股前外侧游离皮瓣在小腿畸形矫正中的临床应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复小腿畸形截骨矫形术时所产生的软组织大面积缺损的临床效果。方法回顾性分析5例小腿成角畸形患者,均行胫腓骨截骨矫形,髂骨植骨并钢板螺钉内固定术后,胫前皮肤产生缺损,应用股前外侧皮瓣的游离血管与胫前血管吻合覆盖缺损。结果5例患者皮瓣全部成活,胫前缺损覆盖良好,畸形矫正满意。结论小腿长期成角畸形,由于截骨矫形使软组织牵拉且胫前皮肤及软组织条件差而重新产生皮肤缺损或皮肤缺损面积增大,采用游离的股前外侧皮瓣覆盖缺损效果良好。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣与健侧血管桥接修复下肢严重毁损伤

目的　探讨下肢严重毁损伤造成大面积软组织缺损、骨缺损、骨外露以及胫前、后动脉受损情况下 ,应用游离股前外侧皮瓣健侧胫后血管桥接方式覆盖创面 ,为二期功能重建创造条件 ,从而达到保肢目的。　方法　临床治疗 11例 ,切取股前外侧皮瓣与健侧胫后血管桥接修复下肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损并骨缺损、骨外露巨大创面 ,切取皮瓣最大面积 36cm× 15cm ,双套管活动外固定器固定双下肢 ,术后 4～ 6周断蒂。　结果　 11例皮瓣全部成活 ,3例皮瓣轻度感染 ,其中 2例经换药后愈合 ,另 1例断蒂后愈合。随访 6个月～ 3年 ,皮瓣外观丰满 ,质地均匀 ,保肢成功 ,并最大限度地恢复下肢功能。　结论　应用游离股前外侧皮瓣及健侧胫后血管桥接移植是修复下肢严重毁损伤的有效方法     

吻合血管的骨皮瓣游离移植治疗复杂性骨不连

目的:伴有明显骨质与皮肤软组织缺损的复杂性骨不连,是当前公认的难治之症.通过临床实践,验证使用吻合血管的骨皮瓣游离移植治疗此类病症的可行性,为攻克这种顽疾提供有效办法.方法:在显微解剖及临床实践基础上,对15例患者采用吻合血管的骨皮瓣游离移植加自体髂骨植骨法进行治疗,并对临床特点、手术适应证、手术要点与注意事项进行分析.结果:本组15例全部成活.经9个月～9年6个月的随访观察,骨不连均获良好愈合,肢体外形与功能有明显改善,所有病人均恢复了工作与生活能力.结论:吻合血管的骨皮瓣游离移植术是当前治疗复杂性骨缺损骨不连的最有效方法.只要掌握得当,定能获得满意疗效.     

皮瓣转移或移植修复小腿皮肤缺损

目的探讨小腿部皮肤缺损显微外科修复的方法.方法采用小腿内侧、外侧、前外侧肌间隙血管蒂皮瓣、腓肠肌皮瓣局部转移,股前外侧皮瓣、胸脐皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣等移植修复小腿皮肤缺损,对合并骨缺损者采用小腿外侧骨皮瓣、肩胛骨皮瓣移植、髂骨皮瓣或骨瓣与皮瓣组合移植修复,根据受区的血管损伤情况设计四种血液循环重建方法.结果本组临床应用97例,33例带血管蒂皮瓣转移全部成活,64例游离皮瓣移植中7例术后出现血液循环危象,经探查4例成活,3例失败.结论皮瓣转移或移植是修复小腿部皮肤缺损的良好方法,但应根据创面修复原则及不同的伤情选择治疗方法.     

带胫前血管蒂的胫骨皮瓣及胫骨骨膜皮瓣的临床应用

应用有血运的骨皮瓣或骨膜皮瓣移植治疗骨不愈合或骨缺损合并皮肤缺损,疗效显著。但目前临床上骨或骨膜皮瓣供区有限。我们经过解剖观察,参阅有关解剖学研究,设计带胫前血管蒂的胫骨及胫骨骨膜皮瓣治疗骨及皮肤同时缺损共10例,其中5例为小腿中下部皮肤瘢痕及胫骨缺损;2例为足跟皮肤瘢痕及溃疡跟骨外露感染;1例为胫骨下端骨     

血管长段桥接腓骨皮瓣修复小腿皮肤软组织及骨缺损

目的：探讨血管长段桥接加健侧腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损并骨缺损的疗效。方法：应用血管长段桥接腓骨骨皮瓣移植术一次修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损并骨缺损8例，其中4例伴有胫前血管和腓血管同时损伤，4例仅伴有胫前血管损伤，骨皮瓣血管蒂腓动脉长段桥接后与股动脉端侧吻合或与股动脉分支端端吻合，腓静脉与大隐静脉直接端端吻合或血管桥接后端端吻合。结果：8例全部成活，随访半年－2年4个月，骨皮瓣质地良好，X线片复查示移植腓骨与胫骨一期愈合且不同程度增粗，患者可从事轻体力劳动。结论：血管长段桥接腓骨骨皮瓣移植修复小腿皮肤软组织缺损并骨缺损，疗程短，效果好，是解决受区无可供血管吻合时的一种有效方法。     

小腿桥式交腿游离皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨下肢大面积软组织缺损采用游离组织移植而受区又无可供吻合血管时的解决办法. 方法 采用以健侧胫前或胫后血管为蒂桥式携带游离皮瓣移植修复11例下肢大面积软组织缺损. 结果 采用健侧胫前血管形成顺行皮瓣桥式携带游离皮瓣移植修复患肢创面缺损6例,皮瓣全部成活.采用健侧胫后血管形成顺行皮瓣桥式携带游离皮瓣5例,其中2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,行清创植皮术后,创面修复良好.其余3例皮瓣全部成活,创面修复.结论 以健侧小腿胫前或胫后血管作为游离组织移植时的供血血管,是解决患侧小腿大面积软组织缺损且受区又无可供吻合血管时的一种理想修复方法.     

应用异体骨及皮瓣移植修复小腿骨和皮肤缺损

目的报道应用同种异体骨及皮瓣移植修复小腿骨缺损并皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法采用深低温冷冻的异体胫骨移植，可调式支架外固定，带骨膜的皮瓣修复小腿骨缺损并皮肤缺损39例。结果35例皮瓣全部成活，4例皮瓣远端部分坏死，经二次皮瓣修复，创面愈合，术后X线复查，移植的异体骨对位对线好。术后1个多月有骨痂生长，术后6周可带外固定支架行走，术后8个月可拆支架行走。结论应用异体骨及采用带骨膜的复合皮瓣移植修复，加速骨的愈合，缩短疗程，可恢复行走功能。     

以腓肠肌内侧血管供血的游离股前外侧皮瓣修复小腿皮肤软组织严重缺损

目的：探讨小腿严重软组织缺损的显微外科治疗方法及临床效果。方法采用患肢腓肠肌内侧血管供血的游离股前外侧皮瓣移植修复小腿胫前严重皮肤软组织缺损7例。结果7例皮瓣全部成活,效果良好。结论对小腿主干血管损伤伴骨外露、骨髓炎的大面积皮肤、软组织缺损患者,采用患肢腓肠肌内侧血管供血的游离股前外侧皮瓣可避免采用健侧血管供血的桥式皮瓣修复,有效地保护了健侧小腿的胫后动脉,缩短疗程,减少双腿固定的痛苦。     

腓动脉骨皮瓣治疗小腿中下段开放伤伴胫骨及软组织缺损

目的探讨应用对侧游离腓动脉骨皮瓣移植治疗大段胫骨及胫前软组织坏死缺损的疗效。方法对因创伤所致大段胫骨及胫前软组织坏死的11例患者,清除坏死骨质及软组织后,行吻合血管的腓动脉骨皮瓣移植重建,包括一例非全周径(外侧2/3周径)的腓动脉骨皮瓣移植。结果结果经6~24个月随访,移植腓骨及皮瓣全部成活,胫骨严重粉碎性骨折均获骨性愈合,无一例截肢,无一例出现慢性骨髓炎,下肢外形及功能恢复满意。结论胫骨大段骨缺损,同时合并软组织缺损的病人,给予对侧带血管蒂的腓骨骨皮瓣移植,仍不失为一种可靠方法。     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复胫前皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复胫前皮肤、软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对14例胫前皮肤、软组织缺损伴骨外露患者,应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复,皮瓣切取面积14cm×6cm～23cm×12cm,供区直接缝合或以全厚皮片植皮修复。结果术后14例皮瓣全部存活,创面一期愈合,术后随访3～24个月(平均8个月),皮瓣质地优良,无溃疡发生,8例获保护性感觉,骨折愈合后下肢可负重行走。结论股前外侧穿支皮瓣是修复胫前皮肤、软组织缺损的有效方法。     

胫骨皮瓣游离移植修复小腿创伤性骨和皮肤缺损

目的探讨应用胫骨皮瓣游离移植一期修复小腿严重创伤性骨与皮肤缺损，免除截肢的治疗方法。方法对12例小腿创伤性骨与皮肤缺损采用胫骨皮瓣游离移植进行治疗。一期重建患肢胫骨支架连续性及覆盖创面。皮瓣最长17cm，最宽10cm；骨瓣最长12cm。结果术后随访最短6个月，最长5年，皮瓣血运良好，术后2个月内均见骨瓣开始生长，术后3—5个月移植骨均达骨性愈合，平均愈合时间为15周，累及的炎症得到完全控制，修复的肢体功能、外形令人满意。结论胫骨皮瓣具有解剖标志清楚、骨膜较厚、血供丰富、血管蒂多、供骨量大、皮瓣面积大、位置表浅、手术操作有较大的灵活性等优点，治疗小腿严重创伤性骨皮缺损可一次完成骨架重建及创面覆盖，有利于肢体功能的尽早恢复。     

游离腓骨移植修复胫骨慢性骨髓炎并长段骨缺损

目的探讨游离腓骨移植一期修复胫骨慢性骨髓炎合并长段骨缺损的方法和疗效。方法1996年3月～2003年12月，采用彻底清除病灶，切除长段死骨，取对侧带血管腓骨游离移植一期修复胫骨缺损的方法，治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎合并长段骨缺损患者67例。年龄8～42岁。病程6个月～8年，平均2．8年。其中血源性骨髓炎14例，创伤性骨髓炎53例。18例合并同侧腓骨骨折；21例合并皮肤缺损及骨外露，缺损范围2cm×4cm～4cm×10cm；53例合并病理性骨折及骨不连；46例合并1～3个窦道。胫骨死骨长度8～22cm，平均12cm。细菌培养试验均显示阳性。46例单纯切取带血管腓骨瓣，21例携带皮瓣，腓骨切取长度10～28cm，平均15cm；皮瓣切取范围4cm×7cm～6cm×12cm。结果术后67例获随访12～45个月。2周内肢体炎性反应均消退，窦道愈合率达93．5％，窦道不愈合者经二次窦道清除后愈合。移植腓骨瓣骨折2例，经石膏固定2个月后愈合。21例携带皮瓣全部成活。X线片示移植腓骨均愈合，愈合时间4～6个月，平均4．2个月。按Enneking评价系统，肢体术后功能恢复平均为正常功能的79％。18岁以下患者腓骨增粗较快，可完全胫骨化；18岁以上患者腓骨增粗缓慢。结论对胫骨慢性骨髓炎合并长段骨缺损患者可行吻合血管的游离腓骨移植一期修复骨缺损，该术式能有效控制感染、缩短疗程及减少手术次数。     

肌间隙皮支血管蒂皮瓣转移修复胫前皮肤缺损的手术设计

目的探讨局部皮瓣转移修复胫前小面积皮肤缺损的方法选择。方法回顾性分析86例采用肌间隙皮支血管蒂皮瓣局部转移修复胫骨小面积外露的病例,包括胫骨上段皮肤缺损28例,中段31例,下段27例。分别采用内侧、外侧、前外侧肌间隙皮动脉皮瓣修复20例、41例、25例。结果78例成活,8例尖部坏死,采用其它皮瓣二次修复成功。结论肌间隙皮支血管蒂皮瓣术式简单可靠,并发症少,是修复胫前软组织小面积缺损的理想方法之一。     

Distally-based free vascularized tissue grafts in the lower leg

In the field of orthopaedic surgery, the lower leg is often treated by free vascularized tissue grafts. In performing these grafts for reconstruction of the lower leg, the anterior tibial artery and its venae comitantes are frequently selected as anastomosing recipient vessels. However, due to the deep location of the anterior tibial vessels, it is extremely difficult to accomplish antegrade microsurgical anastomoses between the donor vessels and the anterior tibial vessels. This technical difficulty often leads to the possibility of immediate postoperative arterial and venous occlusion. To resolve this problem, the idea of a reverse-flow island flap has been applied to the free vascularized tissue grafts for reconstruction of the lower leg, based on both artery and vein reconstructed with retrograde blood flow. To evaluate clinical outcomes of the procedure mentioned, the postoperative results of 14 patients were reviewed. The free vascularized grafts consisted of seven vascularized fibular grafts with peroneal flaps, six vascularized latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps, and one vascularized groin flap. Venous congestion of the flap was not observed and all flaps survived. Bone union was obtained in seven patients treated with vascularized fibular grafts. There were no serious postoperative complications. Distally-based free vascularized tissue grafts in the lower leg are useful procedures in reconstruction of massive bone defects and osteomyelitis of the tibia, and for skin defects on the anterior aspect of the lower leg.     

肱骨骨不连的手术治疗

目的探讨肱骨骨不连的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法1998年12月～2005年5月共收治肱骨骨不连患者25例,均为肱骨骨折内固定术后发生骨不连,其中3例并发骨髓炎,6例合并不同程度肱骨骨缺损,骨缺损长度为3～6cm。骨不连病程8个月～5年。15例行吻合血管游离腓骨移植,10例采用加压交锁髓内针进行肱骨固定并辅以自体骨植骨。结果术后25例均得到随访,时间6个月～6年2个月。吻合血管游离腓骨移植组中移植的腓骨段均与肱骨干形成骨性愈合,平均骨性愈合时间为3．1个月；交锁髓内针组平均骨愈合时间为3．8个月。按Crates和Whittle肩肘关节功能评价标准,腓骨移植组：优9例,良4例,差2例；交锁髓内针组：优5例,良3例,差2例。结论应用加压交锁髓内针辅以自体骨移植对硬化性肱骨骨不连是一种有效的外科治疗方法；对合并骨髓炎、大段骨缺损及严重骨质疏松的肱骨骨不连,采用吻合血管游离腓骨移植可一期进行修复与重建。     

腓肠神经营养血管腓肠肌外侧头复合瓣转移治疗胫骨骨髓炎

目的 探讨腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣与腓肠肌外侧头一同切取成复合瓣的可行性,观察应用复合瓣转移治疗胫骨骨髓炎的疗效. 方法 在尸体标本上观察腓肠神经营养血管蒂与深层的腓肠肌外侧头之间的血管比邻关系.对15例胫骨骨髓炎的患者采用窦道切除、胫骨开槽的方法进行彻底清创,采用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管与腓肠肌外侧头的复合瓣转移覆盖窦道切除后的皮肤缺损区,将肌肉部分尽量填塞入胫骨骨槽内,置负压引流;3例骨不连患者拆除内固定后更换外固定支架. 结果 腓肠神经营养血管筋膜蒂与腓肠肌外侧头之间有5～6支血管穿支,可以一同切取为复合皮瓣;临床治疗15例患者转移复合瓣全部成活,14例胫骨骨髓炎完全治愈,1例患者经过第二次清创后完全愈合,3例骨不连者经二期髂骨植骨后6个月完全愈合,平均随访18个月(10～26个月)无复发. 结论 腓肠神经营养血管蒂与深层的腓肠肌外侧头有血管穿支存在,二者可以切取成远端蒂的复合瓣,可有效治疗胫骨骨髓炎.     

Repair of high-energy-induced tissue defects of the dorsal foot by free muscle transfer and skin graft.

Various alternative methods have been used for repair of extensive dorsal foot defects due to high-energy-induced injuries. The authors reconstructed such defects with free muscle transfers and skin grafts in 9 male patients (average age, 21.7 years) between the years 1995 and 1998. Patients (right foot, 5; left foot, 4) presented with injuries due to military rifle gunshot (N = 4), mine explosion (N = 2), high-voltage electricity (N = 2), and traffic accident (N = 1). The patient injured in a traffic accident was treated with skin grafting only, and experienced osteomyelitis and skin breakdown. The other 8 patients were injured acutely and were hospitalized within 3 weeks of injury. After serial debridement of necrotic tissues, surgery was performed at an average of 6 weeks postinjury. Metatarsal bone defects of 5 cm in 3 patients were repaired by iliac (N = 2) and fibular (N = 1) bone grafts. Free muscle latissimus dorsi (N = 4) and rectus abdominis (N = 5) flaps were transferred microsurgically. The transferred muscle flaps were covered with split-thickness skin grafts. Mean operation duration was 5 hours 12 minutes. All flaps survived. The average area of soft-tissue defect repaired was 93 cm2 (range, 36-231 cm2). Average follow-up was 25 months. No symptoms of osteomyelitis and skin breakdown were encountered in the 8 acutely injured patients. Monofilament sensory tests revealed diminished protective sensation in 5 patients and absence of protective sensation in 4 patients. Partial resorption of bone grafts occurred in 2 patients. Thinning of the flaps was performed by tangential excision in 2 patients whose muscle flaps did not diminish in thickness. All patients were able to wear normal shoes. The authors suggest the use of free muscle transfer in reconstructing extensive soft-tissue defects of the dorsal foot.     

Reconstruction of composite tibial defect with free flaps and ipsilateral vascularized fibular transposition

Composite defects of the tibia following open fractures are among the most challenging of clinical problems. The aim of this study is to report the results of treatment using a free flap procedure followed by ipsilateral vascularized fibular transposition (IVFT) for reconstruction of composite tibial defects. Ten patients underwent a free flap procedure followed by IVFT and plating. The mean size of the flaps was 12.1 × 6 cm(2). The mean length of bone defect was 5.35 cm. IVFT were performed 4.3 months following the free flap. Patients were followed for an average of 3.4 years. All flaps survived. The average time to union of the proximal and distal ends was 5.2 and 6.7 months, respectively. There were neither stress fractures of the transferred fibula nor recurrent infections. One patient demonstrated a medial angulation of 8° in the reconstructed tibia but experienced no difficulties in activities of daily living. At the last follow-up time point, all patients were able to walk without an assist device and were satisfied with the preservation of the injured lower extremity. Free flap procedures followed by IVFT for the treatment of composite tibial defects may reduce complications at the recipient site and infections, such as osteomyelitis. The plating technique combined with IVFT allowed bone union without additional operations or stress fractures in our series. We suggest that staged free flap and IVFT is useful for the treatment of composite segmental tibial defects.