结直肠癌中Survivin和P-gp蛋白表达及其与血清CEA的相关性

目的探讨结直肠癌组织中Survivin和P-gp蛋白表达及其与血清CEA的相关性。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测63例结直肠癌及癌旁黏膜,10例腺瘤组织中Survivin和P-gp蛋白表达,分析两者表达与结直肠癌临床病理特征以及血清CEA值的关系。结果 Survivin和P-gp蛋白在结直肠癌组织中阳性率分别为74.6%、76.19%,均显著高于癌旁和腺瘤组织(P 0.01)。Survivin和P-gp蛋白表达与结直肠癌淋巴结转移、远处转移、TNM分期呈正相关(P 0.05),两者表达之间具有正相关性(P 0.05),Survivin蛋白高表达组血清CEA值明显高于低表达组(P 0.05)。结论 Survivin和P-gp蛋白在结直肠癌中高表达与肿瘤细胞的侵袭、转移密切相关,两者的表达具有协同作用,联合血清CEA检测有助于对肿瘤监测,为治疗结直肠癌提供分子生物学支持。     

ILK在胰腺癌中的表达及临床病理意义

目的研究整合素连接激酶(ILK)在胰腺癌中的表达情况及其与临床病理特征的关系。方法利用免疫组织化学方法和Western Blot方法检测61例胰腺癌标本,26例癌旁组织,4例正常胰腺组织中ILK蛋白的表达情况,并统计分析其表达率与临床病理学特征的相关性。结果免疫组织化学染色示ILK蛋白定位于细胞浆,其表达率为65.6%,其中7例Ⅲ期胰腺癌中有6例ILK染色强度均呈(+++);26例癌旁组织中有3例阳性表达,表达率11.5%;4例正常胰腺组织未见ILK的表达,胰腺癌组织的ILK表达明显高于可配对癌旁组织(P0.05)及正常胰腺组织(P0.01)。Western Blot检测发现胰腺癌组织ILK蛋白的表达水平明显高于癌旁组织(P0.01)。结论 ILK高表达与胰腺癌患者病理类型中的分化程度无关,而与肿瘤的淋巴结转移、临床分期密切相关。     

肿瘤标志物mesothelin在胰腺癌组织的表达及其临床意义

研究胰腺癌组织mesothelin的表达及其与临床肿瘤指标的关系.收集43例手术切除的胰腺癌及39例癌旁胰腺组织石蜡标本,利用EnVision免疫组化法分别检测癌组织和癌旁胰腺组织mesothelin的表达情况.结果显示,43例胰腺癌组织中mesothelin阳性表达32例(74.4%),39例癌旁胰腺组织中无阳性表达病例;mesothelin阳性率与肿瘤分化程度有关(P＜0.005),与肿瘤的大小、淋巴及远处转移无关(P＞0.05).结论:mesothelin在胰腺癌组织中有较高的阳性表达率,检测其表达有助于胰腺癌的诊断,并可作为判断胰腺癌恶性程度的重要指标.     

胰腺癌组织中干细胞转录因子Sox2及Oct4的表达及意义

目的探讨干细胞转录因子Sox2及Oct4在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法选择中日友好医院病理科存档的配对胰腺癌及其对应癌旁组织石蜡标本各67例,采用免疫组化SP法检测胰腺癌及其癌旁组织中Sox2及Oct4蛋白的表达,并分析胰腺癌组织中Sox2蛋白表达与临床病理特征及Oct4表达的相关性。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,比较Sox2及Oct4蛋白表达对患者生存的影响。结果 Sox2在胰腺癌组织中阳性34例,阳性率为50.75%,而在癌旁组织中均为阴性,胰腺癌组织中Sox2阳性率显著高于癌旁组织(P0.01)。Oct4在胰腺癌组织中阳性32例,阳性率为47.76%,而在癌旁组织中均为阴性,胰腺癌组织中Sox2阳性率显著高于癌旁组织(P0.01)。胰腺癌组织中Sox2及Oct4表达与肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移、AJCC分期相关(P0.05),与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤直径、浸润深度、肝转移均无关(P0.05)。Sox2与Oct4表达呈正相关(P0.05)。胰腺癌组织中Sox2及Oct4阴性患者的术后生存情况显著优于阳性患者(P0.05)。结论干细胞转录因子Sox2及Oct4蛋白表达与胰腺癌疾病的发生、发展及患者预后有关,且Sox2与Oct4表达密切相关,Sox2及Oct4有望成为胰腺癌新的肿瘤标志物以及预后监测指标。     

血管内皮生长因子C、D和受体3在人胰腺癌组织中的表达

目的:通过观察不同临床指标的人胰腺癌组织VEGF-C、VEGF-D、VEGFR-3的表达,来探讨VEGF-C和VEGF-D对人胰腺癌转移的影响,为癌组织中淋巴管的生成机制以及癌的淋巴道转移机制提供理论依据。方法:取人胰腺癌标本33例及癌旁正常胰腺组织15例,用免疫组化的方法观察VEGF-C、VEGF-D及VEGFR-3在人胰腺癌和癌旁正常胰腺组织中的表达。结果:VEGF-C、VEGF-D和VEGFR-3在胰腺癌组织中的表达比例较在癌旁正常胰腺组织中的表达比例明显增高,并且VEGFR-3的表达与VEGF-D的表达具有显著相关性(P<0.01),与VEGF-C的表达不具有相关性(P>0.05)。胰腺癌组织中VEGF-C和VEGF-D的表达与患者的年龄、性别、远处转移无关(P>0.05)。结论:VEGF-C、VEGF-D在胰腺癌组织中的表达明显增高,并有可能通过与VEGFR-3的结合促进了癌组织中淋巴管的生成,从而对癌的淋巴道转移起促进作用。     

TSG101在胰腺癌组织的表达及临床意义

目的:检测肿瘤易感基因101(TSG101)在胰腺癌组织中表达水平及其与癌患者临床病理特征的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测TSG101蛋白在胰腺癌及其对应正常胰腺组织的表达情况,并分析其在肿瘤中表达水平与患者性别、分化、临床分期及转移等临床病理资料之间的相关性。结果:TSG101在胰腺肿瘤组织中表达率为47/58(81.0%)明显高于正常胰腺组织表达率7/58(12.1%)(P<0.05),统计学分析提示TSG101在胰腺癌组织表达率明显高于正常胰腺组织(P<0.05),在高分化胰腺癌组织中表达明显强于中、低分化肿瘤组织,在转移性胰腺癌中表达率高于非转移性肿瘤组织(P<0.05),而与患者性别及临床分期间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:TSG101在胰腺癌组织中表达与其分化程度及转移呈正相关。     

舌鳞状细胞癌中Survivin的表达及与上皮细胞-间质转化的关系

目的探讨Survivin在舌鳞状细胞癌(tongue squamous cell carcinoma,TSCC)中的表达及其与上皮细胞-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的关系。方法采用免疫组化EnVision法检测63例TSCC及相应癌旁正常组织中Survivin和EMT标志物的表达,分析Survivin表达与TSCC临床病理特征的关系及其与EMT标志物的相关性。应用Western blot法检测8例TSCC新鲜组织中Survivin、E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达。结果TSCC组织中Survivin阳性率为81.0%,明显高于相应癌旁正常组织中(15.9%);Survivin表达与TSCC临床分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移有明显相关性。E-cadherin和N-cadherin在TSCC组织中阳性率分别为42.9%和69.8%;Survivin与E-cadherin的表达呈负相关,与N-cadherin表达呈正相关。Western blot实验结果也证实,Survivin和N-cadherin在TSCC组织中呈高表达,而E-cadherin呈低表达。结论Survivin表达与TSCC组织EMT标志物有关,Survivin可能通过诱导TSCC细胞发生EMT,从而促进TSCC的侵袭和转移。     

胰腺癌淋巴管生成及其与生物学行为关系

目的研究胰腺癌淋巴管生成的机制、分布特征及其与胰腺癌临床病理学的关系。方法应用免疫组化双标记方法检测42例胰腺癌和12例癌旁胰腺组织中血管内皮生长因子-C（VEGF—C）及肾小球足突细胞黏蛋白（Podoplanin）的表达。结果42例胰腺癌组织VEGF—C阳性率为61．9％，12例癌旁胰腺组织中VEGF—C阳性表达率为58．3％，两者差异无显著性（x^2=0．050，P〉0．05）。VEGF-C阳性率与胰腺癌的淋巴结转移有密切关系（x^2=4．822，P〈0．05），而与胰腺癌大小、组织学分级、神经浸润及临床病理分期无关（P〉0．05）。胰腺癌组织中可见明确的Podoplanin阳性淋巴管，其数目和分布具有明确的异质性。肿瘤边缘组织中淋巴管数最多，其次为肿瘤表浅部，而肿瘤中心区最少；在形态上，肿瘤边缘可以见到较多管腔扩张的淋巴管，而肿瘤中心及表浅淋巴管多为闭锁的条索状或点状。癌旁胰腺中Podoplanin阳性淋巴管分布在呈慢性炎症的胰腺组织周围，多数呈扩张状态。42例胰腺癌组织中LVD为7．67±1．25，12例癌旁胰腺组织中LVD为7．85±0．93，二者差别无显著性（t=0．639，P〉0．05）。胰腺癌组织中LVD与淋巴结转移及临床病理分期有关（t=7．076，6．803，P〈0．01），而与胰腺癌大小、组织学分级和神经浸润无关（P〉0．05）。胰腺癌组织中VEGF-C的表达与LVD间呈正相关性（r=0．509，P〈0．05）。结论胰腺癌及癌旁胰腺组织中VEGF—C高表达，促进淋巴管增生，可能是临床上胰腺癌早期发生淋巴结转移的重要机制之一。     

神经源性分化蛋白在胰腺癌中的表达和意义

目的 探讨神经源性分化蛋白(NeuroD)在胰腺外分泌癌中的表达及其意义.方法 应用组织芯片和免疫组织化学EnVision二步法研究NeuroD、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、p53在127例胰腺外分泌癌中的表达情况,并在光镜下观察胰腺癌神经组织浸润、神经周围淋巴细胞套、癌旁慢性胰腺炎、胰周淋巴结转移情况.分析NeuroD的表达与上述其他指标及性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤组织学类型及分化程度等的关系.结果 NeuroD、PCNA和p53蛋白在胰腺癌组织中的阳性率分别为64.6％(82/127)、57.5％ (73/127)和59.1％ (75/127),与菲癌组织[分别为10.5％ (8/76)、9.2％(7/76)和9.2％(7/76)]相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).NeuroD蛋白的表达与PCNA、p53蛋白的表达和胰腺癌肿瘤神经浸润之间有统计学相关性(P＜0.05),而与性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、肿瘤组织学类型及分化程度、癌旁慢性胰腺炎、神经周围淋巴细胞套和淋巴结转移均等无统计学相关性(P＞0.05).结论 NeuroD蛋白在胰腺癌中呈高表达,可能参与了胰腺癌的发生和进展,并且与胰腺癌的增殖、p53信号通路和肿瘤神经浸润之间密切相关.     

CXCL8和VEGF在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与血管生成的关系

目的探讨CXCL8和VEGF在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤血管生成的关系。方法应用免疫组化方法检测23例胰腺癌组织和27例正常胰腺组织微血管密度和CXCL8、VEGF的表达,分析MVD、CXCL8、VEGF与胰腺癌临床病理因素的关系,并分析三者之间的相关性。结果胰腺癌组织中MVD显著高于正常胰腺组织(t=11.187,P0.05),胰腺癌分化程度差、CA199分泌多、临床分期晚肿、瘤直径越大以及淋巴结转移患者肿瘤组织MVD值越高(P0.05);胰腺癌组织中VEGF的表达显著高于正常胰腺组织(χ~2=40.338,P0.05);胰腺癌组织中CXCL8的表达显著高于正常胰腺组织(χ~2=25.343,P0.05),胰腺癌患者中CA199水平越高,分化程度越差,CXCL8的阳性表达率越高(P0.05);胰腺癌组织中MVD与VEGF的表达无相关性;在所有统计病例中,VEGF表达阳性者MVD值比阴性者高(P0.05);胰腺癌组织中CXCL8阳性者MVD值比阴性者高(P0.05),所有统计病例中,CXCL8阳性者MVD值比阴性者高(P0.05);胰腺癌组中CXCL8与VEGF的表达无相关性,在所有统计病例中,CXCL8与VEGF的表达呈正相关(r=-0.079,P0.05)。结论胰腺癌中微血管新生高于正常胰腺组织,CXCL8和VEGF与肿瘤血管生成相关。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.