精神分裂症伴发2型糖尿病与烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体基因多态性关联研究

目的在中国汉族精神分裂症患者中探讨烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体基因多态性与2型糖尿病共病的关联。方法采用Taq Man荧光探针基因分型技术对346例伴发2型糖尿病的中国汉族精神分裂症患者和360例不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者的α3、α4、α7、α5烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,n Ach R)基因即CHRNA3(rs1317286)、CHRNA4(rs1044396)、CHRNA7(rs6494212)及CHRNA5(rs16969968、rs684513)多态位点进行基因分型,比较等位基因频率和基因型频率,并进一步进行基因-基因交互作用分析。结果单位点分析显示男性患者rs6494212位点的等位基因分布和基因型分布在两组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);rs1317286、rs1044396、rs16969968、rs684513位点的基因型分布和等位基因分布均无明显差异(P均0.05)。CHRNA5基因的两个单核苷酸多态位点(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)组成的单体型与两组疾病共病关联无统计学意义(P0.05)。进一步基因交互作用分析显示rs131726、rs1044396、rs6494212及rs684513这4个位点的联合作用模式可能与两组疾病共病相关(P=0.002)。结论 CHRNA7(rs6494212)可能是中国汉族男性精神分裂症患者患2型糖尿病的易感基因。rs1317286、rs1044396、rs6494212及rs684513位点的联合作用可能与精神分裂症共病2型糖尿病相关。     

精神分裂症伴发2型糖尿病与色氨酸羟化酶基因多态性关联研究

目的：在中国汉族精神分裂症患者中探讨色氨酸羟化酶（TPH）基因A218C（rs1800532）多态性与2型糖尿病共病的关联性。方法：采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态（PCR-RFLP）技术在中国汉族人群中对98例伴发2型糖尿病的精神分裂症患者（伴糖尿病组）及109例单纯精神分裂症患者（不伴糖尿病组）进行TPH基因A218C的分型,并进行等位基因及基因型比较。结果：伴糖尿病组与不伴糖尿病组比较,TPH6基因A218C多态性等位基因分布（χ^2=0．00,df=1,P〉0．05）和基因型分布（χ^2=3．78,df=2,P〉0．05）均无显著差异。在男性患者中,伴糖尿病组与不伴糖尿病组基因型分布存在显著差异（χ^2=6．57,df=2,P=0．037）,而等位基因分布（χ^2=1．28,df=1,P=0．26）则无明显差异;在女性患者组中,伴糖尿病组与不伴糖尿病组基因型分布（χ^2=1．54,df=2,P=0．46）和等位基因分布（χ^2=0．02,df=1,P〉0．05）均无显著差异。结论：在中国汉族男性精神分裂症患者中TPH基因A218C多态性与患2型糖尿病存在关联,其可能是男性精神分裂症患者患2型糖尿病的易感基因。     

精神分裂症与G72基因多态性的关联分析

目的:探讨精神分裂症与G72基因多态性的关系,是否有混合家族史精神分裂症在G72基因多态性的区别。方法:采用聚合酶链反应技术分别检测162例无混合家族史精神分裂症、62例有混合家族史精神分裂症、88名正常对照的G72基因单核苷酸多态性rs947267、rs2181953,进行关联分析。结果:不同性别及发病年龄的无混合家族史精神分裂症组与对照组rs947267、rs2181953基因型及等位基因分布差异均无显著性(P均>0.05);不同性别及发病年龄的有混合家族史精神分裂症组与对照组rs947267基因型及等位基因分布差异无显著性(P>0.05);不同性别及早发型(发病年龄≤25岁)有混合家族史精神分裂症组与对照组rs2181953基因型及等位基因分布差异无显著性(P>0.05);晚发型(发病年龄>25岁)有混合家族史精神分裂症与对照组rs2181953基因型及等位基因分布差异显著(χ2=9.121,P=0.01与χ2=6.804,P=0.01),基因型A/A、T/T及等位基因A、T的OR值分别为7.083(P=0.007)、0.357(P=0.049)、2.531(P=0.009)、0.395(P=0.009)。结论:G72基因多态性可能与晚发型有混合家族史精神分裂症存在关联,其中rs2181953的A/A基因型与A等位基因是危险因子。     

首发精神分裂症和双相障碍患者认知功能、血清同型半胱氨酸水平及rs821616基因多态性的研究

目的:比较首发精神分裂症和伴有精神病性症状的双相障碍患者的血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平、认知功能、精神分裂症断裂基因1(DISC1) rs821616多态性。方法:采用酶联免疫法测定100例首发精神分裂症患者(精神分裂症组)和100例伴精神病性症状的双相障碍患者(双相障碍组)血清Hcy水平;采用认知成套测验(MCCB)进行认知功能评定;提取外周血细胞DNA,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法对DISC1 rs821616位点进行多态性分析。结果:两组血清Hcy水平均高于实验室正常值(5～15μmol/L)(P均0.01),但两组间差异无统计学意义;精神分裂症组MCCB中连线测试、Stroop色词测验、简易视觉和空间记忆测验成绩明显差于双相障碍组(P 0.05);两组持续操作测验评分差异无统计学意义;两组rs821616位点基因型和等位基因频率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.53,P=0.0085;等位基因AT,χ~2=5.59,P=0.018)。结论:首发精神分裂症及伴有精神病性症状的双相障碍患者血清Hcy水平均异常升高;但精神分裂症患者在信息处理速度、工作记忆和视觉学习方面缺损程度更重,伴有精神病性症状的双相障患者DISC1 rs821616位点A等位基因及AA基因型频率更高。     

L型钙离子通道α1C亚基基因多态性与精神分裂症的相关性

目的探讨L型钙离子通道α1C亚基(calcium channel,voltage-dependent,L type,alpha 1C subunit,CACNA1C)基因多态性与精神分裂症的关系。方法纳入118例精神分裂症患者及122名对照,采用变性高效液相色谱法对其CACNA1C基因rs10848683、rs2238032、rs2299661位点进行基因分型,通过病历资料收集患者感知觉障碍、思维障碍、情感障碍和行为障碍等临床表现,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale,PANSS)评估患者症状。结果 rs2238032和rs2299661位点基因型和等位基因在患者组与对照组间分布有统计学差异(均P0.05),而rs10848683位点基因型和等位基因分布在组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。rs2238032位点TT基因型(OR=0.394)和rs2299661位点CG(OR=0.326)与精神分裂症的患病风险有关联(均P0.05)。rs10848683位点各基因型患者行为障碍分布有统计学差异(P0.05);rs2238032各基因型患者思维障碍、情感障碍和PANSS得分有统计学差异(均P0.05);rs2299661各基因型患者感知觉障碍、PANSS得分有统计学差异(均P0.05)。单体型分析示,CTC(OR=1.811)、CTG(OR=0.432)和TGC(OR=1.771)与精神分裂症关联有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CACNA1C基因多态性与精神分裂症及其临床表现有关联。     

精神分裂症患者多巴胺D1受体基因多态性与抗精神病药疗效的关系

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者多巴胺D1受体(DRD1)基因多态性与抗精神病药疗效的关系.方法:300例精神分裂症患者分别给予氯丙嗪(n=78)、利培酮(n=90)、氯氮平(n=132)单一治疗8周;以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效;以SNaPshot单核苷酸多态性(SNP)技术检测DRD1基因rs265981、rs4532、rs686和rs265976多态性. 结果:氯氮平总疗效有效组与无效组相比,rs265981基因型T/T、T/C、C/C及等位基因T、C的分布差异有统计学意义(x2=7.101,P=0.029;x2 =4.011,P=0.045);rs265976基因型A/A、A/C、C/C的分布差异有统计学意义(x2=7.124,P=0.028),但其等位基因A、C的分布差异无统计学意义(x2=3.54,P =0.06).氯丙嗪改善阳性症状有效组与无效组相比,rs686等位基因A、G的分布差异有统计学意义(x2=4.427,P=0.035),但其基因型A/A、A/G、G/G的分布差异无统计学意义(x2=3.842,P=0.146).氯氮平改善阴性症状有效组与无效组相比,rs265976基因型A/A、A/C、C/C的分布差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.999,P=0.05),而其等位基因A、C的分布差异无统计学意义(x2=1.051,P=0.305). 结论:DRD1基因rs265981、rs686和rs265976多态性可能对抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效有着重要影响.     

2型糖尿病患者基质金属蛋白酶-12基因多态性与缺血性卒中的相关性研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者基质金属蛋白酶12(MMP-12)基因多态性与缺血性卒中的相关性。方法选择2013年1月至2015年12月在本科治疗的217例2型糖尿病合并缺血性卒中患者作为病例组,按照TOAST分型结果将病例组患者分为大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(LAA)组88例和非大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(n-LAA)组129例,选择同期在我院体检的无缺血性卒中的2型糖尿病患者100例作为对照组,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶分析(PCR-RFLP)法比较MMP-12(-82 A/G)和MMP-12(-1082 A/G)基因型多态性在各组间的差异。结果病例组和n-LAA组MMP-12(82 A/G)基因型和等位基因与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。LAA组(G/G+A/G)基因型频率显著高于对照组(22.73%vs 11.00%,P=0.031);G等位基因频率也高于对照组(18.18%vs 10.05%,P=0.033)。n-LAA组MMP-12(-1082 A/G)基因型和等位基因与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。病例组和LAA组(G/G+A/G)基因型频率均显著高于对照组(33.64%vs 22.00%,P=0.036;37.50%vs 22.00%,P=0.020);两组G等位基因频率也均高于对照组(25.58%vs 17.00%,P=0.017;30.68%vs 17.00%,P=0.002)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示MMP-12-82A/G等位基因G和MMP-12-1082A/G等位基因G均是2型糖尿病患者发生LAA的危险因素(OR=1.107,95%CI 1.010-1.371,P=0.031;OR=1.285,95%CI 1.142-1.817,P=0.010)。结论对于2型糖尿病患者,MMP-12基因-82位点G等位基因和-1082位点G基因多态性与大动脉粥样硬化性卒中密切相关。     

胞浆型磷脂酶A2基因多态性与精神分裂症的关系

目的：分析印度人群钙依赖性胞浆型磷脂酶A2（cPLA2)BanⅠ限制性内切酶基因多态性与精神分裂症的相互关系。方法：应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）方法,在89例精神分裂症患者和78例健康人群中观察比较cPLA2等位基因和基因型频数分布。结果：PCR产物的BanⅠ限制性酶切片段于cPLA2基因第一非编码区显示多态性位点,命名为位点A;患者组和健康对照组cPLA2等位基因频数呈显著差异（P＜0．02）;精神分裂症患者显示A2／A2纯合基因型显著增加（P＜0．02）。结论：cPLA2基因多态性与印度人群精神分裂症相关联;cPLA2基因可能为精神分裂症候选基因之一,或与其他致病基因呈连锁不平衡。     

PPARγ基因多态性与2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的相关性研究

目的探讨PPARγ基因多态性与北方汉族人2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的关系。方法本研究共纳入791例受试对象,分成3组:健康对照组(NC)337例、单纯糖尿病组(T2DM)250例和糖尿病伴脑梗死组(T2DM CI)204例。以PPARγ基因rs1875796为遗传标记,应用多聚酶链-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测PPARγ基因rs1875796的基因型。结果女性T2DM CI组PPARγ基因rs1875796的C等位基因频率高于T2DM组、NC组(χ2=6.672,P=0.010,OR=1.991,95%CI 1.176~3.358和χ2=12.384,P<0.0001,OR=2.499,95%CI 1.500~4.162);女性T2DM CI组的CC CT基因型频率高于T2DM组、NC组(χ2=4.656,P=0.031,OR=2.008,95%CI 1.006~3.782和χ2=8.462,P=0.004,OR=2.486,95%CI 1.346~4.593)。经多因素回归分析调整了传统危险因素的影响后,女性T2DM CI组的CC CT基因型与T2DM组、NC组比较,差异仍有显著性(χ2=5.770,P=0.016,OR=2.713,95%CI 1.206~6.126)。结论PPARγ基因可能与女性2型糖尿病患者罹患脑梗死的发生有关。     

5-羟色胺2A受体基因多态性与利培酮治疗中国首发精神分裂症患者疗效关联

背景5-羟色胺2A受体基因已经证实为精神分裂症的候选易感基因,因为阐明其作为非典型抗精神病药物重要作用靶点减轻阴性症状已引起业界倍加关注.本研究试图探讨(1)5-HT2A受体基因T102C多态性在不同临床亚型之间等位基因和基因型频率的关系,(2)5-HT2A受体基因T102C在利培酮高剂量组和低剂量组之间基因型和等位基因分布频率的关系,(3)5-HT2A受体基因T102C多态性在治疗有效组与无效组之间的基因型和等位基因分布频率的关系,(4)5-羟色胺2A受体T102C基因多态性是否与中国首发精神分裂症患者利培酮疗效有关.方法对201例精神分裂症初发期患者分别进行利培酮治疗[3～5 mg/d,平均(3.2±1.3)mg/d],疗程8周.采用聚合酶链式反应扩增与限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测5-HT2A受体基因T102C多态性.以临床亚型将精神分裂症患者划分为偏执型、瓦解型、未定型和其他型,分析不同临床亚型等位基因和基因型频率的差异;按服用利培酮剂量划分低剂量组(＜4 mg/d)和高剂量组(≥4 mg/d),经比较利培酮高剂量组和低剂量组的5-HT2A受体基因T102C基因型和等位基因分布频率差异性;同时以阴性和阳性症状量表(PANSS)总减分率＞50%有效,≤50%为无效以分析治疗有效组与无效组之间的基因型和等位基因分布频率差异有无显著性;以PANSS评定患者治疗前及治疗后2周、4周、6周和第8周末的精神症状,比较5-HT2A受体T102C各基因亚型与年龄、发病年龄、PANSS总分值、阳性症状基线分、阴性症状基线分、一般病理症状基线分、PANSS总减分率、阳性症状减分率、阴性症状减分率和一般病理症状减分率的差异.结果5-HT2A受体T102C基因型在患者组分布频率均符合H-W平衡定律(P＞0.05);不同临床诊断亚型精神分裂症患者等位基因和基因型频率无显著性差异(χ2=0.415,P=0.937;χ2=1.705,P=0.941);高剂量组与低剂量组之间的基因型和等位基因分布频率差异均无显著性(χ2=2.402,P=0.301;χ2=2.465,P=0.116);治疗有效和无效组的基因型和等位基因分布频率的差异无显著性(χ2=1.995,P=0.369;χ2=1.939,P=0.164);各基因型亚组的年龄、发病年龄及其病程差异均无显著性(P均大于0.05);但基因亚组A1/A1的治疗前PANSS总分(χ2=4.076,P=0.018)和阴性症状分(χ2=3.946,P=0.021)以及治疗结束PANSS总分减分率(χ2=4.036,P=0.019)和阴性症状减分率(χ2=3.876,P=0.022)均显著高于A1/A2及A2/A2基因型.结论(1)首发精神分裂症患者不同临床亚型5-HT2A受体基因T102C基因型和等位基因频率无显著差异.(2)利培酮高剂量组和低剂量组5-HT2A受体基因T102C基因型和等位基因分布频率没有显著性差异.(3)治疗有效组与无效组之间5-HT2A受体基因T102C基因型和等位基因分布频率也无显著性差异.(4)5-HT2A受体T102C Ai/A1基因亚型可能影响中国首发精神分裂症患者对利培酮的治疗效应.     

Type-1 and type-2 astrocytes are distinct targets for prostaglandins D2, E2, and F2 alpha.

Accumulating evidence has revealed that astrocytes are potential targets for various neurotransmitters. Here we investigated the effects of prostaglandins (PGs) on signal transduction in purified primary cultures of rat type-1 and type-2 astrocytes. PGF2 alpha, PGD2, and 9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2, a metabolite of PGD2 and a stereoisomer of PGF2 alpha, evoked a rapid rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in type-1, but not in type-2, astrocytes. STA2, a stable analogue of thromboxane A2, was less effective, and PGE2 showed little effect. The PG-induced rise in [Ca2+]i was not blocked by an antagonist of either PGD2 receptor or thromboxane A2 receptor. PGF2 alpha and 9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2 stimulated rapid formation of inositol trisphosphate followed by inositol bisphosphate and inositol monophosphate. On the other hand, PGE2 increased the intracellular level of cyclic AMP in type-2 astrocytes, rather than in type-1 astrocytes. The potency of PGs for cyclic AMP formation was in the following order: PGE2 greater than PGE1 greater than or equal to STA2 much greater than iloprost, a stable analogue of PGI2. PGD2 and PGF2 alpha had no effect on cyclic AMP formation. These results demonstrate that type-1 astrocytes preferentially express PGF2 alpha receptors, the activation of which leads to phosphoinositide metabolism and [Ca2+]i elevation, whereas type-2 astrocytes possess PGE receptors that are linked to cyclic AMP formation.     

胶质瘤中MMP-2和TIMP-2的表达及意义

目的探讨MMP-2和TIMP-2与胶质瘤侵袭性及恶性表型之间的关系及其意义。方法采用Elivision二步免疫组织化学法染色观察MMP-2和TIMP-2在46例不同恶性度胶质瘤及10例正常脑组织中的表达并用德国LeicaQ550cw图像分析系统测其灰度值作为表达强度的量化指标。结果在对照组、低度及高度恶性胶质瘤中,MMP-2的阳性表达率分别为10%、63.6%和95.8%;在对照组、低度及高度恶性胶质瘤中,TIMP-2的阳性表达率分别为10%、36.3%和37.5%。MMP-2在Ⅰ、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ、Ⅳ级胶质瘤中平均灰度值分别为173.27±13.26和98.63±18.20;TIMP-2在Ⅰ、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ、Ⅳ级胶质瘤中平均灰度值分别为210.44±12.95和205.65±9.75。结论MMP-2表达随胶质瘤恶性程度增加而增强,可作为胶质瘤恶性表型及侵袭性指标之一。TIMP-2表达在正常脑组织及不同级别胶质瘤中无明显差异。MMP-2/TIMP-2的比值与胶质瘤侵袭性密切相关。     

Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2C is genetically distinct from types 2B and 2D

BACKGROUND: Linkage analysis studies have identified 3 genetically different varieties of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 (HMSN 2, also called Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, or CMT 2): HMSN 2A (linked to 1p35-p36), 2B (to 3q13-q22), and 2D (to 7p14). Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2C is characterized by diaphragmatic and vocal cord paresis; its disease locus has not been mapped. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the HMSN 2C phenotype, previously shown not to be linked to the HMSN 2A locus, is linked to the HMSN 2B or HMSN 2D loci. DESIGN: Linkage analysis. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Thirty-three subjects, including 12 affected individuals and 11 individuals at risk, in a large family with HMSN 2C. RESULTS: Evidence was found against linkage of HMSN 2C phenotype to either the HMSN 2B or the 2D loci. CONCLUSIONS: HMSN 2C is genetically distinct from HMSN 2A, 2B, and 2D. We think that at least 4 genetically distinct varieties of autosomal dominant HMSN 2 exist.     

HLA-DR2 and narcolepsy

Tissue typing was performed on 14 narcoleptics as defined by both strict sleep laboratory and clinical criteria. Six of these patients were blacks from North America, a race underrepresented in previous studies. All patients were HLA-DR2-antigen positive and had the same HLA-DR2 subtype. Clinical severity of disease was not correlated with HLA-DR2 heterozygosity or (putative) homozygosity. This study confirms that the extremely high association between HLA-DR2 and narcolepsy holds across comparisons of the three races studied to date when both clinical and sleep laboratory data are used. The presence or absence of HLA-DR2 in patients presenting with hypersomnolence may help support or exclude, respectively, a diagnosis of idiopathic narcolepsy.     

2-DPMP (desoxypipradrol, 2-benzhydrylpiperidine, 2-phenylmethylpiperidine) and D2PM (diphenyl-2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-methanol,diphenylprolinol): A preliminary review

2-DPMP (desoxypipradrol, 2-benzhydrylpiperidine, 2-phenylmethylpiperidine) and D2PM (diphenyl-2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-methanol, diphenylprolinol) are psychoactive substances, sold primarily over the Internet and in ‘head’ shops as ‘legal highs’, ‘research chemicals’ or ‘plant food’. Originally developed in the 1950s for the treatment of narcolepsy and ADHD, 2-DPMP's use soon became very limited. Recreational use of 2-DPMP and D2PM appears to have started in March 2007, but only developed slowly. However, in the UK their popularity grew in 2009, increasing rapidly during summer 2010. At this time, there were many presentations to UK Emergency Departments by patients complaining of undesirable physical and psychiatric effects after taking 2-DPMP. In spring 2011 there were similar presentations for D2PM. Recreational use of these drugs has been reported only occasionally in on-line user fora. There is little scientifically-based literature on the pharmacological, physiological, psychopharmacological, toxicological and epidemiological characteristics of these drugs. Here we describe what is known about them, especially on their toxicity, including what we believe to be the first three deaths involving the use of 2-DPMP in August 2010. There are no international controls imposed on 2-DPMP or D2PM. However, a ban on their UK importation was imposed in November 2011 and they became Class C drugs on 13 June 2012. It is critical that any other cases, including non-fatal overdoses, are documented so that a scientific evidence-base can be established for them.     

Leptin signalling and leptin-mediated activation of human platelets: importance of JAK2 and the phospholipases Cgamma2 and A2

Leptin enhances agonist-induced platelet aggregation, and human platelets have been reported to express the leptin receptor. However, the pathways and mediators lying downstream of leptin binding to platelets remain, with few exceptions, unknown. In the present study, we sought to gain further insight into the possible role of leptin as a platelet agonist. Stimulation of platelets with leptin promoted thromboxane generation and activation of alpha(IIb)beta(3), as demonstrated by PAC-1 binding. Furthermore, it increased the adhesion to immobilised fibrinogen (p<0.001) and induced cytoskeletal rearrangement of both platelets and Meg01 cells. Leptin time- and dose-dependently phosphorylated the intracellular signalling molecules JAK2 and STAT3, although the importance of STAT3 for leptin-induced platelet activation remains to be determined. Important intracellular mediators and pathways activated by leptin downstream of JAK2 were found to include phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, phospholipase Cgamma2 and protein kinase C, as well as the p38 MAP kinase-phospholipase A(2) axis. Accordingly, incubation with the specific inhibitors AG490, Ly294002, U73122, and SB203580 prevented leptin-mediated platelet activation. These results help delineate biologically relevant leptin signalling pathways in platelets and may improve our understanding of the mechanisms linking hyperleptinaemia to the increased thrombosis risk in human obesity.