乳腺癌miRNAs表达谱的检测

目的检测人乳腺癌石蜡组织及人乳腺癌细胞株中miRNAs的表达情况,初步筛选人乳腺癌miRNAs表达谱。方法(1)应用组织微阵列平台,采用原位分子杂交技术对91例人乳腺癌和26例癌旁乳腺组织标本42种miRNA进行检测;(2)培养人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231和正常乳腺上皮细胞株HBL-100,分别抽提细胞总RNA,分离小分子RNA,荧光标记后与miRNAs微阵列杂交,通过芯片扫描和数据分析,获得人乳腺癌miRNAs表达谱。结果(1)与癌旁乳腺组织相比,14种miR-NAs在乳腺癌组织中的表达发生了显著变化(P0.05),其中9种表达上调,5种表达下调。(2)利用miRNAs微阵列,筛选获得71种与人乳腺癌相关miRNAs,与正常乳腺上皮细胞相比,34种miRNAs表达上调,37种表达下调。结论筛选出与乳腺癌相关的差异表达miRNAs,为进一步研究其在乳腺癌中的作用奠定基础。     

ACTL8的表达与乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后的关系

目的:探讨肌动蛋白样蛋白8(ACTL8)在乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法:采用Western blot方法检测人正常乳腺上皮细胞株MCF-10A和5种乳腺癌细胞株中ACTL8蛋白的表达;采用免疫组织化学方法检测6例乳腺癌标本及其对应的癌旁组织中ACTL8蛋白的表达;收集TCGA乳腺癌数据集,将488例乳腺标本纳入,分析ACTL8的mRNA表达水平与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果:ACTL8蛋白在乳腺癌细胞株T47D、BT474、HCC1954和SKBR3中表达显著高于乳腺上皮细胞株MCF-10A;ACTL8蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达也显著高于癌旁组织;ACTL8 mRNA表达与乳腺癌患者年龄、肿瘤大小、临床TNM分期和淋巴结转移相关(P0.05)。ACTL8 mRNA高表达的乳腺癌患者5年内生存率低、预后差。结论:ACTL8在乳腺癌组织中高表达并与乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后密切相关,提示ACTL8可作为判断乳腺癌预后的标志物。     

神经鞘磷脂酶在人乳腺癌组织中的表达

目的通过观察人乳腺癌组织中神经鞘磷脂合成酶SMS1和SMS2的表达,探讨SMS1和SMS2与乳腺癌发生、发展的关系。方法收集手术切除的人乳腺癌组织和癌旁正常乳腺组织,用免疫组织化学方法和免疫印迹法检测20例乳腺癌组织和癌旁正常乳腺组织中SMS1和SMS2的表达水平,并用Image-proplus6.0图像分析系统对实验结果进行分析。结果免疫组化结果显示,乳腺癌组织中SMS1阳性表达强度(MOD:0.34±0.012)明显高于对应癌旁乳腺组织(MOD:0.150±0.021),乳腺癌组织中SMS1阳性表达的细胞数量(SD:19.63±2.41)明显多于对应癌旁乳腺组织(SD:6.32±4.13),P值均0.05;乳腺癌组织中SMS2阳性表达强度(MOD:0.401±0.013)明显高于对应癌旁乳腺组织(MOD:0.175±0.011),乳腺癌组织中SMS2阳性表达的细胞数量(SD:21.45±6.11)明显多于对应癌旁乳腺组织(SD:5.39±1.30),P值均0.05;免疫印迹法检测结果显示,乳腺癌组织中SMS1和SMS2蛋白表达水平均明显高于对应癌旁乳腺组织(P0.05)。结论 SMS1和SMS2在乳腺癌组织中高表达,可能与乳腺癌的发生、发展有关。     

TTC25在乳腺癌中的表达及意义探讨

目的探讨TTC25在乳腺癌组织中的表达与乳腺癌临床病理参数的关系。方法应用免疫组化及Western blot方法检测TTC25在正常乳腺组织及浸润性癌组织中的表达与临床病理因素的关系。结果TTC25在浸润性乳腺癌中的表达明显高于癌旁正常乳腺上皮细胞(阳性率为78.75%Vs 33.75%,P0.05),淋巴结转移组的表达率高于非淋巴结转移组的表达率(阳性率为40.74%Vs 69.81%,P0.05),Western blot的方法证明在浸润性乳腺癌中蛋白水平表达量明显高于癌旁正常乳腺组织(P0.05)。结论TTC25可能在乳腺癌的发生发展过程中起一定的促进作用,为目前乳腺癌的靶向治疗提供了一个新的研究靶点。     

乳腺癌中转录因子DLX4与EMT相关蛋白的表达及意义

目的 探讨转录因子DLX4与上皮细胞-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相关蛋白在乳腺癌组织和乳腺细胞系中的表达及其相关性。方法 收集100例乳腺癌及对应癌旁组织标本,采用免疫组化SP法和Western blot法检测乳腺癌组织和乳腺细胞系中DLX4与EMT相关蛋白E-cadherin和vimentin的表达,并分析三者与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系。结果 乳腺癌组织中DLX4和vimentin阳性率(68.0%和53.0%)显著高于癌旁组织(22.0%和28.0%)(P0.05),乳腺癌组织中E-cadherin阳性率(32.0%)显著低于癌旁组织(76.0%)(P0.05)。Western blot法检测结果显示,在高侵袭性乳腺癌细胞系中DLX4、vimentin均呈高表达,E-cadherin呈低表达;DLX4、E-cadherin及vimentin的表达与乳腺癌TNM分期和淋巴结转移相关。Spearman相关分析结果显示,乳腺癌中DLX4与E-cadherin表达呈负相关(r_s=-0.505,P=0.000),DLX4与vimentin表达呈正相关(r_s=0.165,P=0.016)。结论 乳腺癌中转录因子DLX4与E-cadherin表达呈负相关,与vimentin表达呈正相关,可能存在调控关系,从而促进乳腺癌的局部侵袭和远处转移。     

乳腺癌和癌旁乳腺组织中Notch1基因mRNA及蛋白的表达

目的 检测Notch1基因mRNA及Notch1蛋白在人乳腺癌和癌旁乳腺组织中的表达,分析其临床病理学意义.方法 应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法榆测60例乳腺浸润性导管癌和60例癌旁乳腺组织中Notch1基因mRNA,应用免疫组织化学SP法检测60例乳腺浸润性导管癌、30例导管原位癌及60例癌旁乳腺组织Notch1蛋白的表达,分析Notch1表达水平与乳腺癌临床病理特征的相关性.结果 Notch1基因mRNA在人乳腺浸润性导管癌及癌旁乳腺组织中均有表达.Notch1蛋白在癌旁乳腺组织和导管原位癌中的阳性牢分别为55%(33/60)、70%(21/30),二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的阳性率为90%(54/60),明显高于癌旁乳腺组织和导管原位癌的阳性率(P<0.05).乳腺浸润性导管癌Notch1蛋白的高表达与肿瘤的淋巴结转移(P=0.006)、病理学分级(P=0.001)和TNM分期(P=0.022)均呈显著正相关.结论 乳腺浸润性导管癌存在Notch1蛋白的高表达.Notch1蛋白高表达与乳腺癌的恶变演进有关.Notch1基因的表达可能影响乳腺癌的发生、发展.     

食管鳞状细胞癌中PTPN6的表达及与临床病理特征的关系

目的检测食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC)中非受体型PTPN6基因的表达,探讨其与ESCC临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法采用RT-qPCR法检测食管癌细胞和71例ESCC及癌旁正常组织中PTPN6基因mRNA的表达;应用Western blot法和免疫组化SP法检测食管癌细胞和ESCC及癌旁正常组织中PTPN6蛋白的表达;按ESCC组织中PTPN6的蛋白表达分为阳性组和阴性组,行Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析,并通过Cox风险比例模型对其他变量进行校正。结果与正常食管上皮细胞相比,PTPN6 mRNA和蛋白在食管癌细胞中表达下调(P 0.05); ESCC组织中PTPN6 mRNA相对表达量显著低于癌旁正常组织[(1.000±0.001) vs (1.815±0.386),t=13.533,P 0.05]; PTPN6 mRNA表达与患者TNM分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移有关(P 0.05)。ESCC中PTPN6的阳性率为32.4%(23/71),明显低于癌旁组织(P 0.05); PTPN6蛋白表达与患者TNM分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移密切相关(P 0.05)。Kaplan-Meier结果显示,PTPN6低表达与患者生存时间有关(P 0.05)。多变量Cox模型校正后,PTPN6蛋白表达对患者预后有影响(OR=2.694,P 0.05)。结论 PTPN6基因在食管癌细胞系及ESCC组织中表达沉默,其与食管癌的发生、发展密切相关,有望成为ESCC患者预后评估的指标。     

Snail在乳腺癌中的表达及其与上皮-间质转化的关系

目的研究Snail蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达,并探讨Snail蛋白及其调控的上皮-间质转化(EMT)与乳腺癌恶性生物学行为的相关性。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测20例正常乳腺组织、60例乳腺癌组织(非特殊性浸润性导管癌)及其中20例乳腺癌癌旁组织中Snail蛋白、上皮标记物E-cadherin蛋白、间质标记物Vimentin蛋白的表达;分析乳腺癌组织中3种蛋白表达强度的相关性,以及Snail蛋白表达与乳腺癌淋巴结转移的关系。结果①在正常乳腺组织、乳腺癌癌旁组织、乳腺癌组织中,Snail蛋白表达逐渐递增,其阳性率分别为0、30%、53.3%;Vimentin蛋白表达亦逐渐递增,其阳性率分别为0、40%、63.3%;E-cadherin蛋白表达则逐渐减少,其阳性率分别为100%、75%、56.7%;正常乳腺组织、乳腺癌癌旁组织与乳腺癌组织间3种蛋白的表达差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。②Snail蛋白表达与Vimentin蛋白表达呈显著正相关(r=0.536、P=0.000);Snail蛋白表达与E-cadherin蛋白表达呈负相关(r=-0.413、P=0.001);3种组织中,E-cadherin和Vimentin蛋白两者的表达差异呈显著负相关(r=-0.526、P=0.000)。③Snail蛋白的表达与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(r=0.600、P=0.000)。结论锌指转录因子Snail可能通过参与调控EMT过程从而在乳腺癌的发生和侵袭过程中发挥重要作用,并推动乳腺癌的远处淋巴结转移。     

乳腺癌组织中SOX4、EZH2的表达及临床意义

目的观察上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)调控因子SOX4和EZH2在乳腺癌组织中的表达,探讨两者的临床意义。方法采用免疫组化En Vision两步法检测241例乳腺癌组织及126例癌旁非肿瘤乳腺组织中SOX4、EZH2的表达,分析两者表达的相关性及其与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系。结果乳腺癌组织中SOX4的高表达率为82.2%,显著高于癌旁非肿瘤乳腺组织的高表达率(57.1%,P0.05);EZH2在乳腺癌组织中的高表达率为80.1%,显著高于癌旁非肿瘤乳腺组织的高表达率(47.6%,P0.05)。SOX4高表达与肿瘤淋巴结转移、TNM高分期、HER-2高表达相关(P0.05);EZH2高表达与肿瘤组织学高分级、淋巴结转移、ER阴性、EGFR阳性、Ki-67高增殖指数相关(P0.05),并与SOX4表达呈显著正相关(rs=0.256,P0.001)。结论 EMT调控因子SOX4和EZH2在乳腺癌组织中表达上调,两者可能共同参与乳腺癌的转移,有望成为预测乳腺癌转移的潜在生物学标志物。     

乳腺癌中INHBA表达及与临床预后的关系

目的检测INHBA(inhibin-βA)在乳腺癌及癌旁乳腺组织中的表达,探讨其与乳腺癌临床病理特征的关系及对乳腺癌患者预后的意义。方法应用免疫组化法检测85例乳腺浸润性导管癌及35例癌旁乳腺组织中INHBA的表达。结果INHBA在乳腺癌和癌旁组织中的表达差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。INHBA高表达和肿瘤较低的分化程度、淋巴结转移及较高的Ki-67增殖指数具有相关性(P0.05)。INHBA高表达乳腺癌患者的生存期明显短于低表达组(P0.05)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,INHBA表达可以作为判断乳腺癌患者的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论INHBA表达与肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移及Ki-67增殖指数密切相关,可能参与乳腺癌的发生发展,可以作为乳腺癌患者预后的判断指标。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.