4～6年级多重成就测验的编制

目的：编制4～6年级多重成就测验（MATs），为教育、临床和社会评估提供测评工具。方法：在多次试测基础上形成预测本，2002名被试作条目分析，对768名被试作各种信度估计，对227名被试性向测验和646名被试学科成绩作同时效度，5位专家作内容效度评定。结果：77．5％的条目难度为．20～.80，77％条目鉴别力达优良水平，分测验及分量表D值在.30以上。两题本分量表和总量表重测信度．91～．95，复本信度．87～．94．重测复本信度．82～．89，分半信度．79～．90，α系数．90～．96，评分者信度．94～．98，真分数变异．82和．86；概化分析表明分测验条目15个左右为宜，分量表与总量表条目量50与100即可。专家评定语数非常符合条目82％和86％，两题本分量表和总赶表与学科成绩相关．23～．60，与学业能力倾向测验相关．39～．66，不同学校、年级间存在显著性差异，语文分测验存在性别差异：因素分析抽2因素时为语、数因子，与分量表吻合；提取多个因子时，表明可能存存言语、记忆、数算、数形和数理五因子。结论：MATs难度适中，鉴别力优良；各种信度考验结果基本符合测量学的标准并具有良好的内容效度和同时效度，结构效度较理想；两题本基本平行。     

4-6年级学生学习策略量表的编制

目的:初编4～6年级学生学习策略量表,进行项目分析并检验其信、效度。方法:正式量表采用整群取样法在长沙、衡阳地区抽取城市、城乡结合、农村6所小学973例有效样本。同时,获重测样本80例,校标样本共356例。结果:量表由10个分量表,53个项目构成。各项目通俗性水平为0.64～0.89,大于0.7的占83.02%,各项目题总相关和决断值均有统计意义。总量表α系数和分半信度分别为0.93和0.91,重测信度为0.47。各年级量表总分与学习策略意识总分的相关为0.46～0.73,与学业成绩的相关为0.35。结论:量表项目通俗易懂,区分度优良;各种信度检验达到测量学的基本要求;效度良好。     

4-6年级多重成就测验的编制Ⅲ:效度考验

目的：检验4—6年级多重成就测验（MATs）的效度。方法：结构效度样本2002例，学科效标样本646例，能力倾向效标样本227例。结果：A、B本分量表和总量表专家评定符合度0．3以上，非常符合的条目分别82％和86％；A、B题本分量表和总量表与学科成绩相关0．23～0．60。与学业能力倾向测验相关0.39-0．66；探索性因素分析抽取2因素时为语、数因子，与分量表吻合，多个因子提取表明可能存在言语、记忆、数算、数形和数理五因子；不同学校和年级间存在显著性差异，语文分测验存在性别差异。结论：各种效度考验结果基本符合测量学的标准。     

中文远距离联想测验在高中生中的信效度检验

目的:检验中文远距离联想测验(Chinese Remote Association Test,CRAT)在高中生人群中的信度和效度。方法:采用中文远距离联想测验(CRAT)对410名高一学生施测,通过条目分析考察各条目与总分的相关程度,选用联合型瑞文测验(Combined Raven Test,CRT)和学生期末语数外三科考试成绩、发散性思维测验为效标,考察量表的效标关联效度。两周后,从总样本中选取42名被试进行重测。结果:CRAT的条目鉴别力良好,各个条目与总分呈正相关(r=0.46～0.54, P0.05)。内部一致性系数为0.90,折半信度为0.80,重测信度0.60(P0.001)。CRAT与瑞文智力测验、期末语数外总分均显著正相关(r=0.32,P0.001;r=0.29,P0.001)。以发散性创造思维测验为效标,对CRAT进行效度分析。发现远距离联想测验结果与发散性思维测验无显著性相关(r=-0.01,P=0.94)。结论:中文远距离联想测验信、效度指标良好,适用于高中生群体。     

多重成就测验的信、效度研究

目的：检验多重成就测验的信度和效度。方法：采用分层按比例整群抽样的方法在太原市和太原市附近的忻州市抽取了8所中学的21个班、3所大学一年级的8个班，获得有效答卷1448份。计算了测验的信度，包括同质性信度、分半信度和98名大学生间隔5周的重测信度；测验的效度，包括结构效度、效标效度和区分效度。结果：(1)信度：甲乙套各分量表的同质性信度在0.83～0．93之间；分半信度为0．61～0．84；重测信度在0．52～0．87之间。(2)结构效度：各分量表与总分之间的相关系数在0．699～0．870之间；探索性因素分析各抽出两个特征值大于1的因素，甲乙套各能解释的总方差分别为73．70%和74．49%，验证性因素分析证明甲乙套语文的模型拟合良好。(3)效标效度：与中学生期中考试成绩、大学生入学成绩、教师的等级评定呈中度相关。(4)区分效度：能较好地区分不同年级、性别、不同类型中学以及大学的不同专业。结论：多重成就测验的信、效度指标符合测验学的要求。     

3-4年级多项学习能力倾向测验的编制

目的:编制3-4年级学习能力倾向测验,为教育、临床和社会评估提供测评工具.方法:对721名被试作条目分析,104名被试作重测复本信度分析,92名被试作效标效度分析.结果:84%的项目难度为0.20～0.80,80%条目鉴别力达优良水平,分测验D在0.38以上.两题本重测复本信度0.78,α系数均为0.91,总量表预测效度为0.53～0.66,同时效度为0.61～0.69.探索性因素分析可抽取三个因子,即言语、数理和空间,验证性因素分析的拟合指数AGFI、CFI、NNFI均在0.95以上,RMSEA均小于0.05.测验且具有年龄或年级特征.不同类型学校存在显著差异,但基本无性别差异.结论:多项学习能力倾向测验难度适宜,鉴别力优良;信度符合测量学的计量标准,具有良好预测效度和同时效度,结构效度理想.     

学习技能诊断测验的初步编制

目的:编制一套学习技能诊断测验,并检验其信效度。方法:以理论法编制了一套用于小学生的学习技能诊断测验,分低级(1-3年级)和高级(4-6年级)两个版本,每个版本含语文分量表和数学分量表,语文分量表由汉词拼音、汉词拼写和阅读理解三个分测验组成,数学分量表由数量概念、四则运算和数学推理三个分测验组成。用新编测验对近1000名小学生进行测查,重测样本95人,效标效度样本75人。结果:低级版的难度为0.49-0.78,高级版的难度为0.52-0.86之间;低级版的区分度为0.29-0.61,高级版的区分度为0.39-0.60。低级版重测信度为0.73-0.90,分半信度为0.66-0.95,α系数为0.70-0.97,高级版重测信度在0.73-0.89,分半信度为0.62-0.89,α系数为0.79-0.95。分测验之间的相关系数为0.36-0.97,分测验与总分的相关系数在0.71-0.95。分测验分数与华文认知能力量表智商的相关为0.55-0.81,与学校考试成绩的相关为0.19-0.74。结论:学习技能诊断测验的难度、区分度、信度和效度符合心理测量学的标准。     

韦氏成人智力量表第四版中文版的信度和结构效度

目的:考察韦氏成人智力量表第四版(WAIS-Ⅳ)中文版的信度和结构效度.方法:以年龄、性别、受教育程度为主要变量按比例分层取样,全国16岁以上人口中的实际有效样本1757人,应用WAIS-Ⅳ中文版对样本进行个体智力测验,其中84名被试间隔22d后接受WAIS-Ⅳ中文版的重测.结果:WAIS-Ⅳ中文版的平均信度系数在分测验、过程分数、合成分数上分别为0.82 ～0.94、0.79 ～ 0.83,0.90 ～0.98.重测信度在分测验上为0.68～0.86,过程分数为0.61 ～0.72,合成分数上是0.78 ～0.91.内部相关性研究在言语理解各分测验间为0.65 ～0.71,知觉推理各分测验为0.49～0.57,工作记忆各分测验为0.61,加工速度各分测验为0.61.4个指数分数与全量表智商分数的相关为0.76～0.88.验证性因素分析表明量表的四因素结构拟合较好(RMSEA=0.05,NFI、NNFI、CFI、IFI、RFI、GFI、AGFI均＞0.90,SRMR=0.024).结论:韦氏成人智力量表第四版中文版具有良好的信度和结构效度.     

中华成人智力量表老年常模的制定及信效度研究

目的:制定中华成人智力量表(Intelligence Scale for Chinese Adult,ISCA)老年常模并检验ISCA在老年人群中运用的信度、效度.方法:根据2000年全国第五次人口普查资料,对65岁以上老年人分年龄、性别、教育程度、兼顾职业和区域等变量按比率分层抽取了435人.建立量表的年龄常模,并结合重测、与脑梗死病理组对照等进行信度、效度检验.结果:制定了按年龄组的等值量表分、智商分数、指数分数和百分位常模;全量表智商的重测相关为0.96,各类智商平均分半信度是0.96～0.97,全量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.89,各分测验的平均标准测量误在0.85～1.97之间,评分者信度0.95～0.98;ISCA总分与老年成套神经心理测验总分相关系数0.49,P＜0.01;脑梗死患者的测试成绩明显低于常模样本(P＜0.01);验证性因素分析的结果显示,三因素模型拟合最佳.结论:建立了ISCA的65岁以上人群的常模,信度和效度检验符合心理测量学的要求.     

数学障碍儿童的工作记忆研究

目的：探讨数学障碍儿童的工作记忆状况。方法：采用智力测睑、成就测验、教师提名、学业成绩相结合的综合标准甑选数学障碍儿童，在长沙市三所小学随机选取4～6年级共12个班，从中抽取24名数学障碍儿童和24名学习正常儿童。采用工作记忆成套测验对2组被试进行评估。结果：数学障碍组除空间排序、空间后退以及数字划销3个分测验外，在工作记忆成套测验其它各分测验及各维度上的成绩均显著低于学习正常组（P〈0．001～0．05）。结论：数学障碍儿童工作记忆存在普遍缺陷。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.