富士能智能染色内镜在大肠扁平病变诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨富士能智能染色内镜（FICE）技术在大肠扁平病变诊断及指导治疗中的临床价值。方法应用富士能智能染色内镜技术对72例患者的87个大肠扁平病变观察,其中侧向发育型肿瘤（LST）12个,按工藤分型进行腺管开口诊断,并行病理活检,部分病例行全瘤切除送检或外科手术治疗,将FICE内镜诊断结果与病理学诊断结果相比较。结果 FICE内镜技术诊断非肿瘤性病变及肿瘤性病变的病理符合率分别为88.24%、97.22%,总病理符合率为91.95%,12个LST腺管开口Ⅱ型1例,ⅢL型4例,Ⅳ型5例,ⅤA型2例,病理结果均为腺瘤,并伴有不同程度的非典型增生。结论通过FICE放大内镜对大肠扁平病变腺管开口的形态观察可以大致预测病理组织学诊断及病变的浸润深度,指导正确的治疗方法。     

智能染色内镜诊断结肠病变腺管开口的临床价值及Ang-2表达、MVD值与腺管开口相关性研究

目的探讨FICE放大内镜对结肠瘤性、非瘤性病变的诊断价值以及血管生成素-2（Ang-2）表达、肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）与腺管开口的相互关系。方法选择富士能智能染色内镜（FICE）放大观查判定腺管开口为Ⅰ～Ⅴ型的结肠病变标本（Ⅰ～Ⅴ型各20例）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型纳入A组,Ⅲ、Ⅳ型纳入B组,Ⅴ型纳入C组。对照病理诊断结果,判断FICE放大内镜对结肠病变的诊断价值。并采用免疫组化SP法分别测定不同腺管开口结肠病变中Ang-2表达情况及MVD值,分析3者间的相互关系。结果FICE放大内镜对非瘤性病变诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为88．0％和92．5％,符合率为90．2％;对瘤性病变诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为94．8％和91．7％,符合率为93．2％;对结肠病变诊断的总符合率为92．0％。结肠病变中Ang-2的阳性表达率和MVD值在A组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ型合并组）、B组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ型合并组）、C组（腺管开口V型）3组逐渐升高。且Ang-2阳性表达组MVD值明显增高。结论FICE放大内镜对结肠病变腺管开口分型的判断可基本准确区别瘤性、非瘤性病变,结肠病变中Ang-2的阳性表达、肿瘤血管的生成与其腺管开口关系密切。     

FICE技术在大肠病变诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨FICE技术在大肠病变诊断及指导治疗的临床价值。方法用FICE内镜技术对63例大肠病变患者的103个病灶进行观察,按工藤分型进行腺管开口诊断,并行病理活检,部分病例行全瘤切除送检或外科手术,将FICE内镜诊断结果与病理学诊断结果相对照。结果 FICE内镜技术诊断非肿瘤性病变(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型pit者)及肿瘤性病变(Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型pit者)的病理符合率分别为84.85%、98.63%,总病理符合率为94.34%。结论通过FICE放大内镜对大肠病变腺管开口的形态观察可以大致预测病理组织学诊断及早期大肠癌的浸润程度,指导制定正确的治疗方法 。     

放大内镜对早期大肠癌及其癌前病变的诊断价值

目的研究早期大肠癌及其癌前病变的放大内镜下特点及其与浸润深度的关系。方法应用电子放大内镜加靛胭脂染色观察了108例患者共129个大肠隆起性病变。结果129个病变中经病理诊断为肿瘤性病变(腺瘤及癌)的有106个。其腺管开口呈Ⅱ型者10个、ⅢL型者73个、Ⅲs型者1个、Ⅳ型者7个、V型者15个，没有Ⅴ型单独存在者。10个腺管开口Ⅱ型者病变病理多为轻度异型，无重度异型。15个出现Ⅴ型结构的病变中，10例癌变，5例病理为重度异型。10个癌变病变中均出现了Ⅴ型结构，7个黏膜内癌中6个呈ⅤA型，1个ⅤN型；2个黏膜下层癌均呈ⅤN型；一个进展期癌呈ⅤN型。研究中观察到10个侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)，放大内镜下腺管开口呈ⅢL型、Ⅳ型或Ⅴ型，其中1例癌变。结论放大内镜与实体显微镜观察息肉腺管开口形态基本一致。通过腺管开口观察可以很好的区分肿瘤性病变与非肿瘤性病变，其对肿瘤性病变的诊断具有重要的应用价值。     

智能染色内镜对早期大肠癌及其癌前病变的诊断价值

目的评价富士能智能电子分光技术（FICE）结合放大内镜在早期大肠癌诊断中的价值。方法2010年1月至2011年12月经普通内镜发现存在大肠黏膜可疑病灶且符合研究要求的患者共325例,行FICE结合放大内镜及靛胭脂染色检查,部分病变结合放大内镜及实体显微镜观察腺管开口分型（pit分型）并与病理诊断对照,pit分型采用工藤分型。结果396个病变中非肿瘤性病变占13．6％（544396）;各类腺瘤占76．0％（301／396）,其中3例腺瘤恶变,占腺瘤的1．0％（3／301）;进展期肠癌41例,占10．4％（41／301）。上述病变黏膜腺管开口类型分析显示在非肿瘤性病变中尤其增生性病变、炎性息肉绝大部分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型腺管开口,占92．7％（38／41）。在肿瘤性病变中,管状腺瘤及管状绒毛腺瘤之腺管开口以Ⅲ。型为主,而绒毛状腺瘤则以Ⅳ型为多见。在进展期癌中,无1例外地表现为腺管开口的破坏。甚至无腺管结构。将FICE结合放大内镜及靛胭脂染色检查结果及病理检查结果进行统计得出：FICE结合放大内镜诊断早期大肠癌的诊断符合率、敏感性、特异性、假阳性率、假阴性率分别为97．8％（361D96）、92．6％（38／41）、99．4％（353／355）、92．6％（38／41）、99．4％（353／355）：靛胭脂染色诊断早期大肠癌的诊断符合率、敏感性、特异性分别为97．7％（390／396）、87．8％（36／41）、98．9％（351／355）、1．12％（4／355）、12．3％（5／41）;二者比较差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论FICE结合放大内镜可以提供清晰的大肠黏膜血管图像,有助于早期大肠癌的诊断．可提高活检检查的准确性．与靛胭脂染色联用可提高早期大肠癌的诊断率。     

智能分光染色放大内镜在胃平坦型病变诊断中的应用价值

目的:对胃平坦型病变进行富士能智能分光染色内镜(Fujinon intelligent chromoendoscopy,FICE)放大内镜观察,对比FICE放大内镜与病理检查的一致性,探讨FICE放大内镜在胃平坦型病变诊断中的应用价值.方法:2012-09/2014-08对江汉大学附属医院发现的248个胃黏膜平坦性病变进行富士能FICE放大内镜检查.在FICE及放大模式观察病灶腺管开口与毛细血管形态,对其形态进行分型,并结合整体内镜下表现预测病理诊断.将FICE放大内镜下的内镜判定结果与病理组织学结果进行对比,评价其一致性与关联性.FICE内镜与病理诊断的一致性评价采用Kappa检验.结果:萎缩在FICE内镜下主要表现为C、D、E型胃小凹形态;肠上皮化生在F I C E内镜下主要表现为D、E型胃小凹形态;高级别上皮内瘤变及早期癌在FICE内镜下主要表现为E、F型胃小凹形态.FICE放大内镜技术判定萎缩、肠上皮化生、异型增生及早期癌的结果与病理诊断的结果具有较好的一致性.结论:FICE放大内镜技术有助于对病变性质如炎症、萎缩、肠上皮化生、上皮内瘤变及早期癌等的判断,有较好的临床应用价值.     

内镜窄带成像技术在结肠肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的 将内镜窄带成像技术（NBI）、色素内镜检查结果与病理学检查结果进行对比,探讨NBI在结肠肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法78例患者96个结肠病变进行NBI放大观察并与染色放大内镜观察和最终病理结果进行比较。结果普通肠镜发现息肉的敏感性为78．7％,切换NBI后,能清楚显示息肉性病变的形态和边界,发现息肉的敏感性99％。放大NBI肠镜对于Ⅱ型,Ⅲ1型,Ⅳ型,ⅤN型息肉腺管开口的图像与色素内镜图像有较好的相似性,NBI对于腺管开口的识别能力明显优于普通结肠镜,但是次于色素内镜。NBI对息肉表面血管形态进行分类对判断结肠是否有肿瘤的能力,其敏感性为100％,特异性为87．8％,同样明显优于普通结肠镜,而次于色素内镜。结论NBI肠镜及色素内镜均能提高发现结肠息肉的特异性、敏感性。色素内镜能清晰显示病变表面结构和腺管开口,使内镜下对于肿瘤与非肿瘤的鉴别诊断接近病理诊断。NBI放大肠镜能清晰显示息肉表面的毛细血管形态,较好地区分肿瘤与非肿瘤。NBI内镜切换简单快捷,便于全结肠观察,利于发现早期结肠肿瘤。     

大肠黏膜腺管开口分型对早期大肠癌的诊断价值

目的 评价腺管开口分型对诊断早期大肠癌及癌前病变的临床实用价值。方法 2000年11月～2002年8月结肠镜检查4176例次，采用内镜下黏膜染色技术，部分病变结合放大内镜及实体显微镜观察腺管开口分型(pit分型)并与病理诊断对照，pit分型采用工藤分型。结果 752例患者发现大肠隆起、扁平等不同病变共955个，共检出早期大肠癌14例，进展期癌209例，Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱc、Ⅱa Ⅱc病变76个。侧向发育型肿瘤(LST型)病变43个，直径16～110mm，其中Ⅱ型2个，ⅢL18个，Ⅳ19个，ⅤA型1个，ⅤN型3个。非肿瘤性息肉以Ⅰ、Ⅱ型腺管开口为主，占85．4％(303／355)；而腺瘤性息肉则以Ⅲ、Ⅳ型腺管开口为主，占86．0％(504／586)；进展期癌均表现为黏膜腺管开口破坏无结构，为ⅤN型；14例早期癌中有8例腺管开口为Ⅴ型，其中ⅤA型2个，ⅤN型6个。结论 大肠腺管开口分型对于判断肿瘤性、非肿瘤性病变以及早期大肠癌并指导及时的内镜治疗或手术切除具有重要意义及临床实用价值。     

染色内镜和放大内镜诊治大肠侧向发育型肿瘤

目的大肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)与大肠癌关系密切,其诊治不同于一般的隆起样肿瘤,文章总结LST内镜诊断与治疗的经验,以引起临床上对这个特殊类型肿瘤的重视。方法内镜检查发现肠道黏膜发红或粗糙、血管网不清或消失等病变,行靛胭脂染色后放大内镜观察其腺管开口类型。结果18个月中共发现34例LST 35个病变。其中黏膜内癌4例,锯齿状肿瘤2例。35个病变内镜分型颗粒均一型15个,结节混合型18个,假凹陷型2个。病变最大为68 mm×85 mm;11～20mm 8个,21～30 mm 13个,30 mm以上14个。大肠黏膜腺管开口类型ⅢL型10个,其中8个为管状绒毛状腺瘤;Ⅳ型22个,其中16个为绒毛状腺瘤,1个黏膜内癌;ⅤA型3个,均为黏膜内癌。35个病变全部即时或择期进行内镜下切除治疗,发生出血和局限性腹膜炎各1例。结论应用黏膜染色技术和放大内镜有助于LST的诊断。LST的腺管开口大多数表现为Ⅳ型或ⅢL型,ⅢL型腺管开口多为管状腺瘤,Ⅳ型腺管开口多为绒毛状腺瘤,一旦出现Ⅴ型腺管开口则表明已经有癌变发生。     

内镜智能分光比色技术对早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨内镜智能分光比色技术(FICE)对早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断价值.方法 257例食管可疑病变患者分别接受FICE染色内镜、FICE染色放大内镜、2％ Lugol液染色内镜、2％ Lugol液染色放大内镜检查,并将内镜检查结果与活检病理结果进行对比分析.结果 FCIE染色内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为92.6％(25/27),Lugol液染色内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为88.9％ (24/27),两者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.642);FICE染色放大内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为96.3％(26/27),Lugol染色放大内镜诊断早期食管癌的阳性率为92.6％ (25/27),两者比较差异亦无统计学意义(P =0.556).FICE染色放大内镜可清晰观察乳头内毛细血管袢(IPCL)形态并进行分型,早期食管癌和高级别上皮内瘤变IPCL分型主要为Ⅳ和Ⅴ型,低级别上皮内瘤变和食管炎主要为Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,正常食管主要为Ⅰ型;而2％ Lugol液染色放大内镜尚不能清晰观察IPCL分型.FICE染色内镜模式下无不良反应发生;2％ Lugol液染色内镜下不良反应发生率为12.8％ (33/257).结论 FICE染色放大内镜能准确判断早期食管癌病理分型,提高食管癌及癌前病变的诊断率,是Lugol液染色内镜的有效补充.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.