荧光原位杂交与免疫组织化学检测胃癌组织中HER-2基因及蛋白表达一致性

目的探讨荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)与免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)检测胃癌组织中HER-2基因扩增及与C-erbB-2蛋白表达结果的一致性。方法采用FISH和IHC法分别检测50例胃癌组织中HER-2基因扩增和C-erbB-2蛋白表达,并采用SPSS 19.0进行统计学分析。结果 50例胃癌标本进行IHC检测结果 11例为(﹢),9例为(),4例为(),26例为(-);50例胃癌标本进行FISH检测结果 11例为(+),39例为(-);其中,FISH检测阳性标本中IHC检测有2例(﹢),5例(),4例()。IHC检测C-erbB-2蛋白为()的病例FISH检测均为(+),而IHC检测C-erbB-2蛋白()的9位患者中有4例经FISH检测证实HER-2呈(-),5例呈(+)。结论 IHC与FISH检测HER-2状态结果的符合率为95.1%(39/41),具有高度一致性(Kappa系数=0.773,P<0.001)。当IHC检测C-erbB-2蛋白表达为(-)或()时IHC和FISH检测结果有较高符合率,可作为临床是否应用Herceptin治疗的依据,而C-erbB-2蛋白表达为()的病例则必须进一步行HER-2基因扩增检测。     

208例内镜活检胃癌组织中HER-2蛋白的表达及意义

目的：分析内镜活检胃癌组织中HER-2蛋白的表达及意义。方法应用免疫组织化学( immunohistochemistry, IHC)法检测208例内镜活检胃癌组织中HER-2蛋白表达,采用荧光原位杂交( fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)技术检测IHC 2+胃镜活检组织中HER-2基因扩增,并对相应的临床病理特征(性别、年龄、肿瘤发生部位及Lauren分型)进行综合分析。结果208例内镜活检胃癌组织中HER-2 IHC 3+阳性率为7．7%(16/208),IHC 2+为13．5%(28/208),IHC 1+为45．7%(95/208),IHC 0为33．2%(69/208)。 IHC 2+的胃癌活检组织中 FISH 阳性率为14．2%(4/28)。 HER-2总体阳性率为9．6%；HER-2蛋白过表达与患者性别、年龄均无关( P>0．05),与发生部位及Lauren分型密切相关(P<0．05)。结论内镜活检胃癌组织中HER-2蛋白过表达与胃癌发生部位、Lauren分型密切相关。     

进展期乳腺浸润性导管癌HER-2/neu蛋白表达的稳定性分析

目的探讨HER-2/neu蛋白在进展期乳腺浸润性导管癌原发灶和同期腋窝淋巴结转移灶中的表达,指导临床检测标本的选择以及检测报告的分析与应用。方法收集进展期乳腺浸润性导管癌标本100例制备全信息组织芯片,采用免疫组化法检测HER-2/neu蛋白表达,FISH法检测HER-2/neu基因扩增状态,分析其特点、稳定性及其相互关系。结果 69%病例HER-2/neu蛋白呈均质性表达,与同期腋窝淋巴结转移灶相比,原发灶蛋白均质阴性病例一致性最强,均质阳性病例次之,均质不确定病例最差;三者相比差异有统计学意义(P0.000 1)。36例HER-2/neu蛋白不确定和异质性病例的FISH检测显示20例为基因均质扩增,13例为基因均质非扩增,3例为基因异质性,其中31.65%的蛋白阴性位点HER-2/neu基因扩增。结论乳腺浸润性导管癌HER-2/neu蛋白表达在肿瘤原发灶和同期腋窝淋巴结转移灶之间稳定性较高,尤以阴性病例最稳定;免疫组化与FISH同步检测及对比分析可能为乳腺癌患者的治疗及预后提供更为精准的信息;应用全信息组织芯片更能全面检测HER-2/neu蛋白表达及基因状态,并可用于深入分析乳腺癌基因分型及其它相关指标在肿瘤进展中的变化。     

涎腺癌组织中EGFR和HER-2表达及临床意义

目的 探讨黏液表皮样癌、腺样囊性癌和腺泡细胞癌中EGFR和HER-2基因/蛋白表达及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化EnVision两步法检测80例涎腺癌(黏液表皮样癌30例、腺样囊性癌30例、腺泡细胞癌20例)和30例良性多形性腺瘤中EGFR和HER-2蛋白表达;采用荧光原位杂交技术检测涎腺癌中EGFR和HER-2基因扩增.结果 (1)涎腺癌中EGFR和HER-2蛋白阳性率分别为71.25％和32.5％,高于良性多形性腺瘤组(P均＜0.05),其中以黏液表皮样癌中EGFR和HER-2蛋白阳性率最高,EGFR蛋白的表达强度最高(P均＜0.05).(2)EGFR和HER-2蛋白表达与涎腺癌患者性别、年龄、肿瘤最大直径、肿瘤分化程度、组织学亚型无关(P均＞0.05);涎腺癌中EGFR和HER-2蛋白表达无相关性(rs =0.166,P＞0.05).(3)涎腺癌中EGFR基因高多体扩增的总阳性率为18.75％ (15/80),其中黏液表皮样癌13例,腺样囊性癌2例,阳性率分别为43.3％和6.7％,相应蛋白表达强度均为(++)或(+++),表达强度和基因扩增之间呈明显正相关(rs =0.491,P＜0.01);涎腺癌中未检测到HER-2基因扩增及17号染色体多体.(4)EGFR蛋白(++/+++)组和基因扩增组患者的生存时间比蛋白(-/+)组和无基因扩增组均明显缩短(P均＜0.05).结论 黏液表皮样癌高频率、高强度表达EGFR,并发生高多体基因扩增,可作为其分子靶向治疗的靶点.黏液表皮样癌、腺样囊性癌和腺泡细胞癌中HER-2蛋白弱表达,未检测到基因扩增.     

结直肠癌组织中EGFR及HER-2的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨结直肠癌组织中表皮生长因子受体（ epiderma1 growth factor receptor,EGFR）和人类表皮生长因子受体-2（ hu-man epiderma1 receptor-2,HER-2）蛋白的表达,并分析二者与临床病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组化PV-9000两步法检测78例结直肠癌组织中EGFR和HER-2的表达,分析二者表达与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系;应用银染原位杂交（ si1ver in situ hybridization,SISH）法检测结直肠癌组织中HER-2基因扩增情况。结果 EGFR在结直肠癌组织中的阳性率为69.23%（54/78）,EGFR表达与结直肠癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移呈正相关,与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、细胞分化程度、Dukes分期无关;HER-2在结直肠癌组织中的阳性率为25.64%（20/78）,HER-2表达与结直肠癌浸润深度、淋巴结转移呈正相关,与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、细胞分化程度、Dukes分期无关。EGFR与HER-2蛋白表达呈正相关。20例HER-2蛋白阳性者中,10例HER-2基因扩增;其中15例HER-2蛋白（~）中有10例HER-2基因扩增,占高表达组的66.67%;5例HER-2蛋白（+）者无HER-2基因扩增。结论 EGFR和HER-2蛋白在结直肠癌中均呈高表达,EGFR和HER-2的表达与结直肠癌侵袭、转移密切相关,二者可能存在协同作用。HER-2蛋白（~）与HER-2基因扩增密切相关,故该类患者可考虑先行免疫组化初步筛选,再行SISH法检测确认,从而为结直肠癌分子的靶向治疗提供有价值的信息。     

显色原位杂交与免疫组织化学法检测子宫颈癌中HER-2/neu

1987年slamon等首次报道HER-2蛋白过表达与乳腺癌及卵巢癌患者的生存期缩短及近期复发有关.抗HER-2人源化抗体在乳腺癌基因治疗中已广泛应用,显色原位杂交(CISH)在乳腺癌HER-2基因检测方面较为成熟,但在子宫颈病变的研究中报道较少.我们分别采用CISH与免疫组织化学(IHC)检测子宫颈鳞痛组织中HER-2基因扩增和蛋白表达状况,探讨CISH在检测子宫颈癌HER-2基凶扩增中的作用.     

胃腺癌组织中PD-L1与HER-2的表达及临床意义

目的观察胃腺癌中PD-L1的表达,分析PD-L1与HER-2表达的相关性及对预后的影响。方法收集西安交通大学第一附属医院存档的75例胃腺癌标本,采用免疫组化MaxVision法及FISH技术检测PD-L1、HER-2的表达。结果 75例胃腺癌中,PD-L1阳性43例,阳性率为57.3%,HER-2过表达13例,过表达率为17.3%。胃腺癌中PD-L1表达与分化程度呈负相关(r=-0.26,P0.05);相关性分析显示,PD-L1表达与HER-2表达呈正相关(r=0.25,P=0.029)。生存分析中HER-2及PD-L1不同表达组中HER-2过表达PD-L1阳性组的5年生存率最低,且HER-2表达是影响胃腺癌患者生存期的独立预后因素。结论 PD-L1相关治疗可成为胃腺癌治疗的新靶点。在胃腺癌中联合应用PD-L1与抗HER-2治疗可能成为胃腺癌治疗的新途径。     

胃癌组织中HER-2基因扩增和K-ras基因突变的关系

目的探讨胃癌组织中HER-2蛋白表达和基因扩增与K-ras基因突变的关系及其意义。方法采用免疫组化、FISH和焦磷酸测序技术对67例胃癌组织中HER-2蛋白表达、HER-2基因扩增与K-ras基因的突变率进行了检测。结果 HER-2蛋白阳性率为40.3%(27/67),其中HER-2蛋白3+者9.0%(6/67),HER-2蛋白2+者13.4%(9/67),HER-2蛋白1+者17.9%(12/67)。FISH检测HER-2基因扩增率为18.5%(5/27),HER-2基因拷贝数增加和基因扩增者共48.1%(13/27)。K-ras基因突变定量检测为7.5%(5/67),均为K-ras基因第12密码子突变,其中低于10%低丰度突变2例,高于10%高丰度突变3例(突变数值分别为:17、29、30)。除1例为GGT→GAT突变型外,其它均为GGT→GTT突变型。本组K-ras基因突变5例中除1例既有K-ras基因突变,又有HER-2基因扩增,另外4例HER-2基因均无扩增。结论检测胃癌中HER-2扩增时选用抗肿瘤药物治疗的靶点曲妥珠单抗,同时可选用K-ras基因突变的抗肿瘤药物治疗的靶点西妥昔单抗;联合检测胃癌组织中HER-2基因扩增和K-ras基因突变为靶向抗肿瘤药物治疗过程中受益提供参考指标。     

乳腺癌HER-2表达异质性的研究进展及临床意义

近年，以HER-2为靶点的靶向治疗改善了乳腺癌患者的生存期，随着对HER-2的深入分析，HER-2表达异质性使其靶向治疗具有差异性。正确认识乳腺癌中HER-2表达异质性，为患者制定精准治疗决策提供依据。该文回顾大量相关研究，对其瘤内异质性、空间异质性、建议性病理报告等问题进行系统性阐述。     

Assessment of a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer: results from a validation study

Aims:  Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression/amplification is implicated in the development of various solid tumour types. Validated methods and scoring systems for evaluating HER2 status exist in breast cancer, but not in gastric cancer. The aim was to establish a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer to identify suitable patients for enrolment in a trial of trastuzumab (Herceptin^®) in advanced metastatic gastric cancer.
Methods and results:  Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric cancer samples were tested for HER2 status using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) pharmDx™ kit (Dako Denmark A/S). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the HercepTest™ (Dako). Concordance between FISH and IHC was 93.5% in 168 evaluable samples. Eleven samples were scored as FISH+ but IHC− or equivocal.
Conclusions:  IHC/FISH discrepancies were attributed to basolateral membranous immunoreactivity of glandular cells resulting in incomplete membranous reactivity and/or a higher rate of tumour heterogeneity in gastric cancer compared with breast cancer. With modifications to the IHC scoring system, the HercepTest™ is considered valid for the identification of HER2+ gastric tumours for this clinical trial. Correlation of HER2 scores with clinical outcomes will be needed to determine which patients might benefit from trastuzumab therapy.     

AQUA and FISH analysis of HER-2/neu expression and amplification in a small cell lung carcinoma tissue microarray

AIMS: Most small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and are faced with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Reports of HER-2/neu gene amplification and overexpression in this malignancy have raised the possibility of applying targeted immunotherapy with trastuzumab, the monoclonal antibody used to treat metastatic breast cancer. However, a review of the studies measuring HER-2/neu gene amplification and protein expression in SCLC reveals discordant results. The aim of the present study was to re-examine HER-2/neu expression in SCLC in relation to gene copy number using the new, highly sensitive, immunofluorescence automated quantitative analysis (AQUA) technology. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to measure HER-2/neu gene copy number and amplification status and AQUA was used to measure protein expression in a series of 23 SCLC tumours on a tissue microarray. None of the 17 SCLC specimens assessable by FISH exhibited HER-2/neu gene amplification as defined by a HER-2/neu/chromosome 17 ratio = or > 2. Twelve of 17 (70.1%) SCLC samples were polysomic for chromosome 17 with corresponding increases in HER-2/neu gene copy numbers. Intermediate levels of protein expression corresponding to AQUA scores in the range of 4-24 were detected in all 23 specimens. High protein expression levels corresponding to AQUA scores up to 83, observed previously in association with gene amplification and poor prognosis in breast cancer cases, were not detected in the present study. No statistically significant association was observed between absolute chromosome 17 or HER-2/neu gene copy numbers and protein expression levels in tumour cells (P > 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of gene amplification and robust HER-2/neu protein expression in SCLC tumour cells in this series does not suggest a prominent role for the HER-2/neu gene in SCLC tumour progression and does not support the general applicability of targeted immunotherapy with trastuzumab to this malignancy.     

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in gastric carcinoma: issues related to heterogeneity in biopsies and resections

Lee S, de Boer W B, Fermoyle S, Platten M & Kumarasinghe M P
(2011) Histopathology 59 , 832–840 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in gastric carcinoma: issues related to heterogeneity in biopsies and resections Aims: To assess human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and heterogeneity using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and silver in‐situ hybridization (SISH) in gastric carcinoma and dysplasia, and to correlate HER2 status between biopsy and resection specimens of gastric carcinoma. Methods and results: Immunohistochemistry for HER2 was performed in 178 cases of gastric carcinoma, and SISH in cases showing at least 1+ reaction. HER2 positivity [European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines] was identified in 20.2% of carcinomas and 12.9% of high‐grade dysplasia, and HER2 heterogeneity noted in 50% and 33% of these cases, respectively. IHC negative/positive reactivity and SISH results were concordant in 96.2%. SISH amplification was seen in 35.3% of IHC 2+ and in a case with previously unrecognized staining pattern. Concordance of IHC HER2 status on biopsies and gastrectomies was seen in 74.1%. False negative IHC results on either the biopsy or gastrectomy were seen in 19.4% of HER2 amplified cases. Conclusions: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status in gastric carcinoma is comparable to previous studies with good concordance between IHC and SISH; all IHC 2+ and unusual patterns should be assessed with ISH studies; heterogeneity of tumour HER2 overexpression/amplification is common with possible implications for HER2 testing; and HER2 overexpression appears sufficiently specific to be considered a potential diagnostic biomarker of dysplasia.     

Chromogenic in situ hybridization analysis of HER-2/neu status in breast carcinoma: application in screening of patients for trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapy

Evaluation of HER-2/neu status is important in the management of patients with breast carcinoma, especially in determining the possible application of trastuzumab, a humanized anti-HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) detection of the HER-2/neu oncogene is a newly developed in situ hybridization method that utilizes a robust and unique-sequence DNA probe labeled with digoxygenin, and sequential incubations with antidigoxygenin fluorescein, antifluorescein peroxidase, and diaminobenzidine. In this study, we examined 20 archival specimens of human breast carcinoma using CISH, and we correlated findings with immunohistochemical findings for HER-2/neu. HER-2/neu immunohistochemistry was carried out with HercepTest, a standardized immunohistochemical examination system for HER-2/neu overexpression in surgical pathology specimens. CISH analysis could be done in 18 out of 20 cases examined. Gene copy signals for HER-2/neu were recognized as intranuclear brown dots in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. Seven carcinomas showed an increased number or size of signals and were interpreted as being positive for HER-2/neu amplification. Eight cases were positive with the HercepTest. Seven out of eight carcinoma cases found to overexpress immunoreactive HER-2/neu also demonstrated HER-2/neu gene amplification following CISH analysis. There was a significant correlation between immunohistochemical and CISH analyses (P < 0.001). We found that CISH was a specific, sensitive and easily applicable method for the detection of HER-2/neu gene amplification, which may be used together with immunohistochemical examination for the evaluation of patients with breast carcinoma.     

Strong HER-2/neu protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry often does not predict oncogene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Breast cancer patients with HER-2/neu oncogene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have been shown to have a better response to trastuzumab (Herceptin) therapy than those showing HER-2/neu protein overexpression only. Many centers currently perform FISH only on tumors showing 2+ HER-2/neu positivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC), with the assumption that 3+ positivity virtually equates with amplification. Results of FISH performed on 102 breast cancer cases over a 12-month period were correlated with HER-2/neu IHC results. FISH was performed using a ratio of HER-2/neu and chromosome 17 centromere signal counts (PathVysion; Vysis, Downers Grove, IL). Immunohistochemical expression of HER-2/neu was evaluated according to the published scoring guidelines of the HercepTest (Dako, Carpinteria, CA). Only 22 of 45 tumors with 3+ positivity (49%) showed amplification by FISH. Only 2 of 25 cases with 2+ staining by IHC (6%) showed gene amplification, and 1 of 25 cases with negative IHC staining (4%) showed weak amplification. Of the 25 cases showing oncogene amplification, 22 (88%) showed 3+ IHC positivity, 2 (8%) showed 2+ positivity, and 1 (4%) was negative by IHC. More than 50% of breast tumors showing strong 3+ HER-2/neu staining do not show oncogene amplification by FISH. Most tumors with 2+ and negative IHC also fail to amplify. In our experience, FISH studies should be performed on all 3+ and 2+ staining tumors to avoid inappropriate and toxic treatment. The decision to perform FISH on IHC-negative tumors should be guided by additional parameters, including tumor grade and estrogen receptor status.     

HER-2/neu基因探针的制备及特异性分析

目的 筛选、制备乳腺癌标志基因--HER-2/neu的标记探针,利用间接荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术,探索其临床应用价值.方法 通过文库构建、多级筛选、PCR鉴定、序列分析等技术获得HER-2/neu基因组片段,缺口转移法制备生物素标记探针,与生物素-亲和素放大系统和多种荧光显色系统组合,针对病理标本、细胞涂片进行间接FISH检测.结果 制备的HER-2/neu基因探针可以特异性地检测乳腺癌阳性、胃癌阳性病理片,也可以特异性检测阳性、阴性细胞标本,并与不同的荧光显色系统结合使杂交信号可以选择性地呈现绿色或红色荧光.结论 高特异性的HER-2/neu基因探针和灵活的显色系统为FISH的临床应用奠定了基础.     

Neuropilin-2 expression in cancer

Jubb A M, Sa S M, Ratti N, Strickland L A, Schmidt M, Callahan C A & Koeppen H
(2012) Histopathology  61, 340–349 Neuropilin‐2 expression in cancer Aims: Neuropilin‐2 is a coreceptor for vascular endothelial growth factor family members. Blockade of neuropilin‐2 is able to suppress lymphogenous metastasis in preclinical models. The aim of this study was to validate a protocol for the evaluation of neuropilin‐2 protein expression in situ, by comparison with in‐situ hybridization, western blotting, and mRNA expression levels. Methods and results: Immunohistochemistry was performed on normal human tissues, and whole sections for 79 primary non‐small‐cell lung carcinomas, 65 primary breast carcinomas, 79 primary colorectal cancers, and 52 metastases. Neuropilin‐2 expression was observed in lymphatic and blood vessels from all normal and malignant tissues examined. In addition, 32% of primary non‐small‐cell lung carcinomas, 15% of primary breast carcinomas and 22% of primary colorectal cancers showed tumour cell expression. Fifty‐five primary and nine secondary malignant melanomas were also examined for neuropilin‐2 expression by in‐situ hybridization. All showed vascular expression, and 85% of primary malignant melanomas showed tumour cell expression. Conclusions: In the majority of lung, breast and colorectal cancers, the effects of anti‐neuropilin‐2 are likely to be restricted to the vasculature. These results will assist in pharmacokinetic evaluations, tolerability assessments and the choice of setting to evaluate the activity of anti‐neuropilin‐2 therapies.