稀土矿区婴幼儿头发中稀土元素的分布特征

目的：探讨稀土矿区婴幼儿头发中稀土元素的特征，方法：使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP－MS）对稀土矿区和对照区各10例婴幼儿发样进行15种稀土元素水平测定，研究某离子吸附型轻稀土矿区居住的0－3岁婴幼儿头发中稀土元素的暴露水平及其分布特征。结果：婴幼儿发中15种稀土元素均可检出，矿区小儿头发中稀土总量及15种稀土元素含量均为矿区显著高于对照组（P＜0．001）。进行球粒陨石标准化石，发现二区小儿头发中，寻乌矿体和江西土壤的四条稀土分布曲线（La/Yb)N均大于1，呈轻烯土富集型的稀土元素分布模式，且各曲线的稀土元素之间的分馏情况也相似，有Ce和Eu的负异常。其中矿区小儿发中稀土Ce的负异常程序接近稀土矿体，对照区Ce的负异常程度接近稀土矿体，对照区Ce的负异常程度（0．89）接近江西土壤（1．00）。结论：进行机体的稀土元素仍基本符合偶数变化规律，小儿头发中稀土分布特征在一定程度上可反映其直接接触自然生活环境中的稀土分布特征。     

酶消化-ICP/MS法测定广东省部分地区居民血中稀土元素含量

目的研究广东省部分地区居民血中稀土元素(REE)的本底值特征。方法对广东省广州市越秀区和韶关市北江区两个地区城市居民进行分层整群随机抽样,以问卷调查方式进行流行病学调查,并采用蛋白酶消化-ICP/MS法检测全血中La、Ce、Pr、Nb、Sm、Eu、Gd、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu共13种稀土元素。结果分别调查广州越秀区和韶关北江区515、735名居民,两地区居民全血中13种稀土元素在本方法检出限范围内(10-10)均可检出;其中越秀区13种REE总量均值为1.826μg/L,轻稀土含量为1.679μg/L,配分为91.9%;重稀土含量为0.147μg/L,配分为8.1%;La、Ce占稀土总量的88.8%。北江区13种REE总量均值为2.917μg/L,轻稀土含量为2.720μg/L,配分为93.2%;重稀土含量为0.197μg/L,配分为6.8%,La、Ce占稀土总量的87.6%;两地区居民血中稀土元素总量均值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),各分量值除Ho、Er外,其他11种元素分量值差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论两个地区居民血中稀土特点以轻稀土为主,高Ce、高La,不同地区居民血中稀土元素本底值存在差异。     

稀土矿区儿童血中稀土负荷水平及影响因素

目的　研究儿童血中稀土元素负荷水平及影响因素。方法　采用ELAN - 5 0 0 0型号的电感藕合等离子体质谱仪对江西省寻乌县稀土矿区和对照区 112名 7～ 10岁儿童进行血中稀土元素总量和分量测定 ,同时对有关影响因素进行问卷调查 ,用多因素回归分析研究影响血稀土含量的因素。结果　儿童血中 15种稀土元素均可检出 ,稀土暴露区儿童血稀土含量 2 18± 1 0 8ng/g ,是对照组 (1 2 6± 0 35ng/g) 1 73倍 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。从稀土分量来看 ,15种稀土元素 ,在稀土暴露组儿童血中就有 11种明显增加 ,其中轻稀土增加 0 85倍 ,重稀土增加 0 5 1倍。差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。同时 ,对可能影响血稀土含量的因素进行多元性逐步回归分析 ,发观家距稀土矿距离是影响血稀土含量的主要因素。结论　长期生活于稀土环境 ,血稀土含量将增高 ,血稀土含量在一定程度上反映体内稀土负荷水平     

稀土暴露对人外周血单个核细胞端粒酶及细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨稀土暴露对正常人外周血单个核细胞的端粒酶活性及细胞凋亡的影响.方法选取我国最大的离子吸附型稀土矿江西省寻乌县稀土矿区矿工(一线作业8年以上)30名健康成人为调查对象,同时选取地质结构和社会经济特征基本相同的离矿区35 km外的寻乌县另一村居民30名健康成人作为对照.运用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法对随机选取的暴露组和对照组进行血稀土含量测定.端粒酶重复扩增法和流式细胞仪检测稀土暴露和正常人群的单个核细胞端粒酶活性和细胞凋亡以及细胞周期变化.结果血稀土含量镧(La)暴露组为(1.268 5±1.070 5)μg/L,对照组(0.171 7±0.206 1)μg/L.暴露组与对照组比较La、铈(Ce)、镝(Dy)、钇(Y)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、钆(Gd)、镱(Yb)具有统计学意义;暴露组的总血稀土含量与对照组相比有统计学意义.端粒酶活性检测结果阳性率暴露组为37.0%(11/30),对照组为16.7%(5/30),两组比较有统计学意义.暴露组平均年龄为(38.69±8.02)岁,对照组平均年龄为(40.45±9.02)岁,两组年龄无统计学意义.端粒酶活性与血总稀土含量有高度相关性.暴露组和对照组外周血单核细胞的凋亡率比较,没有统计学意义,但在细胞周期分析中,暴露组与对照组相比S期和G2-M期细胞明显增多.结论可观察到在暴露水平下的接触人群稀土暴露能提高外周血单个核细胞端粒酶活性,对细胞凋亡没有影响,能促进二倍体DNA的复制及蛋白质合成,使进入S期和G2/M期细胞比例增加.     

嘉兴市学龄儿童体内稀土元素蓄积情况调查分析

目的 了解嘉兴市内学龄儿童体内稀土水平,制定儿童体内稀土正常参考值。方法 采集嘉兴市小学120例7岁～12岁学生的唾液和头发样本,分为7岁～8岁、9岁～10岁、11岁～12岁组以及男、女不同性别2组,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测各组的稀土水平并对结果进行统计分析。结果 在唾液中,Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm7种稀土元素与年龄呈正相关,性别差异并不明显;在头发样本中,Sc、Y、La、Ce、Nd 5种稀土元素与年龄呈正相关,Nd、Sm、Gd 3种稀土元素具有性别差异;两类型样本中,检出率较高的6种稀土元素均是Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd,其中以Ce的检出浓度最高,其他稀土元素检出值及检出率均较低。采用P5～P95百分位方法建立了嘉兴市学龄儿童唾液、发样中的正常值参考范围。结论 各年龄段的学龄儿童体内稀土水平均较低,随着年龄的增长而升高,部分稀土元素有性别差异,不同靶器官的稀土分布有所不同。     

大鼠睾丸中轻稀土元素含量及其分布特征研究

目的研究轻稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd在大鼠睾丸中的吸收规律和蓄积特点。方法将雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白、对照、低、中、高及排毒组,每组10只。饲喂柠檬酸稀土28天后处死前5组,采取睾丸;排毒组在停止饲喂柠檬酸稀土的条件下再自由饲喂28天后处死,采取睾丸。用ICP-MS测定睾丸中上述稀土元素含量并做统计学分析。结果1.低、中、高剂量组大鼠睾丸中轻稀土元素含量逐渐增高,排毒组显著低于高剂量组;2.La、Ce、Pr在睾丸中分布符合奥多-哈尔金斯规则,Nd呈负偏离;3.多数轻稀土元素在睾丸和毛发中含量相关系数较高。结论轻稀土元素在睾丸中蓄积存在量效关系,分布有其自身特征,蓄积具有可逆性;轻稀土元素在毛发中的含量比其在全血中的含量更适合作为生物标志物。     

儿童稀土暴露的健康效应研究

目的　探讨稀土暴露与儿童健康的关系。方法　选择与稀土效应有关的生长发育水平、免疫功能以及智能发育作为儿童稀土暴露健康效应的指标。在江西省某稀土矿区和对照区对 7～ 10岁儿童进行生长发育有关指标测量。采用免疫消浊比色法、化学免疫发光法、流式细胞仪技术对儿童血清中IgA、IgG、IgM和补体C3、C4、IgE以及血中淋巴细胞亚群CD+3 、CD+4 、CD+8、CD+4 CD+8及NK细胞进行测定 ;采用绘人智能法对儿童进行智商测定 ;并采用ELAN - 5 0 0 0型号的电感藕合等离子体质谱仪对儿童进行血中稀土元素总量和分量测定 ,同时用简单回归、多元逐步回归等方法分析稀土暴露情况与儿童健康之间的关系。结果　儿童血样中 15种稀土元素均可检出 ,且稀土暴露区儿童血稀土总含量 (2 18± 1 0 8)ng g ,比对照组 (1 2 6± 0 35 )ng g高出 1 73倍 (P <0 0 1)。稀土暴露组儿童肺活量、血压较对照组低 ;稀土暴露区儿童体液免疫有所改变 ,稀土暴露组IgM比对照组显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,儿童T淋巴细胞亚群测定结果显示 ,CD+3 、CD+8、CD+4 CD+8有明显改变 (P <0 0 5 ) ,稀土暴露组儿童血中CD+3 和CD+8比对照组CD+3 、CD+8明显降低 ,而CD+4 CD+8比值则有所升高。稀土暴露区儿童智商得分显著低于对照组儿童 ;高智能儿童比     

大鼠全血、毛发与其组织脏器中轻稀土元素含量相关性研究

目的研究稀土元素在大鼠组织脏器内的蓄积,评价全血和毛发可否作为稀土暴露水平的生物标志物。方法以雄性SD大鼠为试验对象,适应性喂养1周后剃去大鼠毛发,随机分为对照组和柠檬酸稀土低、中、高-I、高-II剂量组(共5组,每组10只)。对照组用35%柠檬酸钠溶液灌胃,其它各组用柠檬酸稀土溶液灌胃,剂量分别为50、500、5000(高-I)、5000(高-II)mg/kg bw。灌胃4周后,除高剂量II组外,其余各组大鼠处死并采集毛发、全血、肝脏、脾脏、股骨等组织脏器。高剂量II组大鼠停药并自由饲养4周后处死,采集同前所述的所有组织器官样品。用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定大鼠毛发、全血、肝脏、脾脏、股骨中La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu轻稀土元素含量。结果稀土元素在组织脏器的蓄积浓度依次为:毛发>肝脏>脾脏>股骨>全血;稀土元素在毛发中的含量与肝、脾及股骨中含量均呈显著正相关,而在全血中的含量仅与脾脏和股骨中含量呈正相关。结论大鼠毛发中稀土元素含量与肝脏、脾脏及股骨显著正相关,比全血更适合作为稀土暴露水平的生物标志物。     

稀土暴露对儿童智商的影响

目的探讨稀土暴露与儿童智商的关系。方法采用绘人智能法对江西省某稀土矿区(暴露组,n=229)和对照区(对照组,n=235)7～10岁儿童进行智商测定,并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定暴露组(n=69)和对照组(n=43)儿童静脉血稀土浓度,同时对儿童稀土暴露与智商的关系进行多元逐步回归分析。结果儿童血中15种稀土元素均可检出,且暴露组儿童血总稀土浓度(2.18±1.08)ng/g,比对照组(1.26±0.35)ng/g高出0.73倍,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。暴露组儿童智商犤(82.63±12.16)分犦低于对照组犤(87.08±15.28)分犦,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素分析显示,家与稀土矿区距离及家中是否堆放稀土均可影响儿童智商水平。结论稀土暴露对儿童智商有一定的影响。     

混合稀土硝酸盐对仔鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：了解混合稀土硝酸盐[RE(NO3)3]能否经胎盘进入仔鼠体内及RE（NO3）3对仔鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：小鼠妊娠7－8d开始经口灌胃，分别给予2，20，200mg/kgRE（NO3）3，对照组给与蒸馏水，直至生下仔鼠。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP－MS）检测F1代仔鼠体内稀土元素镧（La）、铈（Ce）、镨（Pr）、钕（Nd）的含量；分别测定刚离乳及离乳3周仔鼠免疫器官重量、脾抗体形成细胞数（IgM-PFC／脾）、迟发型变态反应（DTH）和巨噬细胞功能。结果：妊娠期母鼠经口灌胃RE（NO3）3后，20．0mg/kg组F1代仔鼠刚出生时体内稀土元素La高于对照组（P＜0．05）；200．0mg/kg组F1代仔鼠刚出生时体内稀土元素La、Ce、Pr、Nd含量均明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。F1代仔鼠刚离乳时，20．0mg/kg组仔鼠脾脏重量明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）；2．0mg/kg RE(NO3)3可明显增加IgM-PFC/脾（升高82．2％）；2．0，20．0mg/kg组碳粒廓清指数K值和吞噬指数α值均明显高于对照组（P＜0．01，P＜0．05）；2．0mg/kg RE（NO3）3对DTH有明显升高作用（P＜0．05）。F1代仔鼠离乳后3周各剂量组仔鼠脾脏重及其脏体比均明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）；200．0mg/kg RE（NO3）3对IgM-PFC／脾有明显的抑制作用（抑制率为36．9％），且对碳粒廓清指数K值和吞噬指数α也有明显的抑制作用（P＜0．05）。各剂量组DTH未见有明显改变。结论：RE（NO3）3可经胎盘转运进入仔鼠体内，且可对仔鼠免疫功能产生一定的影响，这些影响可能是RE（NO3）3经胎盘转运进入仔鼠体内的结果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.