近期移植肾排斥反应对长期存活的影响及处理方法

目前同种肾移植的症结所在依然是怎样提高长期存活率和生活质量。由于移植免疫学的迅速发展,同种肾移植近期效果明显提高,移植肾1年存活率超过90％,尸肾移植物半数存活时间(T1/2)亦由原来的6.7年延长至90年代的10.9年,但长期效果还不尽人意。影响长期存活的因素很多,如供肾质量、缺血时间、移植肾功能延迟恢复(GDF)、淋巴毒交叉反应、HLA配型、免疫抑制剂以及急性排斥反应等。近年来,越来越多的证据表明,急性排斥反应是影响移植肾长期存活的重要独立危险因素。     

HLA配型在尸体肾移植中的应用(附100例分析)

分析了行HLA-A、B、DR 配型的100例尸体肾移植资料。结果表明,HLA配型结果较好者,移植后急性排斥反应的发生率为33.3%,移植肾的1年存活率为94.7%;而配型差者,急性排斥反应的发生率达60.0%,移植肾的1年存活率仅78.6%.据此认为,HLA 配型对降低尸体肾移植后排斥反应的发生率,提高移植肾的存活率是非常有益的。     

标准HLA配型与氨基酸残基配型在再次肾移植中的应用

【目的】探讨人类白细胞抗原（HLA）配型（Ag M）和氨基酸残基配型（Res M）标准在再次肾移植受者中的应用。【方法】回顾性分析HLA配型、Res M及基因水平HLA-DR相容对78例再次肾移植患者早期肾功能、早期排斥反应及人/肾存活率的影响。【结果】应用Res M标准,0MM受者由AgM组2.6%提高到ResM组14.1%（P=0.0027）,0～1MM组受者由Ag M组15.4%提高到ResM组52.6%（P〈0.001）;残基相配组与残基错配组相比,DR相配组与DR错配组相比：早期移植肾功能恢复快、早期排斥反应发生率显著减少,1、3年移植肾存活率明显提高（P〈0.05）。【结论】HLA-Res M可大幅度增加供受者的相配概率,显著降低术后早期排斥反应发生率,适合在再次肾移植患者中应用。基因水平HLA-DR相容对再次肾移植术后早期排斥反应和存活率具有重要影响。     

标准HLA配型与氨基酸残基配型在再次肾移植中的应用

 【目的】探讨人类白细胞抗原（HLA）配型（Ag M）和氨基酸残基配型（Res M）标准在再次肾移植受者中的应用。【方法】回顾性分析HLA配型、Res M及基因水平HLA-DR相容对78例再次肾移植患者早期肾功能、早期排斥反应及人/肾存活率的影响。【结果】应用Res M标准,0MM受者由AgM组2.6%提高到ResM组14.1%（P=0.0027）,0～1MM组受者由Ag M组15.4%提高到ResM组52.6%（P〈0.001）;残基相配组与残基错配组相比,DR相配组与DR错配组相比：早期移植肾功能恢复快、早期排斥反应发生率显著减少,1、3年移植肾存活率明显提高（P〈0.05）。【结论】HLA-Res M可大幅度增加供受者的相配概率,显著降低术后早期排斥反应发生率,适合在再次肾移植患者中应用。基因水平HLA-DR相容对再次肾移植术后早期排斥反应和存活率具有重要影响。     

肾移植2 200例次临床分析

目的 总结1908例（2200例次）肾移植手术的临床经验,提高肾移植术后人、肾存活率。方法 总结1985年以后人、肾1年、3年、5年的存活率;肾移植主要并发症及其处理原则;影响患者再移植存活率的因素;HLA－抗原／基因配型及群体反应抗体（PRA）检测。结果 （1）自1985年临床使用环孢素A（CSA）后,其1年人、肾存活率为87.3％,3年人、肾存活率为80.2%,5年人、肾存活率为67.0%.(2)50岁以上肾移植患者302例,术后1年移植肾存活率8.4%(252/302),1年人存活率8534%(258/302).(3)肾移植术后患者死亡原因主要是心血管系统疾病及感染。心血管系统疾病占死亡原因的50.7%,感染占死亡率的13.5％（4）。肾移植术后恶性肿瘤 的发病率为1.5％（23／1580）。（5）肝损害患者有独特的药代动力学特点。（6）良好的HLA供－受者配型可以减少肾移植术后急性排斥反应的发生率,有利于移植肾的长期存活。在HLA抗原不配合的情况下,受者应尽量选择不具有免疫原性抗原／基因的供肾移植。（8）对于慢性排斥应应采取综合方法进行治疗。结论 良好的组织配型、肾移植术后免疫抑制药物的合理应用、对移植术后并发症的预防及及时治疗是提高肾移植术后人、肾存活率的重要因素。     

良好的HLA配型可改善PRA高敏受者的移植效果

报告5例淋巴细胞群体反应抗体（PRA）为48％～76％，采用理想的HLA配型，供受者间HLA－A、B、DR位点在3～5个抗原相合情况下进行移植，术后3例发生急性排斥反应，经用甲基强的松龙及OKT3冲击治疗后排斥逆转。5例全部成功，术后均获得随访，人／肾存活9个月～2年4例，3年半1例。讨论了PRA高敏感对移植物的影响，良好的HLA配型对移植效果的影响。     

肾移植326例临床分析

目的对1990～2005年间326例次肾移植情况进行临床分析。方法统计肾移植术后受者1、3、5年的人、肾存活率;肾移植主要并发症及其处理原则;影响受者再次移植存活率的因素;HLA抗原/基因配型及群体反应抗体(PRA)检测情况。结果(1)自1990年使用环孢素A(CsA)后1年人、肾存活率(人、肾均存活)为86.33%,3年为80.26%,5年为66..34%;(2)50岁以上肾移植患者102例,1年移植肾存活率83.44%,1年人存活率85.43%;(3)肾移植术后患者心脑血管系统疾病占死亡原因的50.7%,感染占病死率的13.5%;(4)恶性肿瘤的发病率为1.5%。(5)良好的HLA供受者配型可减少术后急性排斥反应的发生率,利于移植肾的长期存活。结论良好的组织配型,肾移植术后免疫抑制药物的合理应用,对移植术后并发症的预防和及时治疗是提高肾移植术后人/肾存活率的重要因素。     

群体反应性抗体技术及HLA配型在1700例肾移植中的应用研究

目的探讨群体反应性抗体(panel reactive antibody,PRA)、HLA配型技术对肾移植近远期的效果。方法对拟行肾移植的患者运用PRA检测、HLA组织配型,要求HLA抗原3~6个位点相合,PRA阳性(20%以上)给予3~5次血浆置换,共1 700例作为第一组,未采用PRA、HLA组织配型的423例患者为第二组。观察两组肾移植术后免疫指标变化,近期急性排斥反应发生率以及HLA-A、B、DR位点对长期存活的影响。结果第一组肾移植术后环孢素A(cyclosporine A,CsA)用量减至5~7 mg·kg-1·d-1,移植肾功能恢复时间2~16 d,平均5 d,均未发生超急性排斥反应,发生急性排斥反应252例(14.8%),1年人/肾存活率高达98.6%/96.7%,3年人/肾存活率93.1%/87.3%,5年人/肾存活率88.1%/83.6%。第二组肾移植术后CsA用量8~12 mg·kg-1·d-1,移植肾功能恢复时间4~30 d,平均13 d,发生超急性排斥反应者9例(2.1%),急性排斥反应198例(46.8%),1年人/肾存活率86.7%/76.3%,3年人/肾存活率72.5%/67.9%,5年人/肾存活率69.5%/59.3%。结论PRA阴性加良好的HLA配型可杜绝超急性排斥反应的发生,降低急性排斥反应发生率,提高人/肾长期存活率。     

HLA分型筛选致敏肾移植受者疗效观察

目的：研究致敏受经人类白细胞抗原（HLA）配型及HLA交叉反应组（CREGs)配型后行肾移植的效果。方法：应用美国莱姆德细胞板检测受体的群体反应性抗体（PRA）；应用单抗湿板行受HLA-Ⅰ类抗原分型；微量序列特异性引物（Micro-SSP行HLA-Ⅱ类基因分型。结果：75例受PRA阳性率为11%-96%，平均48.5%;51例患术后1周内移植肾功能恢复正常，13例术后出现移植肾急性排斥反应（AR），经静脉点滴OKT3抗排斥，9例肾功能恢复正常，4例切除移植肾，11例患术后并发移植肾功能延迟恢复（DGF），9例患于术后2周至2个月移植肾功能逐渐恢复正常，75例患移植成功率93.3%。死亡率2.7%，总急性排斥率及总DGF发生率分别为17.3%和14.7%。按CREGs配型原则，供受CREGs的0、1、2个错配（MM）分别为13例（17.3%),44例（58.7%)和18例（24.0%)，3MM-6MM均为0，明显高于传统HLA抗原配型结果。结论：致敏受必须严格按照HLA配型及HLACREGs配型原则，对减少移植肾排斥反应，提高并延长移植肾的存活率有重要意义。     

同种异体肾脏移植20例,胰肾联合移植1例临床报告

目的对19例同种异体肾移植,1例胰肾联合移植资料进行分析、总结。方法统计肾移植术后1年人、肾存活率,人类组织相容性抗原(HLA)供受者之间配型以及群体反应抗体(PRA)检测情况。结果人肾存活率95%/95%,19例恢复工作,1例死亡,未出现外科并发症,术后4例出现加速排斥反应,2例出现急性排斥反应。结论充分的术前准备和高质量的供肾是提高手术成功率的保证;严格的HLA配型和术后合理用药是提高长期存活的关键;免疫抑制剂合理使用可降低感染的发生率。     

158例亲属活体肾移植的临床研究

目的:分析亲属活体肾移植资料,总结亲属活体肾移植的经验。方法:158例亲属活体肾移植中除7例为夫妻间供肾外其余为血缘亲属供肾。供、受者HLA有5个抗原错配者2例,4个抗原错配5例,3个抗原错配88例,2个抗原错配50例,1个抗原错配12例,无抗原错配1例。158例供者均经开放手术取肾。35例取供者右肾,123例取左肾,术后采用环孢素A(CsA)或普乐可复（FK506)、霉酚酸酯（MMF)及强的松（Pred)免疫抑制治疗。结果:所有158例供者均健康存活,6个月和1年时血肌酐正常。受者健康存活最长者至2008年6月已达10年, 1年带肾健康存活率95.5％,5例发生移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF),其中4例2~5周肾功能恢复正常。死亡5例,其中1例术后发生DGF,透析期间死亡,另4例术后3~5月因肺部感染死亡。1例发生超急性排斥反应,术中切除移植肾脏,行第2次尸体肾移植。5例在移植后1月内发生急性排斥反应,发生率为3.16％,其中4例经甲基强的松龙（MP)冲击治疗后逆转,另1例合并CsA肾中毒,治疗无效,恢复透析治疗。3例1年半至3年半发生慢性排斥,移植肾丧失功能。8例发生肺部感染,4例治愈。结论:活体肾移植由于术前准备充分、组织相容程度高、供肾质量好等优点,使DGF和急性排斥反应等发生率低,人肾存活率高。活体亲属供肾移植同样要重视DGF的预防,排斥反应的防治,免疫抑制剂的合理使用和继发感染等并发症的防治。加强对活体家属供者的规范选择和全面的健康评估、加强长期随访对保证减少供者伤、使供者健康存活、正常生活工作非常重要。     

活体供肾肾小球滤过率对受体中远期肾功能的影响

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)对受体中远期肾功能的影响。方法 2005年至2010年在中山大学附属第一医院移植中心接受活体肾移植治疗的无急性排斥反应、无移植肾功能延迟恢复的167例供受体为研究对象,其中亲属关系161例(97.0%)、夫妻关系5例(2.4%),帮扶关系1例(0.6%)。术前应用放射性核素99m TC-DTPA肾动态显像测定供体左右肾GFR。供体的双肾GFR为60.5~147.6 ml/min,将对象分为供肾GFR46ml/min 82例和供肾GFR≥46 ml/min 85例。两组受体的术前透析情况、HLA错配率,移植肾冷、热缺血时间、抗体诱导及免疫抑制方案等基本资料相似,评价患者术后中远期肾功能变化情况。结果与供肾GFR46 ml/min组比较,供肾GFR≥46 ml/min组的血肌酐(Scr)在术后3年,4年较低,5年较高,术后3年、4年、5年的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。重复测量的方差分析显示术后3~5年两组受体Scr变化差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。相关分析法显示供者术前肾小球滤过率与受者术后3年、4年、5年Scr之间无相关关系。(r值分别为-0.023,-0.042,0.005,P0.05)。结论活体肾移植供肾GFR高低对受体术后中远期(3~5年)的Scr整体水平及变化趋势无显著影响。     

KIR及苴HLA配体与肾移植急性排斥反应的关系

目的 探讨供受者对杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)及其人类白细胞抗原(HLA)配体所介导信号传导通路在肾移植受者术后发生急性排斥反应(AR)中可能的作用.方法 回顾性分析53对肾移植供受者对HLA和KIR基因型,受者按照术后肾功能状态分为急性排斥组(n=19)和肾功能稳定组(n=34),探讨供者HLA、受者KIR基因型以及受者KIR/供者HLA配体组合型与肾移植急性排斥反应发生的相关性.结果 供者HLA、受者KIR基因表现型频率在急排组和稳定组的分布:供者HLA基因型HLA-CI/2、HLA-A3、HLA-A11、HLA-Bw4在两组间分布无显著统计学差异(P>0.05).受者KIR2DL2/2DS2在急排组表达低于稳定组(26.3% vs 55.9%,P=0.038),受者KIR基因组合型AA类型在急排组表达低于稳定组(31.6% vs 67.6%,P=0.011).供者HLA-Cw、受者KIR基因组合型术后急性排斥反应发生率:供者HLA-C1/C1类型低于非HLA-C1/C1类型(31.6% vs 46.7%,P>0.05).受者KIR基因组合型AA类型低于非AA类型(20.7% vs 52.2%.P=0.011).受者KIR/供者HLA配体组合型匹配情况:肾功能稳定组中KIR2DL2/HLA-C1和KIR2DL2/HLA-C1信号匹配率较急性排斥组高(P=0.030,P=0.028).结论特定的KIR/HLA配体组合型(如KIR2DL2/HLA-C1、KIR2DL2/HLA-C1)可以降低肾移植术后急性排斥反应的发生率.良好的供者HLA和受者KIR配型选择有利于同种异体肾移植的预后.     

影响致敏患者移植肾存活的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响致敏患者移植肾存活的危险因素,识别引起移植物失功的高危患者,以提高致敏患者移植肾长期存活率。方法选择102例行肾移植术的致敏患者进行回顾性研究,用Kaplan-Meier计算1、3、5年移植肾存活率,用log-rank进行单因素分析和Cox模型多因素回归分析,计算相对危险度。结果102例致敏患者随访期间移植肾失功16例,其中死亡7例,术后1年内死亡5例,术后2及3年带肾死亡各1例。死亡原因肺部感染5例、心血管疾病2例,失访3例。1、3、5年人存活率为95%、93%和93%,1、3、5年肾存活率为90%、85%和75%,移植肾半生存期为8.9年。单因素及多因素分析表明受者年龄、移植次数、PRA水平、术后PRA水平升高、HLA相配程度、移植肾功能恢复正常时间、移植肾功能延迟恢复、急性排斥反应、血肌酐水平、感染等10个因素对移植肾的存活产生重要或非常重要影响。结论通过控制影响移植肾存活的危险因素,致敏患者移植肾存活同样能取得满意效果。     

Risk factors for graft survival in sensitized recipients of kidney transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the independent prognostic factors for graft survival in sensitized recipients undergoing kidney transplantation, so as to identify the individuals at high risk of graft loss before transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective investigation was conducted in 102 sensitized kidney transplant recipients and 31 relative variables were analyzed with SPSS10.0 software. Using log-rank method, the influence of these variables on short- and long-term graft survivals was evaluated, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to estimate the 1-, 3- and 5-year graft survival rates and half-life. Proportional hazards regression analysis (Cox model) was used to assess the relative risks of the potential variables. RESULTS: In the recipients with a mean half-life of 8.9 years, the 1-, 3- and 5-year graft survival rates were 90%, 85%, and 75%, respectively. By log-rank analysis, the factors affecting short- and long-term graft survivals were identified, namely the recipient age, times of transplantation, levels of panel reactive antibody and the post-operative anti-HLA-IgG antibody, HLA mismatch, renal function, time needing for graft function recovery, presence of acute rejection, delay of graft function recovery and infection, which affected the graft survival demonstrated by Cox model multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: High-quality donor kidney and minimization of the risk factors for graft survival may insure successful kidney transplantation in sensitized recipients.     

亲属活体供肾移植14例分析

目的总结14例亲属肾移植的经验,探讨活体供肾的临床效果。方法13例为血缘亲属供肾,1例为非血缘亲属供肾,血型相同,淋巴毒试验阴性,4例HLA配型中,全配1例,单配体相同3例。4例取供者右肾,10例取供者左肾,13例经开放手术取肾,1例经腹腔镜取肾。术后采用环孢素、霉酚酸酯或硫唑嘌呤及泼尼松预防排斥反应。结果供者术后1周出院,随访1个月-1年肾功能正常。受者14例中13例至今存活,肾功能良好,1例肾失功。术后发生急性排斥反应1例,经抗淋巴细胞球蛋白冲击治疗逆转。2例发生肾功延迟恢复,分别于1周及3周肾功能恢复正常,其余12例术后3天肾功能正常,无外科并发症。结论亲属活体供肾移植组织配型好,缺血时间短,排斥反应发生率低,免疫抑制剂用量少。     

Impact of human leukocyte antigen matching and recipients′ panel reactive antibodies on two-year outcome in presensitized renal allograft recipients

Background Renal transplantation in sensitized candidates remains a highly significant challenge worldwide. The production of panel reactive antibody （PRA） against human leukocyte antigen （HLA） is a major risk factor in presensitized recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of HLA matching and recipients＇ PRA on two-year outcome in presensitized renal allograft recipients.
Methods We determined the percentage of panel reactivity and specificity of anti-HLA immunoglobulin （Ig） G antibodies in 73 presensitized renal allograft recipients compared with 81 unsensitized recipients （control group）. HLA genotyping of both recipients and corresponding donors was performed by PCR with sequence-specific primers （PCR-SSP）. We analyzed the factors influencing the early graft outcome （two-year rejection rates and survival rates of the grafts）, including HLA mismatching, class and degree of panel reactivity, and target antigen of donors.
Results Presensitized recipients had a worse two-year outcome than unsensitized recipients （P=0.019 for rejection rate, P=0.01 for survival rate）. The difference in number of HLA-mismatched alleles with either 6-antigen matching （Ag M） standard or amino acid residue matching （Res M） standard was not significant between the rejection and non-rejection groups of presensitized recipients or between the graft survival group and graft loss group. Compared with the control group, recipients with both PRA-I and PRA-II antibodies had a significantly worse two-year outcome （P=0.001 for rejection rate, P=0.002 for survival rate）. The two-year outcomes of the peak PRA 〉50% group and its subgroup, at-transplant PRA 〉50% group, were significantly worse compared with the control group （P=0.025 and P=0.001 for rejection rate, P=0.043 and P=0.024 for survival rate）. The rejection rates of the at-transplant target antigen positive group and its subgroup, HLA-I target antigen positive group, were significantly higher than the control group （P=0.001 and P=-0.001）, target antigen negative group （P=0.003 and P=0.001）, and peak target antigen positive with negative at-transplant target antigen group （P=0.024 and ,0=-0.002）. Two-year graft survival rates of the target antigen positive group and HLA-I target antigen positive group were significantly lower than the control group （P=0.012 and ,P=0.001）. The two-year outcome of target antigen unknown group was similar to that of the target antigen positive group. Presensitized recipients with pre-transplant plasmapheresis or immunoadsorption （PRA prepared group） had a better but non-significant two-year outcome than the control group. However, the PRA unprepared presensitized recipients were different to the control group （P=-0.004 for rejection rate and P=-0.005 for survival rate）. Hyperacute rejection （HR） occurred in three recipients with positive HLA-I target antigen and without mismatch according to Res M and in one case with positive PRA-II （for an unknown target antigen）. No HR occurred in eight cases with positive HLA-II target antigens.
Conclusions Pre-transplant PRA preparations might improve the access of presensitized patients to renal donors. Avoiding antigen-positive donors remains a fundamental measure in preventing HR and early rejections.     

Use of PCR and PCR-SSP for detection of urinary donor-origin DNA in renal transplant recipients with acute rejection

Objective To analyze the urine of renal recipients for the pressence of donor DNA in an attempt to establish an alternative diagnostic means of acute rejection.Methods Sixty-four renal transplant recipients were examined.Thirty-seven were normal after transplantation,while 22 others developed acute rejection,based on serum creatinine levels and/or needle biopsy findings of the graft.Five developed drug-induced renal dysfunction.In female recipients with a male graft,we examined urine for the presence of Ychromosome(SRY and DYZ-1) and in recipients receiving and HLA mismatched graft,we looked for HLA-DR gene(DRB1)using PCR.Results Among the 14 female recipients with male grafte demonstrating stable renal function,only one was positive for SRY and DYZ-1 on the Y chromosome.However,sry AND DYZ-1 were found in the urine of four female patients with acute rejection,but these DNA fragments were not detected in 3 of the 4 after anti-rejection therapy.The last patient was referred to hemodialysis.Of 23 recipients of a graft from HLA mismatch donors with stable renal function,DRB1 was negative in 21(91%).Of 18 patients with acute rejection,DRB1 was positive in 16(89%)and negative in 2.these ENA fragments were no longer found in 13 patients after anti-rejection therapy.In all patients with drug induced renal dysfunction,donor-derived DNA was negative.Conclusions Presence of door specific DNA in the urine of the recipient is strongly associated with acute rejection.Analysis of dna DNA derived from donor cells in urine was an effective and accurate method for the diagnosis of acute rejection of a renal transplant.     

Factors affecting the long-term renal allograft survival

Background  In the past decades, the one-year graft survival of cadaveric renal allografts has been markedly improved, but their long-term survival has not kept pace. The attrition rate of renal allografts surviving after one year remains almost unchanged. The causes for late graft loss are multiple. The aim of this study was to analyze the predictive factors that impact long-term survival of grafts after kidney transplantation.

Methods  We retrospectively analyzed 524 kidney transplantation patients who were treated in our hospital between January 1991 and January 2000, including 254 patients who had lived more than 10 years with normal graft function (long survival group), and 270 cases whose renal graft had survived less than 10 years (control group). Specifically, we analyzed 10 factors that may potentially affect graft survival by both univariate and Logistic model multivariate analyses to pinpoint the independent risk factors. 

Results  Univariate analyses showed that no significant differences existed in the age or gender of recipients, dialysis time, lymphotoxin levels, or cold ischemia time between the two groups. However, the ratio of delayed graft function and acute rejection, and the uric acid levels of patients in the long survival group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P <0.01). Furthermore, we found that the concentration of cyclosporin A at one year after transplantation and the histocompatibility antigen match of donor-recipients for patients within the long survival group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P <0.01). Furthermore, multivariate analyses showed that these four factors were independent risk factors that impact patient survival.

Conclusions  The ratios of delayed graft function and acute rejection, the concentration of cyclosporin A at one year after transplantation, and serum uric acid levels are very important factors that affect the long-term survival of renal grafts.

     

Factors potentially affecting the function of kidney grafts

Background Donor and recipient risk factors on graft function have been well characterized.The contribution of demographic factors,such as age,gender,and other potential factors of donor and recipient at the time of transplantation on the function of a graft is much less well understood.In this study,we analyzed the effects of factors such as age,gender,etc.,on the short-term and long-term graft function in kidney transplant recipients from living donor.Methods A total of 335 living donors and their recipients,who had kidney transplantation in our center from May 2004 to December 2009,were included.Serum creatinine level was used as the assessment criterion (serum creatinine level lower than 115 mmol/L is normal).Factors related to graft function such as age,gender,blood relation by consanguinity,human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch,ABO type,etc.,were analyzed separately.Results Donor age is the key factor affecting both the short-term and long-term function of a grafted kidney from a living donor.The group with donors younger than 48 years showed the best kidney function post transplantation.Match of gender and age is another important factor that influences the function of grafted kidney from a living donor.The older donor to younger recipient group had the worst outcome after kidney transplantation.After 36 months post transplantation,female donor to male recipient group had worse kidney function compared to other groups.We also found that calcinerin inhibitor used in the maintenance period may influence the function of a grafted kidney.No significant statistical differences were found in consanguinity,blood type,and mismatch of HLA.Conclusions Donor age is an important factor affecting the function of a grafted kidney from a living donor.We also recommend taking nephron,immunology factor,infection,and demographic information all into consideration when assessing the outcome of kidney transplantation.