±0.46)和(2.42±0.54)mg·h·L-1。与参比制剂相比,被试制剂的相对生物利用度F0-t为(94.20±21.13)%,F0-∞为(93.82±21.89)%。结论2种司他夫定胶囊具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.