赤藓糖醇和木糖醇对变异链球菌生长和产酸作用的对比研究

目的对比相同浓度下赤藓糖醇和木糖醇对变异链球菌生长和产酸的影响。方法分别用含0.5%、1%、2%、4%、8%、12%、16%赤藓糖醇和木糖醇的TPY培养基在厌氧条件下培养变异链球菌,分别于0、2、4、6、8、10、12、18、24 h测量液体培养基的光密度值（A值）和pH值,运用SPSS描绘其变化曲线图。结果在0.5%、1%、2%浓度下,赤藓糖醇培养基的A值较木糖醇培养基高,pH值较木糖醇培养基低,说明变异链球菌在含0.5%、1%、2%赤藓糖醇的培养基内的生长和产酸能力明显较相同浓度木糖醇培养基高。在8%、12%、16%浓度下,赤藓糖醇培养基的A值较木糖醇培养基低,pH值较木糖醇培养基高,说明变异链球菌在含8%、12%、16%赤藓糖醇的培养基内的生长和产酸能力明显较相同浓度木糖醇培养基低。结论对比木糖醇,低浓度下赤藓糖醇对变异链球菌生长和产酸的抑制作用较弱,高浓度下赤藓糖醇的抑菌效果更强。     

赤藓糖醇抑制变异链球菌在牛奶中产酸的实验研究

目的:比较变异链球菌在不同浓度赤藓糖醇-牛奶混合液中的产酸情况.方法:配制含赤藓糖醇质量分数为2％、4％、6％、8％的赤藓糖醇-牛奶混合液,设纯牛奶作为阴性对照,磷酸盐缓冲液作为空白对照,各组溶液经灭菌处理,并经涂板检验无细菌生长后,分别接种变异链球菌菌悬液厌氧培养;培养0、2、4、6、8、10、12h测量各组溶液的pH值,数据用SPSS16.0统计软件进行重复测量设计方差分析.结果:培养0～4h各组的pH值均急速下降;6h以后,阴性组和空白组的pH值仍继续下降,而4个浓度赤藓糖醇—牛奶组的pH值变化微小.各时间点的pH值均以空白对照组最高,阴性对照组最低.培养2h时阴性对照组pH值低于8％赤藓糖醇—牛奶组(P ＜0.05);4 h后各时间点均低于赤藓糖醇—牛奶各浓度组(P＜0.05).不同浓度赤藓糖醇—牛奶组相比,4h前各组间均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);6h后各时间点,除6％与8％组相比无统计学差异(P＞0.05)外,其他各组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:赤藓糖醇能够有效抑制变异链球菌在牛奶中产酸,且高浓度较低浓度效果更强.     

赤藓糖醇和木糖醇对变异链球菌黏附的影响

目的对比赤藓糖醇和木糖醇对变异链球菌黏附的影响。方法变异链球菌分别在阴性对照组以及含质量分数2％、4％、6％、8％赤藓糖醇和木糖醇的TPY液体培养基试管内厌氧培养24h,用磷酸缓冲盐溶液（PBS）冲洗含变异链球菌生物膜的试管3次,加入PBS超声震荡。分别收集各组原液并将其稀释至10％,各取50μL分别接种于TPY固体培养基中,厌氧培养48h,行平皿菌落计数并绘制变异链球菌集落生成单位（CFU）计数曲线图。结果赤藓糖醇组和木糖醇组的变异链球菌CFU计数低于阴性对照组,且差异有统计学意义;随着赤藓糖醇和木糖醇质量分数的增加,变异链球菌的CFU计数逐渐降低,且差异有统计学意义。在同一质量分数下,木糖醇组变异链球菌的CFU计数少于赤藓糖醇组。在质量分数为2％和4％时,组间差异无统计学意义;在质量分数为6％和8％时,组间差异有统计学意义。结论赤藓糖醇和木糖醇对变异链球菌的黏附有抑制作用,随其质量分数的增加,抑制效果增强。在质量分数为2％和4％时,赤藓糖醇和木糖醇对变异链球菌黏附的抑制作用没有明显的差异,在质量分数为6％和8％时,木糖醇对变异链球菌黏附抑制效果优于赤藓糖醇。     

赤藓糖醇对变异链球菌作用机制的实验研究

目的研究赤藓糖醇对变异链球菌细胞壁结构的影响,探讨其抑制变异链球菌生长的机制。方法测定在蔗糖和赤藓糖醇条件下变异链球菌所在的液体培养基中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性;在扫描电镜下观察变异链球菌表面的形态变化,了解赤藓糖醇对变异链球菌细胞壁的影响。结果在赤藓糖醇组中,变异链球菌所在的液体培养基内LDH的含量和蔗糖组有差别,但差别甚微。扫描电镜显示：在赤藓糖醇组中,变异链球菌的表面形态清晰,没有内容物溢出的迹象。结论赤藓糖醇可能不是通过影响细胞壁结构和功能的完整性而抑制变异链球菌的。     

低聚木糖对变异链球菌生长和产酸影响的体外研究

目的　比较低聚木糖与蔗糖对变异链球菌生长和产酸的影响,为低聚木糖在牙齿保健中的应用提供理论依据。方法　分别采用质量浓度为0、1%、2%、8%、16%和20%的低聚木糖和蔗糖培养基培养变异链球菌24 h,通过Bioscreen C全自动微生物生长曲线分析仪每间隔30 min测定各组培养基的吸光度值（A值）;采用pH计分别于0、5.5、10、24 h测定各组培养基的pH值,运用Origin 2017描绘其变化曲线图。比较变异链球菌培养和发酵前后各组A值及pH值的变化量（ΔA和ΔpH）。结果　（1）低聚木糖组和蔗糖组细菌培养基的ΔA均随着培养时间的延长而增大（F值分别为467.165、3207.610,P < 0.05）;低聚木糖组和蔗糖组不同质量浓度培养基的ΔA比较,差异均有统计学意义（F值分别为11682.528、5483.421,P < 0.05）;且这种差异随着培养时间的延长而增大（F值分别为88.140、41.171,P < 0.05）。（2）变异链球菌培养和发酵24 h后,低质量浓度（1%、2%）低聚木糖在略微或不提高变异链球菌生长水平的同时（P > 0.05）,明显抑制了变异链球菌的产酸能力（P < 0.05）;高质量浓度（16%、20%）低聚木糖在明显抑制变异链球菌生长的同时,变异链球菌的产酸水平略有提升（均P < 0.05）。（3）变异链球菌培养和发酵24 h后,与同质量浓度的蔗糖相比,16%、20%的低聚木糖可明显降低变异链球菌的生长水平（P < 0.05）;1%、2%的低聚木糖细菌培养基的ΔA略高,但差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;8%的低聚木糖可提高变异链球菌的生长水平（P < 0.05）;各质量浓度低聚木糖细菌培养基的ΔpH均高于相同质量浓度的蔗糖（均P < 0.05）。（4）与同甜度的蔗糖（质量浓度为8%）比较,低聚木糖（质量浓度为20%）抑制变异链球菌的生长及产酸作用更显著。结论　低质量浓度低聚木糖可抑制变异链球菌产酸,高质量浓度低聚木糖可抑制变异链球菌生长;相较于蔗糖,高质量浓度低聚木糖可降低变异链球菌的生长及产酸水平,提示低聚木糖作为龋病易感人群的食品甜味剂具有良好的应用前景。     

美兰对变形链球菌及菌斑抑制的实验研究

的　研究美兰对变形链球菌生长和产酸代谢的作用以及对体外菌斑糖酵解模型产酸代谢的作用,以探讨美兰防龋的可行性。方法　采用比浊法测定不同培养条件下变形链球菌培养液的OD值;采用气相色谱法检测不同培养条件下变形链球菌培养液中有机酸的种类和数量;测定不同处理条件下体外菌斑糖酵解模型产酸液的 pH值。结果　(1)美兰组细菌OD值低于生理盐水组,二者之间的差异具有统计学意义;(2)不同血清型变形链球菌的3个处理组中均可检测到有机酸的产生,葡萄糖组有机酸的总量最多,美兰组有机酸的总量最少;(3)美兰组产酸液的pH值与阴性对照组之间的差异有统计学意义,与阳性对照组之间的差异无统计学意义。结论　美兰可以抑制变形链球菌的生长、产酸代谢以及菌斑的产酸代谢。     

异麦芽酮糖醇对变形链球菌乳酸产物及pH值影响的研究

目的 观察异麦芽酮糖醇对变形链球菌产乳酸能力及菌液pH值的影响,为异麦芽酮糖醇在防龋的应用提供实验依据.方法 以异麦芽酮糖醇为实验组,蔗糖、木糖醇为对照组,观察异麦芽酮糖醇、蔗糖、木糖醇对变形链球菌菌液pH值的影响,并利用酶法乳酸试剂盒检测其乳酸产生量的变化.结果 变形链球菌与异麦芽酮糖醇、蔗糖、木糖醇作用后产生的是L-乳酸(左旋乳酸).异麦芽酮糖醇和木糖醇组所产乳酸量和酸度均低于蔗糖组,但异麦芽酮糖醇高于木糖醇组,经两两比较三组所产L-乳酸含量各组之间差异均具有显著性.其菌液pH值之间也具有显著性差异.结论 在异麦芽酮糖醇作用下,变形链球菌所产乳酸量和酸度低于蔗糖.因此,异麦芽酮糖醇是一种低致龋性的糖替代品.     

美蓝预防龋病的实验研究

目的：研究美蓝对变形链球菌生长、产酸代谢的作用和对体外菌斑糖酵解模型产酸代谢的作用，以及动物实验研究美蓝预防龋病的效果，为美蓝预防龋病的临床应用提供实验依据。方法：采用比浊法测定不同培养条件下变形链球菌培养液的吸光度A值；采用气相色谱法检测不同培养条件下变形链球菌培养液中有机酸的种类和数量；测定不同处理条件下体外菌斑糖酵解模型产酸液的pH值；采用Keyes龋病评分法观察美蓝对Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠磨牙龋的预防效果。结果：①美蓝组细菌A值低于生理盐水组，二者之间的差异具有统计学意义。②不同血清型变形链球菌的3个处理组中均可检测到有机酸的产生，葡萄糖组有机酸的总量最多，美蓝组有机酸的总量最少。③美蓝组产酸液的pH值与阴性对照组之间的差异有统计学意义，与阳性对照组之间的差异无统计学意义。④在E级和Ds级两级龋损中，美蓝组与蒸馏水组相差非常显著（P〈0.01），与氟化钠组相差不显著（P〉0、05）；Dm级龋损仅见于蒸馏水组，美蓝组或氟化钠组均未发生；Dx级龋损在3组中均未出现。结论：美蓝可以抑制变形链球菌的生长、产酸代谢和菌斑的产酸代谢，能够减少SD大鼠磨牙龋的发生。     

异麦芽酮糖醇对变形链球菌生长、黏附和产酸影响的研究

目的研究异麦芽酮糖醇对变形链球菌致龋因素的影响,探讨其作用机制,为进一步的动物和人体研究提供科学依据。方法以异麦芽酮糖醇为实验组,蔗糖、木糖醇为对照组,观察异麦芽酮糖醇、蔗糖和木糖醇对变形链球菌的生长、黏附及菌液pH值的影响。结果变链在一定浓度的异麦芽酮糖醇与木糖醇培养基上生长数量均受到抑制,与蔗糖相比有显著性差异(P<0.001);其形态也有明显变化。变链在不同浓度的异麦芽酮糖醇、木糖醇培养基中黏附于附着板的数量与蔗糖有明显差异(P<0.001)。变链在不同浓度的异麦芽酮糖醇、木糖醇培养基中所测得的pH值均高于蔗糖培养基(P<0.001)。结论异麦芽酮糖醇与蔗糖相比,其作用与木糖醇相似,可以使变链形态改变、数量减少、黏附和产酸能力均减弱。     

��ѿ�Ǵ��Ա�������������Ͳ���Ӱ������ʵ���о�

目的研究麦芽糖醇对变形链球菌生长和产酸的影响。方法用含2.5%麦芽糖醇（麦芽糖醇组）、木糖醇（木糖醇组）、蔗糖（蔗糖组,作为阳性对照）的TYE液体培养基以及空白TYE液体培养基（阴性对照组）,厌氧条件下培养变形链球菌,测定在不同时间段各液体培养基的光密度（OD）值和pH值。实验结果采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行数据的输入和分析。结果变形链球菌在麦芽糖醇、木糖醇和空白TYE液体培养基内的生长和产酸受到抑制,而在蔗糖组的生长和产酸非常显著。结论麦芽糖醇可以抑制变形链球菌的生长和产酸,可作为一种理想的防龋甜味剂。     

Effect of three-year consumption of erythritol,xylitol and sorbitol candies on various plaque and salivary caries-related variables

Objective

The objective of the present paper is to report results from oral biologic studies carried out in connection with a caries study.

Methods

Samples of whole-mouth saliva and dental plaque were collected from initially 7- to 8-year-old subjects who participated in a 3-year school-based programme investigating the effect of the consumption of polyol-containing candies on caries rates. The subjects were randomized in three cohorts, consumed erythritol, xylitol, or sorbitol candies. The daily polyol consumption from the candies was approximately 7.5 g.

Results

A significant reduction in dental plaque weight from baseline (p < 0.05) occurred in the erythritol group during almost all intervention years while no changes were found in xylitol and sorbitol groups. Usage of polyol candies had no significant or consistent effect on the levels of plaque protein, glucose, glycerol, or calcium, determined yearly in connection with caries examinations. After three years, the plaque of erythritol-receiving subjects contained significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of acetic acid and propionic acid than that of subjects receiving xylitol or sorbitol. Lactic acid levels partly followed the same pattern. The consumption of erythritol was generally associated with significantly (p < 0.05) lower counts of salivary and plaque mutans streptococci compared with the other groups. There was no change in salivary Lactobacillus levels.

Conclusion

Three-year consumption of erythritol-containing candies by initially 7- to 8-year old children was associated with reduced plaque growth, lower levels of plaque acetic acid and propionic acid, and reduced oral counts of mutans streptococci compared with the consumption of xylitol or sorbitol candies.     

Similarity of the effects of erythritol and xylitol on some risk factors of dental caries

Several sugar alcohols (polyols) have been promoted as potential sugar substitutes in caries limitation. However, differences in the effects of simple alditol-type sugar alcohol homologues on dental plaque have not been compared in clinical tests. The effects of 6-month use of erythritol (a sugar alcohol of the tetritol type), xylitol (a pentitol) and D-glucitol (sorbitol, a hexitol) were investigated in a cohort of 136 teenage subjects assigned to the respective polyol groups or to an untreated control group (n = 30-36 per group). The daily use of the polyols was 7.0 g in the form of chewable tablets, supplemented by twice-a-day use of a dentifrice containing those polyols. The use of erythritol and xylitol was associated with a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.001 in most cases) in the plaque and saliva levels of mutans streptococci. The amount of dental plaque was also significantly reduced in subjects receiving erythritol and xylitol. Such effects were not observed in other experimental groups. Chemical analyses showed D-glucitol to be a normal finding in dental plaque while xylitol was less consistently detected. Erythritol was detected in measurable amounts only in the plaque of subjects receiving this polyol. Erythritol and xylitol may exert similar effects on some risk factors of dental caries, although the biochemical mechanism of the effects may differ. These in vivo studies were supported by cultivation experiments in which xylitol, and especially erythritol, inhibited the growth of several strains of mutans streptococci.     

Effect of xylitol gum on the level of oral mutans streptococci of preschoolers: block-randomised trial

Objectives: To assess the influence of xylitol chewing gum consumption on mutans streptococci level of 3–4 years old Japanese preschoolers. Methods: 248 participants were examined regarding caries‐related factors at baseline and were followed up at 6, 9, and 12 months after the baseline: assessors were blinded, subjects were open labelled and blocked parallel randomised; 142 were selected to use xylitol gum for 3 months (from months 6 to 9) and 106 were controls. Results: 161 participants were analysed (xylitol n = 76, control n = 85). Nineteen caries‐related variables, including xylitol gum consumption, were analysed for any association with the main outcome, plaque mutans streptococci scores development within the intervention period, by logistic regression. Six showed statistically significant associations by univariate analysis (P < 0.05). However, only xylitol gum consumption remained a significant negative association (P < 0.05) by multiple analyses. Interestingly, over 10% xylitol group children experienced diarrhoea, which was larger than previous investigations. Conclusion: Xylitol gum is effective in avoiding increased plaque mutans streptococci in young children.     

两种糖对变异链球菌产酸能力影响的比较研究

目的:通过测量变异链菌代谢高果糖玉米糖浆(high-fructose corn syrup,HFCS)和蔗糖后△pH值的变化,比较两种糖对变异链球菌产酸能力的影响。方法:配制质量浓度为0.25%、0.5%、1%、3%和5%的高果糖玉米糖浆和蔗糖培养基,将变异链球菌UA159于上述各培养基37℃微需氧培养,分别于培养1、4、8、24、48 h各个时间点,用酸度计测量培养前后的pH值,计算ΔpH值,代表变异链球菌的产酸能力。结果:在本研究设定的糖浓度范围和培养时间段内,高果糖玉米糖浆(HFCS)和蔗糖培养基中的ΔpH值均随时间的延长而增大,在培养4～8 h内,HFCS培养基内pH值下降速度快于蔗糖培养基。在培养4、8、24 h时,5种浓度的HFCS培养基中ΔpH值均明显大于蔗糖培养基,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在培养1 h和48 h时,两种糖培养基中ΔpH值的变化无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在培养4～8 h内,HFCS利于变异链球菌代谢产酸,而在24～48 h内,蔗糖则显示出较强的持续产酸能力。     

The caries-preventive effect of xylitol/maltitol and erythritol/maltitol lozenges: results of a double-blinded, cluster-randomized clinical trial in an area of natural fluoridation

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 180–190 Objective. Xylitol studies suggest caries reductions in the order of 50%. Based on animal/microbial studies, erythritol potentially has caries‐preventive properties. However, clinical studies are required to confirm this.The aim of the study was to investigate the additional caries‐preventive effect of xylitol/maltitol and erythritol/maltitol lozenges delivered at school, relative to controls receiving comprehensive prevention, in a low‐caries prevalence population. Methods. A 4‐year, cluster‐randomized, double‐blinded clinical trial. Five hundred and seventy‐nine 10‐year‐old consenting subjects from 21 schools were randomly assigned to one of five groups. Four groups used the lozenges on school days, in three teacher‐supervised sessions daily, over 1 or 2 years. The daily amount was 4.7 g/4.6 g for xylitol/maltitol and 4.5 g/4.2 g for erythritol/maltitol. The groups received free examinations and care in the public health centre. Four hundred and ninety‐six children were analysed. The main outcome measure was dentin caries increment based on a clinical examination at 4 years since the start. The groups were compared in relation to the increment using hierarchical logistic regression to adjust for potential clustering. Results. Use of xylitol/maltitol or erythritol/maltitol lozenges did not result in caries reduction. A strong relationship between baseline caries prevalence and the 4‐year increment was observed (OR = 7.38; 95% CI: 3.78–14.41). Conclusions. The results suggest that in relatively low‐caries conditions the school‐based use of xylitol/maltitol or erythritol/maltitol lozenges would not have additional caries‐preventive effect when compared with comprehensive prevention.     

Dental plaque formation and salivary mutans streptococci in schoolchildren after use of xylitol-containing chewing gum

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a fixed daily dose of xylitol on mutans streptococci in saliva and the amount of visible dental plaque. A second aim was to explore if the possible effects differed between children with and without caries experience. METHODS: The study was designed as a double-blind randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms. All pupils (n=149) in grades 1-6 in a comprehensive school in northern Sweden were invited, and 128 children (mean age=12.7 years) consented to participate. The children were stratified as having caries experience (DMFS/dmfs>or=1) or not before the random allocation to a test or control group. The control group (A) was given two pellets containing sorbitol and maltitol three times daily for 4 weeks, and the test group (B) received corresponding pellets with xylitol as single sweetener (total dose=6.18 g day). Clinical scoring and saliva samples were collected at baseline and immediately after the test period. The outcome measures were visible plaque index, salivary mutans streptococci counts and salivary lactic acid production. RESULTS: The amount of visible plaque was significantly reduced in both groups after 4 weeks (P<0.05). Likewise, the sucrose-induced lactic acid formation in saliva diminished in both groups (P<0.05). The proportion of mutans streptococci decreased significantly in the test group compared to baseline, but not in the control group (P<0.05). The alterations in the test group seemed most prominent among children without previous caries experience. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that chewing gum with xylitol or sorbitol/maltitol can reduce the amount of dental plaque and acid production in saliva in schoolchildren, but only the xylitol-containing gum may also interfere with the microbial composition.