头孢曲松头孢噻肟和头孢呋辛治疗下呼吸道感染的多中心 …

目的 比较头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛治疗下呼吸道轻中度感染的疗效和安全性。方法 在５家大型教学进行多中心、前瞻性、随机比较。头孢曲松组４８例１ｇ／ｄ，包噻肟组４６例３ｇ／ｄ和头孢呋辛组（４８例２．２５ｇ／ｄ，疗程为７天。均静脉注射，３组１４２例患者，年龄１８－７０岁。一般资料相似。结果３组临床疗效差异无显著性，分别为８１％、８３％、７９％、细菌阳性率为４５％，细菌清除率分别为８０％￣７８％、７５     

头孢他啶与头孢吡肟作为血液肿瘤感染的经验治疗的回顾性比较

目的 回顾性比较头孢他啶＋丁胺卡那与头孢吡肟＋丁胺卡那作为经验性方案治疗血液肿瘤合并感染的疗效，并初步对预后因素进行评价。方法 2002年1月-2004年12月接受头孢他啶＋丁胺卡那及头孢吡肟＋丁胺卡那的患者各80例入选研究，治疗方法为头孢他啶4g／d或头孢吡肟4g／d，丁胺卡那0．6g／d，静脉点滴。结果在入选的160例感染事件中，98例（61．3％）临床改善，62例（38．8％）临床无改善，其中15例死亡（9．4％）。头孢吡肟组53例（66．3％）获得临床改善。27例（33．8％）未获临床改善，其中8例（10．0％）死亡；头孢他啶组45例（56．3％）获得改善，两组比较差异无显著性。结论 年龄、肿瘤状态及粒细胞缺乏症（简称粒缺）发生明显与感染的预后有关，在粒缺患者中，粒缺持续天数（是否长于10天）也与预后有关。     

脑有对卒中型自发性高血压大鼠脑卒中的治疗作用

为探讨脑复清对脑卒中型自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲｓｐ）脑卒中的治疗作用，给ＳＨＲｓｐ饮１％ＮａＣｌ盐水，大鼠脑卒中发生后分别用脑复清０．５ｇ／ｋｇ．ｄ、１．０ｇ／ｋｇ．ｄ、２．０ｇ／ｋｇ．ｄ、２．０ｇ／ｋｇ．ｄ治疗，并与维脑路通１．０ｇ／ｋｇ．ｄ、２．０ｇ／ｋｇ．ｄ及溶媒剂作比较，治疗１４天。脑复清３组及维脑路通２组大鼠脑中卒临床症状评分（１．３－１．６分）均显著好于溶媒对照组（３．３，均Ｐ〈０．０     

青蒿素片治疗恶性疟108例的效果

在海南省抗氯喹／抗哌喹恶性疟流行区，选择１０８例恶性疟现症病人，单用青蒿素片剂按总剂量与疗程天数，分成４ｇ５ｄ（３１例）、３ｇ３ｄ（３９例）和２．５ｇ２ｄ（３８例）三组治疗验证。三组治前几何平均原虫密度分别为１８０９８、１８４６２和１６５６３／μｌ，治后平均退热时间分别为２８．９±１６．７ｈ、３１．７±１７．７ｈ和３１．０±１４．４ｈ；平均原虫无性体转阴时间分别为３５．４±１１．５ｈ、３９．０±１４．６ｈ和３３．７±１２．８ｈ，即时疗效相似（Ｐ＞０．０５）。追踪随访２８ｄ的治愈率４ｇ５ｄ组为８６．２％，与３ｇ３ｄ组和２．５ｇ３ｄ组的４５．２％和３６．４％比较，差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。三组病例药物副反应轻微。结果可见：第１ｄ顿服青蒿素片１ｇ，第２～５ｄ每天一次服０．７５ｇ的４ｇ５ｄ疗程，是目前应用青蒿素片剂治疗抗药性恶性疟疗效较好的治疗方案。     

日本血吸虫与二乙基亚硝胺诱发家兔肝癌的初步实验探讨

本文观察了用日本血吸虫与二乙基亚硝胺诱发家兔肝癌的实验结果，Ａ组每只家兔感染日本血吸虫尾蚴，从感染后６２ｄ开始，每周每兔用１％二乙亚硝胺水溶液灌胃１次，剂量为２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，共１５次，结果５只兔中有３只诱发肝癌，诱时时间分别为２７３，３９４和４７６ｄ，Ｂ组每只家兔用Ａ组同法感染尾蚴及投二乙基亚硝胺，但在感染后５５及８０ｄ，分别灌胃给予吡喹酮作２次病治疗，每次剂量为０．３ｇ／只，７只兔中仅１只发生肝     

不同三联方案治疗幽门螺杆菌阳性消化性溃疡的多中心临床研究

目的 观察不同三联方案“丽珠胃三联”药物搭配、疗程和剂量的效果来探索较理想的治疗幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ）的方案。方法 Ｈｐ阳性的十二指肠溃疡１２６例、胃溃疡４０例。随枘发成三组：Ａ组；枸椽酸铋钾０．２２ｇ／次＋克拉霉素０．２５ｇ／次＋替硝唑０．５ｇ／次，称“丽珠胃三联”，均为２次／ｄ，疗程７ｄ：Ｂ组：药物组成、用法同Ａ组，但疗程为１４ｄ；Ｃ组：奥美拉唑２０ｍｇ，甲硝唑４００ｍｇ，阿莫西林１ｇ，均为２次／ｄ，疗程７ｄ，观察记录Ｈｐ根除情况、溃疡愈合情况、临床症状改善情况及不良反应。结果 １６０例完成治疗及复查，失记６例，Ｈｐ根除率Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组分别为８７．９％，８７．０％，８６．８％。差异无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５）；胃溃疡治疗后的总有效率分别为９２．３％。９０．９％及９２．９％；十二指肠溃疡治疗后的总有效率分别为９７．８     

铋制剂,洛赛克,替硝唑治疗幽门螺杆菌阳性消化性溃疡的近期和远期疗效观察

目的：观察铋制剂、洛赛克、替硝唑治疗幽门螺杆菌（Ｈｐ）阳性消化性溃疡的近期和远期疗效。方法：将１０２例患者随机分为两组,治疗组（５２例）：丽珠得乐部剂１．０ｇ,１ｄ４次;洛赛克２０ｍｇ,替硝唑０．５ｇ,１ｄ２次口服;疗程２周。对照组（５０例）：洛赛克２０ｍｇ,ｑｄ头孢羟氨苄０．５ｇ,１ｄ４次;甲硝唑４００ｍｇ,１ｄ２次;疗程２周。疗程结束后２周行胃镜检查,病理检查及Ｈｐ检测;并于半年,１年进行相应的随访,结果：治疗组和对照组溃疡愈合率分别为９０．３８％和８８．００％,Ｈｐ根除率分别为８８．４６％和８６．００％,两组比较无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。治疗组疗程后半年、１年溃疡复发率为２．１７％和４．３５％,Ｈｐ再发率为４．３５％和６．５２％;对照组疗程后半年、１年溃疡复发率为１４．２９％和１９．０５％,Ｈｐ再发率为     

芹灵冲剂治疗慢性乙型肝炎102例的临床研究

目的观察芹灵冲剂对慢性乙型肝炎患者的治疗效果．方法慢性乙型肝炎患者１０２例，应用芹灵冲剂（水芹等两味中药组成）进行治疗，男８４例，女１８例；年龄１６岁～５４岁，其中２０岁～４５岁８７例（７７４％）；病程６ｍｏ～５ａ，其中１ａ～４ａ者７８例（６５６％）；全部病例治疗前肝功能均不正常，ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗ＨＢｃ均为阳性，食少纳差，全身无力等．治疗组服药１～２包（相当生药１０ｇ／包），３次／ｄ，３０ｄ为１疗程，一般２～３个疗程．对照组６０例，男３５例，女２５例；年龄２０岁～６５岁．治疗前肝功能均不正常，ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗ＨＢｃ均为阳性；病程６ｍｏ～６ａ；服用益肝灵４片，３次／ｄ，疗程同上．每疗程结束后两组患者均复查肝功能和乙肝抗原抗体一次．在治疗中均辅用葡萄糖，维生素Ｃ，能量合剂等保肝药物．结果经芹灵冲剂治疗２～３疗程后，显效４６例，有效５３例，无效３例，总有效率为９７１％．所有病例降酶率为９６１％，退黄率为９８０％；ＨＢｓＡｇ转阴率为４５１％、ＨＢｅＡｇ为５３９％，抗ＨＢｃ为４８６％．服药期间未见明显毒副反应．结论芹灵冲剂对慢性乙型肝炎患者具有退黄降酶、抗乙肝病毒的良好效果．     

三联疗法治疗幽门螺杆菌相关性消化性溃疡疗效观察

目的：研究不含甲硝唑的短程低剂量质子泵抑制剂（ＰＰＩ）三联疗法对幽门螺杆菌（ＨＰ）根除消化性溃疡愈合的疗效。方法：采用随机双盲对照研究。将４７ 例ＨＰ阳性的消化性溃疡患者随机分为２ 组,即Ａ组（低剂量三联）采用达克普隆３０ ｍ ｇ １次／ｄ 加克拉霉素２５０ ｍ ｇ ２ 次／ｄ 加阿莫西林５００ ｍ ｇ ２ 次／ｄ,连服１０ ｄ;Ｂ组（安慰剂）采用胃舒平３片,２ 次／ｄ,连用４ 周,双盲双模拟用药。疗程结束后４ 周复查胃镜。结果：Ａ组ＨＰ根治率和溃疡愈合率分别为９３．３％ 和８６．７％ ,明显高于Ｂ组的０ 和２３．５％ （均Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。前者对症状缓解作用好、速度快,无明显副作用,患者依从性好。结论：短程低剂量ＰＰＩ三联疗法是治疗ＨＰ相关性消化性溃疡较为理想的治疗方案,尤其对甲硝唑耐药者更值得试用     

头孢吡肟致尿毒症维持性血液透析患者抗生素脑病的临床分析

目的 分析不同剂量头孢吡肟对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者引起抗生素脑病的发生率并探讨可能的作用机制.方法 对103例尿毒症并行维持性血液透析治疗患者在使用头孢吡肟治疗时出现的神经精神异常的情况进行分析,探讨其与头孢吡肟剂量的关系及可能的发生机制.将103例患者按照头孢吡肟使用剂量分为3组,A组31例,剂量为每次0.5g,每天2次;B组37例,剂量为每次1.0g,每天2次;C组35例,剂量为每次2.0g,每天2次.其引起抗生素脑病的发生率分别为3.26％、18.92％和40.00％,总发生率为21.36％.结果 3组抗生素脑病的发生率随抗生素使用剂量的增加而增加,3组间发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).总发生率明显高于正常人群,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 头孢吡肟对尿毒症患者有着高于一般人群的致抗生素脑病危险性,其发生率随着使用剂量的增加而增加.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。