钛网椎管成形在脊柱融合术中的应用

目的：介绍一种治疗椎体爆裂性骨折椎板减压后脊柱融合的方法。方法：椎体爆裂性骨折病人34例,均有不同程度的脊柱不稳及硬膜囊或神经根压迫。在进行后路椎板减压,经椎弓根内固定后,采用钛网椎管成形脊柱后路融合重建脊柱的稳定性。结果：全部病例经12－18个随访,内固定物无断裂,钛网在位,椎管成形良好,硬膜囊及神经根无压迫,31例神经功能有不同程度的恢复,结论：钛网椎管成形脊柱融合术治疗体爆裂性骨折效果良好,此方法操作简单,安全,能够在恢复椎管形状,免除硬囊及神经根压迫的同时,进行植骨融合,增加脊柱的稳定性,易于推广应用。     

腰椎退行性滑脱不同治疗方法的疗效分析

目的：探讨五种不同方法治疗腰椎退行性滑脱症的疗效。方法：63例患者中采用保守治疗（A）3例,椎管减压术（B）25例,椎管减压加Hartshill框架复位固定“H”型植骨融合术（C）12例,椎管减压加Dick钉复位固定横突间植骨融合术（D）10例,椎管减压加Steffee钢板复位固定椎体间植骨融合术（E）13例。结果：随访3个月至10年,平均12．5个月,根据疗效评定标准,A,B,C,D,E五种方法的优良率分别为66．7％,92．0％,41．7％,70．0％和92．3％。结论：保守治疗对大多数患者有效;稳定型患者在彻底减压的基础上应尽可能地保留脊柱后柱的稳定结构;三种内固定器中Steffee钢板更符合滑脱复位固定的要求。     

保留后韧带结构的椎管成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的；探讨使椎板开门椎管扩大成形术更完善的方法。方法：设计保留后韧带结构的椎板开门椎管扩大成形术治疗椎管狭窄症107例，结果：术后矢状径平均为1．7cm，平均扩大0．75cm，截面积平均1．86cm^2，平均增加0.91cm^2，随访87例，时间为术后5－8年，疗效评定：优64例，良23例。结论：后韧带结构为坚韧有弹性的骨－韧带条，在维护脊柱稳定的过程中，有无法替代的价值，术式既有后路手术直视减压的优点，又有效地扩大椎管撩状径，增加截面积，术后脊柱较稳定。     

脊柱创伤椎管容积测量的意义

目的 探讨脊柱创伤后椎管容积变化的测量方法以及椎管容积下降对脊髓功能的影响，分析椎管横截面积下降与椎管容积下降的相关关系。方法 本组17例，男13例，女4例。年龄16－59岁，平均43岁。骨折节段：T12 3例：L1 7例；L2 6例；L3 1例。脊髓功能判定（Frankel法）：A组1例；B组1例；C级6例；D级2例；E级7例。应用Philips螺旋CT扫描骨折部位，在Easy Vision工作分别计算椎管横截面积下降率和椎管容积下降率，并进行图像三维重建，选择不同的切割方法，消除遮盖视野的组织结构，使椎管内骨块的立体图像清晰显示出来。我们用AVH三个参数反映椎管狭窄程度：A（area）－椎管横截面积下降率；V（volume)－椎管容积下降率；H（height)-椎管狭窄的纵径。结果 椎管横截面积下降率为50％－91．3％，平均63％；椎管容积下降率为28．2％－79．5％，平均49％，椎管狭窄纵径8mm-15mm,平均12.4mm。经统计学处理，椎管容积下降率与椎管横截面积下降率的相关性具有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）。结论 脊柱创伤后测量椎管容积的意义，一是有利于医生从空间而不是平面概念上理解和分析椎管狭窄对脊髓的影响；二是有利于椎管狭窄程度作容积性的定量分析；三是有利于更加科学、合理地选择治疗方案。     

脊柱自动撑开复位器在胸腰椎骨折中的应用

目的通过临床应用对脊柱自动撑开复位系统、Dick 钉、Steffee钢板等三种经椎弓根内固定系统进行评价。方法分别测量1988～2005年我院收治的206例胸腰椎不稳定性骨折患者手术前后伤椎的前缘高度、后缘高度、后 凸角度、椎管内径。结果脊柱自动撑开复位系统伤椎前缘矫正率为（85．38±12．5）％，后缘矫正率为（97．88±19．3）％，后凸畸形矫正率为（93．32±20．2）％，椎管内改善率为（87．31±18．8）％，较Dick钉、Steffee钢板有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论脊柱自动撑开复位系统复位容易、固定更为牢固。     

脊柱结核再次手术原因分析

目的：总结分析脊柱结核再次手术的原因。方法：对1995年9月～2006年12月手术治疗的313例脊柱结核患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，统计其中再次手术病例，分组分析其再次手术的原因，并对因结核复发或迁延不愈再次手术者的相关因素行统计学分析。结果：再次手术者中因结核复发或迁延不愈者38例，因第一次手术误诊者2例，因术后发生脊柱后凸畸形者5例，因术后发生椎管狭窄者2例。统计分析表明，术前患肺或胸膜结核、术前用药时间〈4周及胸腰段（T10-L2）脊柱结核患者复发或迁延不愈发生率较高（P〈0．05）；而不同性别、不同年龄及是否应用内固定间的结核复发或迁延不愈发生率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：引起脊柱结核再次手术原因包括术后脊柱结核复发或迁延不愈、误诊、术后椎管狭窄及脊柱后凸畸形等，术前是否患有肺或胸膜结核、术前用药时间及病变部位与结核复发或迁延不愈有相关性。     

正常的腰椎神经管和病理学解剖

70年代影响脊柱疾病的处理,有两大明显的变化,其一,调查研究的方法发生了重大进展,安全水溶性造影剂的利用引起脊髓造影的改进,CT扫描预示着非侵害性椎管影象的一种革命,超声波测量技术被用于脊柱,硬膜外静脉造影获得的一定普及;其二,增加了对椎管狭窄临床问题的注意,认识到由中央椎管和称之为外侧通道狭窄所产生症状     

保留后韧带结构的单开门术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的　探讨一种治疗腰椎管狭窄症的方法 ,使术后脊柱稳定性较好。方法　设计保留脊柱后韧带结构的椎板开门椎管扩大成形术治疗椎管狭窄症 10 7例。统计手术前后椎管矢状径、截面积资料。结果　术后矢状径平均扩大至 (16 4 9± 0 74 )mm ,截面积增加至 (16 9 15± 16 5 8)mm2 ,各项指标与术前比较差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 1)。随访 87例 ,术后 5～8年。疗效评定 :优 6 4例 ,良 2 3例。结论　后韧带结构为坚韧有弹性的骨韧带条 ,在维护脊柱稳定的过程中 ,有着无法替代的价值。行椎管减压术应保留后韧带结构 ,使术后脊柱稳定性较好     

AF系统内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床研究

目的：探讨后路AF系统内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床疗。方法：40例患者行AF系统内固定治疗,行椎板减压,术后平均随访19个月。结果：伤椎前后缘高度和Cobb＇s角、椎管截面积与术前相比有显著差异（P〈0．05）。无迟发性神经损伤发生。结论：AF系统内固定术具有操作简单,能间接椎管减压、再行椎管减压后,恢复和维持脊柱正常序列、防止迟发性神经损伤发生等优点。     

椎板回植椎管成形治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折伴椎管狭窄

目的：探讨椎板回植椎管成形治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折伴椎管狭窄的手术技巧、疗效及适应证。方法：41例胸腰椎骨折伴椎管狭窄患者，采用椎板回植椎管成形术。观察术后伤椎椎管大小、脊柱的稳定性、椎体高度的恢复及神经功能恢复情况。结果：全部病例经1～3年的随访，伤椎椎体前缘高度由术前58％恢复至97％，椎体后缘（中柱）高度由术前76％恢复至98．7％，Cobb角由术前平均24．6。恢复至术后1．8°。伤椎椎管剩余容积由术前43％恢复至术后93％。瘫痪恢复按Frankel分级：A级中1倒无变化，余40例均提高1-3级。结论：椎板回植椎管成形治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折伴椎管狭窄是一种较理想的手术方法，此方法操作相对简单、安全，彻底解除神经及硬膜囊压迫的同时扩大了椎管，杜绝了继发性椎管狭窄，重建了后柱结构，增加了脊柱稳定性，值得推广。     

强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤

目的 总结强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤的临床特征、诊断和手术治疗。方法 1986～2004年，笔者手术治疗累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤27例。结果 本组27例中椎管内韧带骨化18例，脊髓损伤的原因依次为韧带骨化所致的椎管狭窄，椎间盘损伤和椎体后骨刺及椎间不稳定。术前均为不完全性损伤，非手术治疗不提高脊髓功能。术后脊髓ASIA分级平均改善1级。后路手术椎板切除率、出血量、手术时间、术后引流量明显高于不合并强直性脊柱炎的患者。前路手术可达到骨性融合。结论 强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤一般为不完全性损伤，损伤的内因依次为椎管内韧带骨化所致的椎管狭窄、椎间盘损伤、椎间骨赘和椎间不稳定。适当的手术可改善脊髓功能。手术难度大，风险高。     

胸腰椎损伤手术治疗失误原因分析

目的：分析胸腰椎损伤手术治疗失误的原因及对策。方法：1997年5月～2001年5月收治因手术失误而再次手术的63例，通过临床检查结合影像学X线平片、CT或MRI检查，对初次手术失误的原因进行评估分析。结果：63例初次手术失误原因，可分为二类：(1)手术方法选择失误：包括前、后路术式选择不当4例，椎管减压术应用不当8例，内固定器械选择不当5例；(2)手术技术应用不当，包括脊柱骨折复位不良29例，椎管减压不彻底28例，内固定技术不良32例，术中可疑伤及脊髓5例。结论：对胸腰椎损伤手术治疗需正确选择术式及正确应用减压及内固定技术。     

X线摄片和CT扫描对脊柱损伤的诊断价值比较

本组81例脊柱损伤病人,用X线摄片和CT扫描发现,X线片对脊柱屈曲型损伤、椎节脱位、半脱位容易确诊,对某些类型骨折较易误诊和漏诊.诊断符合率为80%.CT扫描可显示骨折部位、类型、骨折片的移位,以及骨折片突入椎管、椎管狭窄、急性外伤性椎间盘脱出、血肿所致的脊髓损害,还能显示多节段椎体和附件骨折.椎体骨折均为粉碎性.椎体后缘骨折片不同程度突入椎管占54.3%,与椎体骨折类型有关.CT扫描诊断符合率达97.9%.     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折椎管内骨片侵入倾向与对策

根据98例中获得随访的39例的X线、CT和MRI(24例)影像学资料,分析胸腰椎爆裂骨折椎管内骨片侵入倾向及对策。将爆裂骨折侵入椎管分为四类八型,宜采用Harrington器械钢丝或椎弓根螺钉钢板轴向撑开系统,使骨折复位,椎管容积恢复,毋需行后路椎管减压。本组取得良好效果。仅对骨片游离型需要切开椎管直接摘除骨片。     

A dynamic study of thoracolumbar burst fractures

BACKGROUND: The degree of canal stenosis following a thoracolumbar burst fracture is sometimes used as an indication for decompressive surgery. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that the final resting positions of the bone fragments seen on computed tomography imaging are not representative of the dynamic canal occlusion and associated neurological damage that occurs during the fracture event. METHODS: A drop-weight method was used to create burst fractures in bovine spinal segments devoid of a spinal cord. During impact, dynamic measurements were made with use of transducers to measure pressure in a synthetic spinal cord material, and a high-speed video camera filmed the inside of the spinal canal. A corresponding finite element model was created to determine the effect of the spinal cord on the dynamics of the bone fragment. RESULTS: The high-speed video clearly showed the fragments of bone being projected from the vertebral body into the spinal canal before being recoiled, by the action of the posterior longitudinal ligament and intervertebral disc attachments, to their final resting position. The pressure measurements in the synthetic spinal cord showed a peak in canal pressure during impact. There was poor concordance between the extent of postimpact occlusion of the canal as seen on the computed tomography images and the maximum amount of occlusion that occurred at the moment of impact. The finite element model showed that the presence of the cord would reduce the maximum dynamic level of canal occlusion at high fragment velocities. The cord would also provide an additional mechanism by which the fragment would be recoiled back toward the vertebral body. CONCLUSIONS: A burst fracture is a dynamic event, with the maximum canal occlusion and maximum cord compression occurring at the moment of impact. These transient occurrences are poorly related to the final level of occlusion as demonstrated on computed tomography scans.     

AF内固定与术中脊髓造影治疗胸腰段骨折脱位的临床意义

目的　探讨在AF内固定术中结合脊髓造影治疗胸腰段骨折脱位的临床意义。方法　 32例胸腰段骨折脱位伴不同程度神经损伤患者均行开放复位AF内固定手术治疗 ,术中暂不行椎管直接减压。AF复位内固定后 ,用Omnipaque造影剂 ,由手术切口行术中脊髓造影 ,注入造影剂前 ,回抽脑脊液 ,检查是否为血性 ,如为血性 ,不行此检查 ,造影后 ,C形臂X线机动态观察椎管通畅情况 ,了解减压复位情况 ,决定进一步治疗方案。结果　 32例患者中 ,除 2例为血性脑脊液未行此检查外 ,30例均行此检查 ,2 0例显示椎管通畅 ,骨折脱位得到解剖复位。生理曲线得到恢复 ,造影剂通畅无受压。未行椎管直接减压 ,占6 6 6 %。 6例显示椎管不畅 ,压迫来自前方。 4例行后路椎弓根侧前方减压 ,2例行骨块轻敲复位。 4例显示椎管不畅系后方压迫造成 ,行椎板减压。平均随访 36个月 ,所有病例均得到解剖复位 ,无复位丢失 ,不全瘫患者术后功能提高 1级或 1级以上者占 73 3%。结论　不是所有胸腰段骨折脱位患者都必须行切除椎管结构进行直接减压 ,复位固定本身即是椎管减压 ,术中脊髓造影简单、安全 ,直观。可术中监护复位减压情况 ,及时弥补不足 ,对进一步治疗有一定指导意义     

A dynamic investigation of the burst fracture process using a combined experimental and finite element approach

Spinal burst fractures account for about 15% of spinal injuries and, because of their predominance in the younger population, there are large associated social and healthcare costs. Although several experimental studies have investigated the burst fracture process, little work has been undertaken using computational methods. The aim of this study was to develop a finite element model of the fracture process and, in combination with experimental data, gain a better understanding of the fracture event and mechanism of injury. Experimental tests were undertaken to simulate the burst fracture process in a bovine spine model. After impact, each specimen was dissected and the severity of fracture assessed. Two of the specimens tested at the highest impact rate were also dynamically filmed during the impact. A finite element model, based on CT data of an experimental specimen, was constructed and appropriate high strain rate material properties assigned to each component. Dynamic validation was undertaken by comparison with high-speed video data of an experimental impact. The model was used to determine the mechanism of fracture and the postfracture impact of the bony fragment onto the spinal cord. The dissection of the experimental specimens showed burst fractures of increasing severity with increasing impact energy. The finite element model demonstrated that a high tensile strain region was generated in the posterior of the vertebral body due to the interaction of the articular processes. The region of highest strain corresponded well with the experimental specimens. A second simulation was used to analyse the fragment projection into the spinal canal following fracture. The results showed that the posterior longitudinal ligament became stretched and at higher energies the spinal cord and the dura mater were compressed by the fragment. These structures deformed to a maximum level before forcing the fragment back towards the vertebral body. The final position of the fragment did not therefore represent the maximum dynamic canal occlusion.     

椎体爆裂骨折环形减压术后椎管再塑形

目的 通过观察环形减压后椎管的形态学变化,探讨椎管塑形的方式及完成塑形的时间.方法 2003年1月至2006年6月,采用椎管环形减压、椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折76例,其中53例获得随访.骨折部位:T11 1例,T12 15例,L1 18例,L2 15例,L3 3例,L4 1例.脊髓损伤程度按ASIA标准评定:A级27例,B级7例,C级6例,D级2例,E级11例.术前及不同随访时间行X线和CT检查,测量伤椎平面的椎管最小矢状径及伤椎相邻的上下椎管矢状径平均值.计算伤椎椎管狭窄率,同时测量塑形后的伤椎椎管矢状径并与理论值进行配对t检验,比较塑形后椎管欠状径的恢复程度. 结果 53例患者术后获平均24.2个月(12～60个月)随访.15例脊髓不完全损伤患者,ASIA分级分别提高1～3级,27例脊髓完全损伤患者中,8例部分神经根功能有所恢复,术后CT复查显示伤段椎管减压充分、脊髓受压完伞解除.术后12个月椎管形态均表现不同程度的再塑形现象.术后24个月同一层面CT示再塑形的椎管管径与伤椎正常椎管矢状径理论值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 胸腰椎爆裂骨折环形减压后不规则的椎管出现了明显的再塑形现象,冉塑形过程发生于伤后12个月左右,且这一过程不受神经系统损伤程度的影响,即骨折平面和伤后ASIA分级不影响椎管的再塑形过程.塑形后的椎管接近正常形态,椎管矢状径在正常范围内.     

多节段脊柱骨折的分类及相关问题研究

本文通过２８７例脊柱骨折的回顾性分析，发现多节段脊柱骨折８１例，并提出一种分类方法。结果表明；分类不同其发病率，、诊断失误率、脊髓损伤严重度，致伤因素均不相同，对该病的早期正确诊断至关重要必要时全脊柱摄片亦不为过。     

Classification of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures: problems of reproducibility

Reproducibility of fracture classification systems in general has been a matter of controversy. The reproducibility of spinal fracture classifications has not been sufficiently studied. We studied the inter-observer and intra-observer reproducibility of the Magerl (AO) classification using radiograms, CTs and MRIs of 53 patients. We compared this classification with the older and simpler Denis classification. Five observers classified the fractures, first using the radiograms and CTs and, 6 weeks later, with radiograms and MRIs. Three of the observers repeated the readings after 3 months. Three observers also classified the fractures according to Denis. Agreement was measured using Cohen's kappa test. The type (A, B, C) classification of the AO system was fairly reproducible with CTs. With MRI this was only moderate. Group subclassification of the types yielded higher kappa values, corresponding to substantial agreement. The agreement was, in general, better with the Denis classification, but the variance was higher due to the difficulty of finding proper categories for some injury patterns. Although the AO classification allows proper registration of all kinds of injury, the reproducibility, especially at the type level, is problematic. Use of MRI and better definition of the distinctive properties of the three different types may enhance the reproducibility of the scheme.