ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

摘要 目的 <\b>研究医院重症监护病房(ICU)患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及预防对策。方法 <\b>通过回顾性分析方法,对某医院ICU住院患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素进行调查与分析。结果 <\b>共调查该院590例使用呼吸机的患者,发生VAP患者56例,VAP的发生率为9.49%,VAP的千日感染率为5.7例/1 000通气日。经多因素分析得出机械通气时间、留置胃管、长期卧床等因素为影响机械通气患者VAP的独立因素。在手术室内由麻醉师实施气管插管操作更有利于患者VAP的防控。结论 <\b>重症监护病房使用呼吸机的患者获得VAP的危险因素较多,缩短机械通气时间和加强消毒隔离等基础护理措施是有效控制的主要措施。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的细菌学调查分析和护理

目的：探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌情况,感染原因及护理措施,方法：总结108例机械通气患者下呼吸道分泌物细菌培养结果并分析其原因,结果：醋酸不动杆菌,耐甲氧西林金葡菌,大肠埃希氏菌为主要病原菌（占66．7％）,结论：人工气道,肠道细菌移位及病室环境等是VAP的重要原因,加强气道管理和严格无菌操作等护理措施,合理应用抗生素是减少和防治VAP的有效方法。     

"集束化"治疗措施对呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防作用

目的 探讨"集束化"治疗措施在预防重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)中的作用.方法 82例经口气管插管、机械通气的患者随机分为"集束化"治疗组(集束化组)40例及传统方法治疗组(对照组)42例.比较两组患者VAP的发病率、入住ICU时间及病死率.结果 集束化组VAP发病率21.4%,平均入住ICU时间16.23d;对照组VAP发病率47.5%,平均入住ICU时间21.45d,两组差异有统计学意义;两组VAP患者较非VAP患者病死率明显增高;集束化组较对照组混合感染发生率降低,真菌感染发生率降低.结论 "集束化"治疗措施与传统治疗措施相比较能够降低VAP的发病率,减少患者入住ICU时间."集束化"治疗措施对于预防机械通气患者VAP的发生有一定作用.     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎76例临床分析

对2006年1月~2009年1月我院ICU气管插管机械通气患者的临床资料进行相关因素分析。结果295例机械通气患者中,76例为VAP患者(25.76%),其中49例好转(64.47%),机械通气时间(5.13±2.85)d;27例死亡(35.53%),机械通气时间(8.10±1.43)d。VAP致病菌以G-杆菌感染为主,占63.22%;药敏试验显示对多种常用抗生素耐药。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的感染因素及防护措施

分析呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的感染因素,提出相应的防护措施,强调应重视改善病人全身状况、安置合理体位、加强口腔护理、气道管理、阻断外源性感染途径,以降低VAP发生率。     

重症监护病房中呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原学研究

目的：监测呼吸内科重症监护病房(ICU)中呼吸机相关性肺炎(VHP)患者下呼吸道及肺部感染菌的分布，测定其药敏．为临床治疗VAP提供经验性选药依据。方法：采集患者的痰、下呼吸道分泌物、保护性毛刷刷检物(PSB)、肺泡灌洗液(BAL)和气囊上滞留物标本．分离菌应用API细菌鉴定系统鉴定，药敏检测应用纸片扩散法，统计软件应用WHONET5．1软件。结果：共分离出513株病原菌．其中革兰阴性杆菌416株，占总分离菌的81．1%．其中以铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌居多．分别占31．4％和25．7％．革兰阳性球菌32株，以金黄色葡萄球菌居多．占3．5％。酵母样真菌65株，白念珠菌居多．占5．1％。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星较敏感．耐药率为11．8％．其次是头孢吡肟、亚胺培南和头孢他啶．耐药率分别为23．6%、29．8％和36．6％。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南较敏感，耐药率为14．6%，对其他抗菌药物的耐药率多在80％以上。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南较敏感．耐药率均为4％。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素100％敏感．对苯唑西林的耐药率已达55．6％。结论：ICU中VAP患者的感染菌多为多重耐药菌，一旦怀疑感染．则应立即经验性应用足量的广谱抗菌药物．以降低病死率。     

早产儿呼吸机相关性肺炎——早产儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的流行病学

呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilator associated pneumonia。VAP）是病原微生物污染呼吸机治疗造成的医院获得性感染，是指原无肺部感染的呼吸衰竭患者，在气管插管机械通气（machinical ventilation，MV）治疗后48h或原有肺部感染用呼吸机48h以上发生新的病情变化。临床高度提示为一次新的感染，并经病原学证实或拔管后48h内发生的肺部感染。随着围产医学的发展，新生儿重症监护病房（neonatal intensive care unit，NICU）收治早产儿的比例越来越大，呼吸机应用常常是重症早产儿生命支持的重要手段。但在临床上应用呼吸机日益广泛的同时，VAP使成了NICU病房中一个重要问题。为提高对早产儿呼吸机相关性肺炎的认识，指导临床做好防治工作，本文就国内外早产儿VAP发生状况作一总结。     

ICU患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的原因及对策

总结了重症监护病房患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的原因,主要为患者自身因素和各种医源性侵害等。认为采用加强体位护理、无菌操作技术、吸痰技术的培训、口腔及胃管护理、气道及呼吸机回路的管理等集束化护理措施,可有效降低呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率。     

气管插管后48小时内呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的　探讨机械通气 185例插管后患者 4 8h内并发呼吸机相关性肺炎 (VAP)的多种危险因素。方法　将三种气管插管方式的机械通气患者的下呼吸道分泌物做细菌培养和耐药试验 ,并分析VAP与多种危险因素之间的关系。结果　本组 185例患者中有 35例发生VAP ,占 18 92 % (35 / 185 )。而对造成插管后 4 8h内肺炎的危险因素进行比较发现 ,紧急插管的原因、心肺脑复苏、Glasgow评分 <9分、镇静剂的应用、之前抗生素的应用与VAP的发生有显著的相关性 (P <0 0 1或P <0 0 5 )。结论　造成气管插管后患者并发VAP的因素很复杂 ,往往几个因素同时存在 ,并且是个动态的过程 ,建议不同的预防策略应该联合应用 ,才能有效地减少VAP的发生。     

气管导管改造和护理改良对ICU人工机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防效果

目的探讨气管导管改造和护理改良对重症监护病房(ICU)人工机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的预防效果。方法2017年6月至2018年6月选取滨州市中心医院(ICU)收治的呼吸机机械通气患者110例,根据随机数字表分为观察组及对照组,各55例。对照组行常规呼吸道管理,观察组在对照组基础上进行气管导管改造及护理改良。比较两组患者使用呼吸机3 d后痰液黏稠度、痰痂形成、刺激性咳嗽次数、VAP发生率、肺部湿罗音消失时间、机械通气时间、入住ICU时间、平均住院时间及患者治疗满意率。结果观察组痰液黏稠度较对照组明显降低,痰痂形成率、VAP发生率均明显低于对照组,患者的治疗满意率明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组肺部湿罗音消失时间、机械通气时间、入住ICU时间、平均住院时间均明显短对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论气管导管改造和护理改良能有效促进ICU人工机械通气患者痰液排出,降低患者的VAP发生率,有利于患者预后,提高患者治疗的满意率。     

Nosocomial viral ventilator-associated pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study

Objective To determine the incidence, risk factors, and clinical relevance of viral ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in an adult intensive care unit (ICU).Design Prospective observational study.Setting A 22-bed adult medical ICU in a university hospital.Patients All consecutive adult patients ventilated more than 48 h in a 9-month period including regular seasonal viral infections.Interventions A tracheobronchial aspirate upon enrollment and at the time of VAP suspicion.Measurements and results All respiratory specimens were tested in culture, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and PCR or RT-PCR for virological assessment. Patients were followed until ICU discharge or death. One hundred thirty-nine patients were included. Upon enrollment, a respiratory virus was detected in the tracheobronchial aspirate in 25% of patients (35 of 139). The incidence of VAP, defined according to clinical daily evaluation, was 28% (39 of 139 patients). A bacteria was documented in 74% of cases, whereas no case of a causative viral infection was encountered among VAP patients; however, herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV 1) infection was detected in respiratory specimens of 31% of VAP (12 of 39).Conclusions We found a high incidence of HSV-1 infection in VAP patients; however, nosocomial viral VAP is likely to be rare in ICU, as assessed by the absence of respiratory virus-induced VAP identified in this prospective cohort study.     

Value of clinical pulmonary infection score in critically ill children as a surrogate for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Rationale

Although the modified clinical pulmonary infection score (mCPIS) has been endorsed by national organizations, only a very few pediatric studies have assessed it for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Methods

Seventy children were prospectively included if they fulfilled the diagnosis criteria for VAP referenced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The primary outcome was performance of mCPIS calculated on day 1 to accurately identify VAP as defined by microbiological data.

Results

The data showed that an mCPIS of 6 or higher had a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 50%, positive predictive value of 64%, negative predictive value of 90%, a positive likelihood ratio of 1.88, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.11. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.70. A positive posttest result increased the disease probability by 15.4%, whereas a negative test result reduced the probability by 38.6%. Patients with an mCPIS of 6 or higher had longer length of mechanical ventilation and pediatric intensive care unit stay compared with patients with an mCPIS lower than 6.

Conclusion

The mCPIS had a clinically acceptable performance, and it can be a helpful screening tool for VAP diagnosis. An mCPIS lower than 6 was highly able in distinguishing patients without VAP. Despite its high sensitivity and negative predictive value of this score, further studies are required to assess the use of mCPIS in guiding therapeutic decisions.     

Clinical pulmonary infection score for ventilator-associated pneumonia: accuracy and inter-observer variability

Objective Although quantitative microbiological cultures of samples obtained by bronchoscopy are considered the most specific tool for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia, this labor-intensive invasive technique is not widely used. The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS), a diagnostic algorithm that relies on easily available clinical, radiographic, and microbiological criteria, could be an attractive alternative for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia. Initially, the CPIS scoring system was validated upon 40 quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 28 patients, and only few other studies have evaluated this scoring system since then. Therefore, little is known about the accuracy of this score.Design We compared the scores of a slightly adjusted CPIS with results from quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 99 consecutive patients with suspicion of ventilator-associated pneumonia, using growth of 10⁴ cfu/ml in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as a cut-off for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia. In addition, the CPIS were calculated for 52 patients by two different intensivists to determine the inter-observer variability.Results Ventilator-associated pneumonia was diagnosed in 69 (69.6%) patients. When using a CPIS >5 as diagnostic cutoff, the sensitivity of the score was 83% and its specificity was 17%. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was 0.55. The level of agreement for prospectively measured Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (6 and >6) was poor (kappa =0.16).Conclusions When compared to quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the CPIS has a low sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia with considerable inter-observer variability.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者发病危险因素研究

目的探讨重症监护病房(Intensive Care Unit,ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的发病危险因素。方法选取2016年1月~2017年7月该院ICU收治采用有创呼吸机进行机械通气的患者120例作为研究对象,根据患者是否发生呼吸机相关肺炎将其分为研究组与对照组。研究组患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎62例,对照组未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎58例。记录患者在治疗期间的相关临床参数,包括生化指标、APACHEⅡ评分、药物使用情况、插管时间等。结果在所有患者中发生VAP的患者为52例,早发性VAP 15例,晚发性VAP 47例。与对照组比较,在机械通气时间、ICU入住时间、APACHEⅡ评分、Glasgow评分等指标方面,研究组显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);Logistic回归结果显示:年龄、机械通气时间较长、住院时间较长、患者昏迷、使用糖皮质激素、使用抑酸剂、使用抗生素是患者发生VAP的重要危险因素。结论有创呼吸机机械通气患者若不采取科学的预防措施,将导致呼吸机相关性肺炎发生,甚至可导致患者死亡。呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的主要危险因素是年龄较高、机械通气时间和住院时间过长、昏迷、未能科学使用抗生素药物等。因此,针对危险因素,可采取有效的措施,可提出相应的预防措施,从而改善患者的临床治疗效果。     

Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients: A descriptive analysis

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the risk factors for developing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and whether the location of intubation posed a risk in trauma patients.METHODS: Data were retrospectively reviewed for adult trauma patients requiring intubation for > 48 hours, admitted between 2010 and 2013. Patients’ demographics, clinical presentations and outcomes were compared according to intubation location (prehospital intubation [PHI] vs. trauma room [TRI]) and presence vs. absence of VAP. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of VAP.RESULTS: Of 471 intubated patients, 332 patients met the inclusion criteria (124 had PHI and 208 had TRI) with a mean age of 30.7±14.8 years. PHI group had lower GCS (P=0.001), respiratory rate (P=0.001), and higher frequency of head (P=0.02) and chest injuries (P=0.04). The rate of VAP in PHI group was comparable to the TRI group (P=0.60). Patients who developed VAP were 6 years older, had significantly lower GCS and higher ISS, head AIS, and higher rates of polytrauma. The overall mortality was 7.5%, and was not associated with intubation location or pneumonia rates. In the early-VAP group, gram-positive pathogens were more common, while gram-negative microorganisms were more frequently encountered in the late VAP group. Logistic regression analysis and modeling showed that the impact of the location of intubation in predicting the risk of VAP appeared only when chest injury was included in the models.CONCLUSION: In trauma, the risk of developing VAP is multifactorial. However, the location of intubation and presence of chest injury could play an important role.     

Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: Three hundred sixty-one intensive care units (ICUs) from 20 countries. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand eight hundred ninety-seven patients mechanically ventilated for more than 12 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Baseline demographic data, primary indication for mechanical ventilation, daily ventilator settings, multiple organ failure over the course of mechanical ventilation, and outcome were collected. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was present in 439 patients (15%). Patients with VAP were more likely to have chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, aspiration, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mortality in patients with VAP was 38%. Factors associated with mortality were severity of illness, limited activity before the onset of mechanical ventilation and development of shock, acute renal failure, and worsening of hypoxemia during the period of mechanical ventilation. Case-control analysis showed no increased mortality in patients with VAP (38.1% vs 37.9%, P = .95) but prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. CONCLUSION: In a large cohort of mechanically ventilated patients, VAP is more likely in patients with underlying lung disease (acute or chronic). Ventilator-associated pneumonia was associated with a significant increase in ICU length of stay but no increase in mortality.     

Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care unit patients

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a serious complication in neonatal patients on mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence and risk factors associated with VAP, particularly in every 7-day versus every 14-day ventilator circuit changes, in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Seventy-one neonates hospitalized in the NICU were enrolled. First, the neonates were divided into groups with and without VAP. On univariate logistic regression analyses, prolonged mechanical ventilation, frequent re-intubation, low gestational age, and low birth weight (BW) were significant risk factors for VAP development. After adjustments for other variables, only BW <626 g was a significant independent predictor for VAP in NICU infants. Second, to examine the effect of the frequency of changing ventilator circuits on the incidence of VAP, circuit changes were compared between the every 7-day group and the every 14-day group. The incidence of VAP per 1000 ventilator days was 9.66 for the every 7-day group and 8.08 for the every 14-day group, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. BW <626 g was a significant independent predictor of VAP, and decreasing the frequency of ventilator circuit changes from every 7 days to 14 days had no adverse effect on the VAP rate in the NICU.     

定期声门下分泌物吸引预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的观察与护理

目的：观察定期声门下分泌物吸引对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的效果。方法：将102例行经口／鼻气管导管插管机械通气的患者随机分为两组,采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下分泌物吸引冲洗的为观察组（52例）,采用普通气管导管进行分泌物吸引的为对照组（50例）。观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况。结果：观察组VAP发生率为26．9％,发生时间（14±3）天;对照组发生率为58．0％,发生时间（6±4）天,存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：采用可冲洗气管导管进行定期声门下吸引冲洗,可减少呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。     

循证护理对机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的影响

目的 探讨循证护理在呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）中的实际临床效果.方法 将2011年1月-2013年6月在我科ICU住院治疗并行机械通气的160例患者随机分为观察组和对照组,其中观察组在常规护理措施的基础上进行循证护理,比较两者的有创通气时间、总通气时间、脱机时间,VAP的发生时间、发生率和病死率.结果 观察组有创通气时间、总通气时间、脱机时间以及VAP发生的时间分别为（3.3±0.6）,（10.3±3.8）,（2.6±4.3）,（9.2±2.8）d,显著低于或晚于对照组的（5.6±3.1）,（13.1±3.4）,（6.5±4.8）,（4.8±2.7）d,差异有统计学意义（t分别为2.58,2.63,2.86,2.79;P＜0.05）.而观察组VAP的发生率为16.9％,病死率为10.4％,显著低于对照组的48.1％,34.9％,且差异有统计学意义（x2分别为5.36,4.93;P ＜0.01）.结论 循证护理能显著缩短VAP患者的有创通气时间、总通气时间和脱机时间,能有效延缓和减少VAP的发生.