全肝血流阻断对胆道梗阻兔肝脏损伤的研究

目的　研究全肝血流阻断对胆道梗阻兔肝脏缺血 /再灌注损伤。方法　将 30只兔随机均分为 3组 :A组 (对照组 )、B组 (胆道梗阻组 )和C组 (全肝血流阻断组 )。组织气体分析仪持续测定兔肝组织氧压 (PtiO2 ) ;光镜观察肝脏病理改变 ;全自动生化仪测定血清总胆红素 (TBIL)丙氨酸氨基转氨酶 (ALT)。结果　B、C组在全肝血流阻断后 ,肝PtiO2 值均明显下降 ,再灌注 60min后 ,肝PtiO2 值仍未恢复 ,与缺血前PtiO2 值差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5) ,且在再灌注 60min时 ,B组较C组肝PtiO2 值恢复更慢 (P <0 .0 5) ;B、C组肝缺血再灌注 2 4h的不同时相 ,ALT值均进一步升高 ,B组较C组升高更为明显。至第 7d ,B、C两组ALT值均恢复到近于正常值 ,肝细胞损伤的病理改变也恢复近似正常。结论　胆道梗阻时肝脏能耐受全肝血流阻断 (2 0min)所致的肝缺血再灌注损伤。     

入肝血流阻断和全肝血流阻断对肝组织氧压影响

目的 研究兔常温下入肝血流阻断（portal triad clamp,PTC)及全肝血流阻断（total hepatic vascular exclusion,THVE)对肝组织氧压（tissue oxygen pressure,Ptio2)的影响。方法 24只兔均分二组即PTC和THVE组。分别测定二组缺血前、缺血30min及再灌注30min后肝Ptio2值及血清丙氨酸氨基转氨酶（ALT）值变化。结果 PTC和THVE组均表现为肝Ptio2下降，但THVE较PTC组肝Ptio2值下降更显著（P＜0．01）、血清ALT值也明显升高（P＜0．05）。结论 PTC组较THVE组对肝缺血的耐受性增加。     

全肝与选择性肝静脉阻断术在肝切除术中的应用比较

目的累及肝静脉或下腔静脉的肝肿瘤切除最严重的并发症是术中大出血,全肝血流阻断术（THVE）能有效控制术中大出血,但由于阻断下腔静脉,易引起全身血流动力学紊乱。选择性肝血流阻断术（SHVE）仅阻断入肝与出肝血流而保持下腔静脉通畅,不会引起全身血流动力学紊乱。本文就这两种肝血流阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用作一比较。方法2000年1月至2006年6月,共施行包括入肝与出肝血流同时阻断切肝术197例,其中THVE87例,SHVE110例。比较两组病人术前情况、肝切除范围、术中情况、术后并发症等指标。结果所有肿瘤均压迫或侵犯1根以上主肝静脉或下腔静脉,两组病人术前一般情况、肝切除范围、肿瘤病理类型无明显差别,术中出血量、肝热缺血时间、手术时间,THVE组明显高于SHVE组。THVE组有15例同时行下腔静脉癌栓取出术,4例肝静脉癌栓取出术,7例行下腔静脉壁修补术,SHVE组有7例同时行肝静脉取栓术,有1例因肿瘤侵犯下腔静脉壁而改行THVE。术后并发症THVE组明显高于SHVE组,前者有2例术后死于肝功能衰竭,SHVE组无1例死亡。术后ICU时间及住院时间THVE组明显高于SHVE组。结论THVE与SHVE均能有效控制术中肝静脉破裂大出血,THVE对伴有下腔静脉癌栓或静脉壁受侵犯的病人是唯一的选择方法,但THVE对全身血流动力学影响大,对未侵犯下腔静脉而仅侵犯肝静脉的病人更适合采用SHVE。     

在选择性肝血流阻断下缺血预处理与间歇性血流阻断在肝切除术中的作用比较

为研究缺血预处理(IP)和间歇性血流阻断(IVO)在肝切除术中在肝血流阻断情况下对缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,在排除肝硬化和严重合并症的病例后,对2003～2004年间17个月的54例肝脏恶性肿瘤行肝切除术的病例进行了前瞻性对照研究。随机将所选病例分为IP组(27例)和IVO组(27例),具体     

肝切除术中肝血流阻断技术的合理应用

血流阻断是肝肿瘤切除术中减少及控制出血的重要手段,但血流阻断也会在不同程度上影响血流动力学的变化,因此,在肝切除手术中必须合理、灵活地运用肝血流控制方法。Pringle第一肝门血流阻断法是目前肝脏切除中最常用的肝血流阻断方法,对肿瘤巨大需行半肝切除术、合并严重肝硬化或肝储备功能严重不足者可考虑用半肝血流阻断法,以避免残留肝脏因血流阻断缺血和再灌注受到伤害;对位于肝静脉主干,如肝、腔静脉结合部病变切除,各种全肝血流阻断方法因对血流动力学的严重影响而被逐渐慎用,目前以选择性血流性出入血流阻断法为首选。SHVE方法的应用完全改变了以往因害怕损伤肝、腔静脉而放弃手术切除的消极局面。笔者认为只要熟练掌握肝静脉和腔静脉的解剖特点,分离阻断右肝静脉及左、中静脉干并非难事,采用SHVE血流阻断技术对于第二、三肝门部肝肿瘤的手术切除是安全可行的血流阻断方法。     

半肝血流阻断技术用于肝硬化肝癌的肝切除

目的 探讨半肝血流阻断技术在合并肝硬化的肝癌手术治疗中的意义.方法 回顾性分析山东大学齐鲁医院普外科2006年3月至2008年9月因肝癌行肝切除205例患者的临床资料,其中术中应用Pringle法第一肝门阻断入肝血流44例(A组)、半肝血流阻断76例(B组)、半肝血流阻断加选择性肝静脉控制85例(C组).比较3组患者肝切除手术时间和术中出血量,术后肝功能的恢复以及术后并发症.结果 3组患者肝切除手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(F=2.53,P>0.05);术中平均出血量分别为543.7、415.8、324.5 ml,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=98.96,P<0.001);在术后3 d和6 d的血清丙氨酸转氨酶、胆红素水平比较,B组和C组明显优于A组.结论 半肝血流阻断可防止健侧肝脏缺血再灌注损伤;肝外控制肝静脉,可显著减少肝切除术中的出血量.     

肝癌肝切除术中肝血流阻断方法的临床研究

目的:探讨肝癌切除术中不同肝血流阻断方法的合理选择.方法:回顾性分析124例肝癌肝切除患者资料,根据术中血流阻断方法分为A组(51例行全肝入肝血流阻断),B组(38例行选择性入肝血流阻断),C组(24例行选择性出入肝血流阻断),D组(1 1例行半肝血流完全阻断).比较4组患者手术时间、肝脏缺血时间、术中出血、输血量,术后肝功恢复情况、术后并发症发生率及病死率等.结果:各组间术前基本情况无统计学差异(均P＞0.05).各组在肝缺血时间、术后并发症发生率及病死率等方面无统计学差异(均P＞0.05);C组和D组手术时间明显长于A组(均P＜0.05),但术中出血量、输血量均少于A组和B组(均P＜0.05);A组术后丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)总胆红素(TBIL)与水平升高较为明显,前者与其余3组间差异均有统计学意义,后者与B组间差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论:肝血流阻断方法的合理选择须由肿瘤大小、位置,术前肝功能状况、潜在肝病、心脑血管状态等因素综合决定,而最重要的是依靠术者的经验与判断力.     

肝血流阻断技术在肝切除中的应用

<正>1引言肝切除术中的大量出血是导致术后并发症及死亡的主要原因。因此,肝血流阻断技术得到越来越广泛的应用。但是,阻断入肝血流行肝切除可引起正常肝组织遭受缺血再灌注损伤,尤其对合并肝硬化病人,会增加引发肝功能衰竭甚至死亡可能[1-2]。因此,如何控制术中出血以及减少缺血再灌注对肝功能的损害,一直是肝脏外科中的重大难     

常温下长时间阻断肝血供的实验研究

目的 观察常温下阻断肝血供和选择性阻断肝静脉不同时期肝脏的变化,探讨肝脏的温缺血时间。方法 常温下阻断Wistar大鼠入肝血供30min、45min及60min,观察肝细胞的形态,结构,肝血窦内皮组织的超微结构,肝酶学指标ALT、AST的改变。结果 常温下鼠肝血流阻断在45min内肝脏的改变为可逆性改变。肝脏酶学A,B,C组ALT,AST明显高于正常（P＜0．01）,A组与B组无明显差异（P＞0．05）,C组ALT,AST高于A、B组（P＜0．01）,D组正常。结论 常温下阻断Wistar大鼠入肝血供和选择性阻断肝静脉的温缺血时间可达45min,而不出现肝脏结构改变。     

缺血预处理对肝血流阻断肝切除影响的荟萃分析

目的通过荟萃(Meta)分析,探讨缺血预处理(IP)对肝血流阻断肝切除术后肝功能、并发症及住院天数的影响。方法计算机检索PUBMED,EMBASE,Cochrane图书馆和重庆维普、中国期刊网、万方数据库,依据纳入和排除标准收集相关随机对照试验(RCT),进行文献筛选、数据提取及质量评价,采用RevMan 4.2.2软件进行Meta分析。结果纳入8个RCT研究共5 1 1例患者,文献质量评价均为B级。Meta分析结果表明:肝血流阻断肝切除术后IP组的ALT峰值(加权均数差=-1 7 6.3 7;9 5%CI为-3 2 0.6 7~-3 0.0 6;P=0.0 2)及并发症发生率(比值比=0.6 4;9 5%CI为0.4 1~0.9 8;P=0.0 4)均低于对照组。但两组术中出血、手术时间、肝血流阻断时间、术后AST峰值、术后总胆红素峰值及住院天数无统计学差异。结论IP可降低肝血流阻断肝切除术后ALT峰值及并发症的发生率,但其对肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用尚缺乏充足的证据。     

Attenuation of ischemia and reperfusion injury of canine livers by inhibition of type II phospholipase A2 with LY329722

BACKGROUND: Membrane phospholipid breakdown, caused by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) of the liver, releases free fatty acids including arachidonic acids and lysophospholipids, which serve as precursors of various inflammatory lipid derivatives. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a key enzyme that initiates this reaction. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that a type II PLA2 inhibitor, LY329722, could attenuate hepatic I/R injury caused by a 2-hr total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) in dogs. METHODS: Eighteen beagle dogs, subjected to a 2-hr THVE, were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n=6) was untreated and served as a control group. LY329722 was administered to animals in group 2 (n=6) intravenously (0.2 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1)) for 60 min before ischemia, and to animals in group 3 (n=6) for 60 min starting 15 min before reperfusion (0.2 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1)). Animal survival, systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics, hepatic tissue blood flow, liver functions, energy metabolism, hepatic venous thromboxane B2 and endothelin-1 levels, phospholipid levels and tumor necrosis factor-a mRNA expression in liver tissue, and histopathologic findings were evaluated. RESULTS: Two-week animal survival was 33% (two of six) in group 1, and 100% (six of six) in groups 2 and 3. LY329722 improved systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics, hepatic tissue blood flow, and energy metabolism, reduced liver enzyme, thromboxane B2, and endothelin-1 release, prevented hepatic phospholipid degradation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression, and lessened histopathologic damage and the number of neutrophil infiltrating into the liver tissue. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that a type II PLA2 inhibitor, LY329722, attenuated hepatic I/R injury caused by a 2-hr THVE model in dogs.     

Tissue oxygen pressure during prolonged ischemia of the liver

BACKGROUND: The potential role of hepatovenous back-perfusion in maintaining organ viability of the inflow-occluded liver has been reported with respect to aspects of tissue perfusion and energy metabolism. In the present study, the physiological differences between liver ischemia induced by portal triad clamping (PTC) and that induced by total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) were investigated in a porcine disease model, with special reference to changes in tissue oxygen pressure (PtO(2)) of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve female pigs were used for induction of 60 min of normothermic liver ischemia. They were assigned to two groups: a PTC group (n = 6) and a THVE group (n = 6). PtO(2) was measured before, during, and after the ischemic period at two different points in the middle lobe: on the central side close to the hepatovenous confluence and on the peripheral side close to the gallbladder bed. RESULTS: Although central PtO(2) decreased during ischemia in both groups, PTC group values at 40 and 60 min of ischemia remained significantly higher than THVE group values (60 +/- 28 and 42 +/- 21 mmHg vs 11 +/- 5 and 13 +/- 3 mmHg, respectively; means +/- SD). Peripheral PtO(2) in the PTC group during ischemia was low in comparison to corresponding central PtO(2) values. CONCLUSION: Oxygen supply to the tissue via hepatovenous reflux may contribute to maintaining organ viability under prolonged inflow occlusion of the liver.     

A clinical-pathological analysis of drug-induced hepatic injury after liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the histopathologic characteristics and clinical features of drug-induced hepatic injury after liver transplantation. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed histopathologic characteristics and clinical features of 160 liver biopsy specimens obtained from 131 posttransplantation patients who were diagnosed as having drug-induced hepatic injury from June 2000 to August 2006 in our center. RESULTS: The histopathologic features of drug-induced hepatic injury after liver transplantation were characterized as centrilobular hepatocyte edema, fatty change, and variable intrahepatic cholestasis. Adverse drug reactions were diagnosed between days 5 and 1643 after transplantation, including 44.38% (71/160) at 5-30 days, 17.50% (28/160) at 31-90 days, and 38.12 (61/160) at 90-1643 days. The incidence of hepatic injury due to antifungal drugs, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, or other agents was 29.38% (47/160), 22.50% (36/160), 16.25% (26/160), and 31.87% (51/160), respectively. Abnormalities in routine liver function tests included ALT elevation>300 micro/L in 87 patients (54.38%), ALP elevation>300 micro/L in 37 patients (23.13%) or total bilirubin elevation>60 micromol/L in 36 patients (22.50%). Drug-induced toxic liver injury is characterized by a single notable increase in ALT, ALP, or TB, especially ALT. Common clinical manifestations were flu, rash, gastrointestinal symptoms, and eosinophilia. CONCLUSION: Drug-induced hepatic injury commonly appears within 30 days or after 90 days posttransplantation. Injury emerging within 30 days is always caused by antifungal, antiviral, or antibiotic drugs, whereas it displays more complicated reasons after 90 days. Drug-induced hepatic injury shows a complex and variable clinical manifestation. According to pathologic findings of liver biopsy, adequate drug history, and relationship between drug administration and onset of clinical manifestations, clinicians and pathologists can make a definitive diagnosis and access the extent of injury.     

Portal Triad Clamping Versus Vascular Exclusion for Vascular Control During Hepatic Resection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective  To compare the clinical outcome of patients undergoing liver resection under portal triad clamping (PTC) versus hepatic vascular exclusion (HVE). Methods  A systematic literature search was performed following the guidelines of the Cochrane collaboration. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing PTC to any technique of HVE were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently assessed methodological quality of included trials and extracted data on overall morbidity, mortality, cardiopulmonary and hepatic morbidity, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rates, postoperative transaminase and bilirubin levels, prothrombin time, and hospital stay. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Results  Of the 1,383 identified references, four RCTs were finally included. These trials compared PTC to selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE), total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE), and a modified technique of HVE (MTHVE), respectively. Meta-analyses revealed no significant difference in morbidity and mortality between PTC and techniques of HVE. Further analyses showed significantly reduced overall morbidity for the PTC compared to the THVE group. There was a significantly lower transfusion rate for HVE compared to PTC. Conclusion  Hepatic vascular exclusion does not offer any benefit regarding outcome of patients undergoing hepatic resection compared to PTC alone. Further, well-designed RCTs evaluating adequate vascular control in major hepatectomy and in patients with underlying liver disease appear justified. Nuh N. Rahbari and Moritz Koch contributed equally to this work     

经腹经心包全肝血流阻断肝切除术

目的 探讨经腹经心包全肝血流阻断方法在肝切除术中的地位。方法 2003年1月至2007年12月,安徽医科大学第一附属医院肝胆外科将38例肝切除术按血流阻断方法分为两组,传统全肝血流阻断组（THVE组)22例,经腹经心包全肝血流阻断组（经心包组）16例,分析应用不同血流阻断方法对术后肝功能及并发症发生的影响。结果 两组病人均成功切除肿瘤,两组手术时间、阻断时间及术后并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。两组术后第3天和第7天血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,术后第7天血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,经心包组术后近期肝功能恢复快。结论 经腹经心包全肝血流阻断肝切除术可提高肿瘤切除率,改善病人预后。     

合理阻断肝脏血流切除累及肝门区肿瘤

目的探讨肝脏血流阻断技术在累及肝门区肿瘤切除中的合理应用。方法对采用第一肝门阻断法（Pringle法）和常温下全肝血流阻断法（THVE）相结合切除14例累及肝门区肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析,统计肿瘤和肝门区血管的毗邻关系、阻断次数、阻断时间、术中出血量、输血量、术后并发症等指标。结果本组Pringle法平均阻断（4.2±2.0）次,第一肝门平均阻断时间（49.6±30.8）min;THVE平均阻断（1.8±0.4）次,平均阻断时间（18.8±7.4）min;术中出血量平均（1100±360）ml,输血量平均（800±220）ml;术中修补下腔静脉4次,主肝静脉2次,门静脉主干2次;术后检测ALT、胆红素有不同程度升高,经治疗2～3周后恢复正常,未发生肝功能衰竭、肝肾综合征等严重并发症。结论Pringle法与THVE法分步结合使用可增加肝门区肿瘤切除的安全性。     

The effect of antagonism of adenosine A1 receptor against ischemia and reperfusion injury of the liver

BACKGROUND: Adenosine is known to exert protective roles in hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury, while all adenosine receptors do not play the cytoprotective roles. We have tested our hypothesis that blockage of adenosine binding to A(1) receptor by its antagonist, KW3902 [8-(noradamantan-3-yl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine] attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: Adult female beagle dogs underwent a 2 h total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) with a venovenous bypass. Nontreated animals that underwent THVE with a venovenous bypass alone were used as the control (Group CT, n=6). KW3902 was given to the animals by continuous intraportal infusion for 60 min before ischemia at a dose of 1 microg/kg/min (Group KW, n=6). Two wk survival, hemodynamics, hepatic tissue blood flow (HTBF), liver function, energy metabolism, cAMP concentration, and histopathological findings were studied. RESULTS: Two wk animal survival was significantly improved in group KW compared with that in group CT (group CT: 16.7% versus group KW: 83.3%). HTBF, liver function, and hepatic adenine nucleotide concentration were remarkably better in group KW than group CT. In addition, cAMP concentration in group KW was maintained significantly higher than group CT. Histopathological examination revealed preservation of hepatic architecture and suppression of neutrophil infiltration into hepatic tissue in group KW. CONCLUSION: Administration of adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist before ischemia attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. To elicit the beneficial effect of adenosine against ischemia and reperfusion injury of the liver, it is important to oppose adenosine A1 receptor activation.     

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??Clinical research of the hepatectomy of total hepatic vascular exclusion by incisioning pericardium through the abdomen XIA Jun, XIONG Qi-ru??JIANG Hai-tao, et al. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022,China Corresponding author: XIONG Qi-ru, E-mail: jun3jun2xia1@163.com Abstract Objective To investigate the importance of total hepatic vascular exclusion for hepatectomy by incisioning pericardium through the abdomen. Methods Hepatectomy was performed in 38 patients in the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between January 2003 and December 2007 by 2 different manners of hepatic vascular exclusion. Among them, 22 patients received the routine total hepatic vascular exclusion(THVE) and 16 patients received total hepatic vascular exclusion for hepatectomy by incisioning pericardium through the abdomen(incisioning pericardium).The type of hepatic vascular exclusion and the variation of postoperative liver function and complication were evaluated. Results All tumors were entirely removed.There was no significant difference in duration of operation and exclusion and incidence of complication between THVE group and incisioning pericardium group.ALT was significant lower in incisioning pericardium group in the 3 and 7 day postoperatively??P<0.05??,and AST was significant lower in incisioning pericardium group in the 7 day postoperatively??P<0.05??. Conclusion The hepatectomy of total hepatic vascular exclusion by incisioning pericardium through the abdomen can elevate resection ratio and improve prognosis of patients.     

Vascular occlusion techniques during liver resection

Control of bleeding from the transected liver basically consists of vascular inflow occlusion and control of hepatic venous backflow from the caval vein. Central venous pressure determines the pressure in the hepatic veins and is an extremely important factor in controlling blood loss through venous backflow. Vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) involves clamping of the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle and gives rise to postischemic, reperfusion injury. Several strategies have been devised to reduce reperfusion injury (pharmacological interventions) or to increase ischemic tolerance of the liver (ischemic preconditioning). Intermittent clamping is recommended in complex liver resections or in patients with diseased livers. The combination of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver results in total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) and is mainly used in tumors invading the caval vein. During THVE the liver can be cooled by hypothermic perfusion allowing for extended ischemia times. Selective THVE entails clamping of the main hepatic veins in their extrahepatic course, thus preserving caval flow. Safe liver surgery requires knowledge of the regular techniques of vascular occlusion for 'on demand' use when necessitated to reduce blood loss.