大左室、低射血分值心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的 :总结大左室、低射血分值心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验。方法 :72例大左室、低射血分值的心脏瓣膜患者行外科手术治疗 ,术前注意改善心肺功能 ,术中采用温血停搏液灌注 ,保留二尖瓣后瓣及瓣下结构 ,术后强心利尿扩血管治疗 ,积极防治术后并发症。结果 :本组术后早期发生心、肺、肝、肾等重要器官并发症 17例 ,围术期及术后早期住院期间死亡 7例 ,治愈出院 65例。结论 :大左室、低射血分值的心脏瓣膜患者行外科手术治疗危险性大 ,术后并发症多 ;选择合适手术时机 ,加强肺功能锻炼和围术期处理是提高大左室、低射血分值患者瓣膜置换术疗效的重要措施     

Influence of the equality of ventricular pressure in the echocardiographic determination of the ejection fraction of the left ventricle]

OBJECTIVES: Limited data have been reported concerning the influence of right ventricular systolic overload on the accuracy of the 2D echocardiographic (echo) determination of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). The normal newborn at birth (high pulmonary peak systolic pressure) and just after the fall of pulmonary pressure, represent an in vivo model to study this influence. This study compares the LVEF determined by recommended 2D echocardiographic algorithms with that by 3D echo, in newborns at birth and just after the normal fall of right ventricular systolic pressure. METHODS: 100 echocardiographic studies (50 at 2 to 6 hours after birth--group I; and 50 at 7 to 14 days old--control group) were performed in 82 normal newborns, to determine LVEF by 4 geometric models (cylinder hemiellipsoid; ellipsoid biplane; single plane area length, in 4- and 2-chamber view; biplane method of discs) and visual estimation, using 3D echocardiography as the reference method. RESULTS: In group I, the correlation between 3D echo and cylinder hemiellipsoid was r = 0.62 (SEE = 4.5%); ellipsoid biplane, r = 0.69 (SEE = 4.1%); single plane area length, 4 chambers, r = 0.66 (SEE = 5.1%) and, 2 chambers, r = 0.72 (SEE = 4.0%); biplane method of discs, r = 0.83 (SEE = 3.6%), and, visual estimation, r = 0.78 (SEE = 3.5%). In the control group, the correlation between 3D echo and cylinder hemiellipsoid was r = 0.70 (SEE = 3.4%); ellipsoid biplane, r = 0.63 (SEE = 3.4%); single plane area length, 4 chambers, r = 0.79 (SEE = 3.5%) and, 2 chambers, r = 0.76 (SEE = 4.1%); biplane method of discs, r = 0.90 (SEE = 2.3%), and, visual estimation, r = 0.64 (SEE = 3.9%). IN CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the biplane method of discs and single plane area length using 2-chamber view allows a more accurate LVEF determination when significant right ventricular pressure overload is present.     

Exercise echocardiography and study of the left ventricle in sportsmen during exertion

The use of an original ultrasonic transducer holder has made possible the recording of M mode and 2D echocardiography during exercise. Left ventricular function was studied during upright bicycle exercise in two groups: 10 trained athletes (Group A) and 10 normal subjects (Group B). All were 20 years of age. Satisfactory echocardiograms were obtained up to a mean heart rate of 180/mn which corresponded to an average work load of 180 W in Group B and 300 W in Group A. The cardiac output was comparable in the two groups up to a 180 W load, but in Group A a lower HR was compensated by a larger stroke volume (SV). The increase in SV in Group A was related to a greater LV end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) during exercise, whereas the ejection fraction increased less than in the control group. During very strenuous exercise (Group A only) further increases in cardiac output were related mainly to an increased heart rate and to a lesser degree to increased LVEDD and ejection fraction.     

Spatial R wave amplitude changes during exercise: relation with left ventricular ischemia and function

Thirty patients who exhibited increased and 65 patients decreased spatial R wave amplitude during exercise testing were compared for left ventricular function and ischemic variables. Spatial R wave amplitude was derived from the three-dimensional Frank X, Y, Z leads using computerized methods. All patients had stable coronary artery disease and they were classified into two groups: one that attained a higher (n = 48) and one a lower (n = 47) median value of maximal heart rate during exercise (161 beats/min). Within these two groups, patients with increasing or decreasing spatial R wave amplitude during exercise were analyzed for differences in oxygen consumption, exercise-induced changes in spatial R wave amplitude, ST segment depression laterally (ST60, lead X), ST displacement spatially, left ventricular ejection fraction at rest, change in left ventricular ejection fraction with exercise and thallium-201 ischemia during exercise. Significant differences were demonstrated only in exercise-induced spatial R wave amplitude changes (p less than 0.0001). There was no significant correlation between exercise-induced change in heart rate and change in spatial R wave amplitude in either the group with increasing or the group with decreasing spatial R wave amplitude. It is concluded that changes in spatial R wave amplitude during exercise are not related to ischemic electrocardiographic or thallium-201 imaging changes or to left ventricular ejection fraction determined at rest or during exercise.     

Serial left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction by cross-sectional echocardiography: correlation of changing ejection fraction with clinical course

Left ventricular volume and ejection fraction were measuredin 22 survivors of acute myocardial infarction by means of two-dimensionalechocardiography and using a Simpson's rule algorithm. Ten ofthe 22 patients experienced complications. For the group as a whole, there were no significant trends inleft ventricular volume and ejection fraction between the firstand third days and the third month after infarction. In thesubgroups with uncomplicated and complicated infarction, therewere trends towards increasing and decreasing ejection fractions,respectively, which Jailed to attain statistical significance,however. The difference in ejection fraction between both subgroupshad become significant at 3 months; 55.2+11.1% in uncomplicatedv. 41.3±6.9% in complicated cases (P>0.0l). Individualchanges in ejection fraction falling outside the limits of reproducibilityof the method as assessed previously were observed between day1 and day 3 in only 2 patients with uncomplicated and in 2 patientswith complicated infarction. Between day 1 and 3 months suchchanges occurred in 8 patients with uncomplicated infarction(upward in 5 and downward in 3), and in 8 patients with complicatedinfarcts (upward in 3 and downward in 5) We conclude that changes in ejection fraction as measured bytwo-dimensional echocardiography lend to correlate with complications.     

R wave amplitude changes during stress testing. Comparison with ST segment depression and angiographic correlation

One-hundred and seven exercise stress tests and coronary angiograms were reviewed retrospectively, in order to evaluate the usefulness of R wave amplitude changes (ΔR) during exercise compared with ST segment depression in the screening of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).We also attempted to correlate ΔR with the severity of CAD as expressed by coronary arteriography and left ventriculography.Thirty-six patients showed no coronary artery narrowing (0-V); the remaining 71 patients with stenosis of 70% of at least one of the major coronary arteries were divided into three groups.Sixteen patients had single vessel disease (1-V); five (31%) in this group showed abnormal left ventricular wall motion. Thirty-one patients had two-vessel disease (2-V); 22 (71%) of the 31 demonstrated abnormal left ventricular wall motion. Twenty-four patients had three-vessel disease (3-V); 20 (83%) of the 24 showed abnormal left ventricular wall motion.We considered ΔR values ≥ 0 and ST segment depression ≥ 1 mm. significant for diagnosis of CAD.The sensitivity of the ΔR method in predicting CAD was superior to the method based upon ST segment depression; however, the latter was significantly (P < .02) more specific than the former. The predictive accuracy of these two criteria was similar.We found ΔR values ≥ 0 more frequently in the 2-V and 3-V groups as compared with the 1-V group. Patients of the 2-V and 3-V groups had a significantly higher incidence of abnormal left ventricular wall motion (P < .01, P < .0002, respectively) in comparison with 1-V patients. Thus, ΔR values ≥ 0 during exercise stress testing are very likely related to left ventricular impairment.Even though the accuracy of the ΔR method was greater in more severe CAD, it seems to be offset by a concomitant decrease in specificity.     

Use of intravenous digital subtraction ventriculography in the evaluation of left ventricle volumes and ejection fraction

Although intravenous digital subtraction ventriculography (IDSV) is increasingly used to estimate end-diastolic left ventricular volume (EDV), end-systolic left ventricular volume (ESV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), its ability to reproduce the precise estimates provided by left ventricle cineangiography (LVCA) and its role in clinical cardiology have not been unequivocally established. In 32 patients subjected to cardiac catheterization for a variety of cardiac disorders and a normal or reduced left ventricular function the EDV, ESV and EF provided by a 30 degrees right anterior oblique LVCA were compared with those provided by a 30 degrees right anterior oblique IDSV. The mean EDV, ESV and EF obtained by IDSV in the 32 patients were superimposable on those obtained by LVCA. The individual EDV, ESV and EF values provided by the two methods were all related in a close linear fashion. For EF the correlation coefficient was 0.98 and the 90% confidence interval of the mean difference between the two series of values was +/- 6.1%, i.e. +/- 10% error compared to the mean EF provided by LVCA. Thus IDSV is a reliable and not too invasive method for estimating left ventricle volumes and ejection fraction. It might provide serial estimations with a better assessment of the evolution of a patient's disease and the effect of treatment.     

Development of a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and a normal ejection fraction

The progression from concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy to heart failure has not been well defined. Of 159 predominantly hypertensive African-American patients with LV hypertrophy and a normal ejection fraction (EF), 28 (18%) developed a reduced EF after a median follow-up of approximately 4 years. Risk factors for this outcome included a history of coronary artery disease, pulmonary edema seen on a chest x-ray, or a subsequent myocardial infarction.     

Significance of changes in R wave amplitude during treadmill stress testing: angiographic correlation

Coronary angiograms and treadmill stress tests were reviewed in 89 patients. Changes in R wave amplitude were measured in the control and immediate postexercise periods. Of 45 patients with normal coronary arteries, 41 (91 percent) had a decrease in R wave amplitude (P less than 0.01); 3 (7 percent) had an increase in amplitude, including 2 with abnormal left ventriculograms. The remaining patient (2 percent) had abnormal wall motion but no change in R wave amplitude. Among the 44 patients with significant coronary artery disease (70 percent or greater luminal narrowing in one or more vessels), R wave amplitude increased after exercise in 26 (59 percent) with more severe coronary artery disease. R wave amplitude decreased in 18 patients (41 percent) with normal or minimally abnormal resting ventriculograms and less severe coronary artery disease (P less than 0.01). Changes in R wave amplitude reflect ventricular function, an increase in R wave amplitude reflecting more severe dysfunction and severe coronary narrowing. A decreased R wave amplitude indicates normal or minimal dysfunction and is strongly associated with normal coronary angiograms.     

Assessment of the ejection fraction of the right ventricle with echocardiography]

The purpose of this article is to evaluate and compare the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) as parameter of right ventricular function by means of echocardiography. We studied 16 patients (15 male, 1 female) from 48 to 82 years of age (mean 58 years) from whom 8 had history of myocardial infarction (MI) with extension to the right ventricle (RV) in a period of time no longer than 7 days. The MI was diagnosed clinically as well as by enzymes, electrocardiogram and cardiac gammagram with 99mTc-pyrophosphate. The other 8 patients were healthy subjects or patients with stable angina pectoris. In all patients a two dimensional echocardiogram was performed with and apical four and two chamber view according to Simpson's rule; a subcostal approach was performed for the area-length method of Dodge. The values obtained of RVEF with each method were compared with those obtained by nuclear medicine. The apical views were obtained in 14 patients (87%) and the RV outflow tract was seen in 15 patients (93%). There were no significant statistical difference between the two methods. The highest correlation for RVEF respect to nuclear medicine was obtained with the area-length method with r = 0.85 and p less than 0.001 while for the Simpson method we obtained r = 0.79 and a p less than 0.001. We conclude that the determination of the RVEF is achievable in patients with MI of the RV and area-length method is the most useful.     

高尿酸血症与心脏术后早期左心室射血分数下降的相关性研究

目的:探讨高尿酸血症对心脏外科术后患者早期心功能的影响,明确高尿酸是否为冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)术及瓣膜术后患者早期心功能下降的危险因素。方法:回顾了2018年1月至6月,北京安贞医院CABG术及瓣膜术患者共1 242例,根据患者术前是否存在高尿酸血症以及尿酸水平将患者分为高尿酸组和尿酸正常组,比较两组患者术前年龄、性别、合并症以及术前相关检验指标的差异;术中手术方式、手术时间以及体外循环时间等的差异;术后24 h LVEF、72 h BNP水平等相关指标的差异。结果:共纳入高尿酸组患者322例,尿酸正常组患者920例,结果显示:高尿酸与术后24 h LVEF、72 h BNP水平、术后IABP及CRRT置入、术后肌酐水平以及术后心房颤动发生率相关。结论:高尿酸血症与CABG术以及瓣膜置换术后患者早期LVEF下降,以及BNP升高相关,是心外术后患者心功能下降的危险因素。     

AHFREF和AHFPEF患者远期预后情况观察

目的：观察射血分数降低的急性心力衰竭（Heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, AHFREF）和射血分数保留的急性心力衰竭（Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, AHFPEF）远期预后,并分析影响预后的危险因素。方法 选取我院急诊科2013年3月至2014年3月收治的首次入院的急性心力衰竭患者280例,根据左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF）将患者分为两组：AHFREF组,LVEF<50%,n=152;AHFPEF组,LVEF≥50%,n=128例。记录所有患者性别、年龄、左心房扩大、左心室扩大、Killip分级为IV级和急性冠脉综合征（Acute coronary syndrome, ACS）等发病率,以及吸烟史、高血压和糖尿病等合并症、心房颤动等发生率,并记录血尿酸水平、超敏C反应蛋白（high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-CRP）、脑钠肽前体（pro-brain natriuretic peptide, BNP）水平。所有患者均随访3年,记录随访期内心血管源性再住院率及病死率。采用非条件Logistic回归分析影响患者再住院的危险因素,并采用多因素Cox回归分析影响患者生存时间的预后因素。结果 AHFREF组患者左心室扩大、高血压、ACS、尿酸>30umol/l、BNP>220mg/l、hs-CRP>10mg/l发生率显著高于AHFPEF组（P<0.05）;AHFREF组患者因ACS再住院率及总再住院率均高于AHFPEF组（P<0.05）。非条件Logistic回归分析发现高血压、血尿酸、血BNP、血hs-CRP 是影响急性心力衰竭患者再住院的危险因素（P<0.05）。多因素Cox回归分析发现高血压、血尿酸、血BNP、血hs-CRP是影响患者生存期的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 AHFREF患者3年内远期预后低于AHFPEF患者,高血压、高尿酸、高hs-CRP和高BNP水平是影响急性心力衰竭患者再住院和生存期的独立危险因素。     

R wave amplitude during exercise. Relation to left ventricular function and coronary artery disease.

Change in R wave amplitude (mean delta R) was measured sequentially during and after 12 lead maximal treadmill exercise tests in 14 subjects with normal coronary arteries and 62 patients with coronary artery disease. In normal subjects mean delta R decreased maximally one minute after exercise and returned to control levels within three minutes. In contrast, mean delta R increased in patients with coronary artery disease, the greatest change occurring in patients with either triple vessel or left main disease or those with an akinetic region on the left ventriculogram. R wave amplitude returned to resting levels in five minutes. Increase in R wave amplitude was not directly related to changes in the ST segment. Changes in R wave amplitude during maximal treadmill exercise may improve the discrimination between patients with and without coronary artery disease and may help to identify those patients with abnormal left ventricular function.