腋下中断肋骨剖胸切口的应用

为了减轻剖胸切口的损害,我院采用腋下中断肋骨剖胸弧形切口,施行普胸外科各类手术44例。其中40例(90.9％)术野显露满意,4例(9.09％)术野显露欠满意。腋下剖胸切口具有术野显露范围大,切口美观,创伤小,肺功能受损轻,疼痛轻,恢复快,出院早等优点。     

心脏跳动下小儿心脏手术的临床经验

目的 总结浅低温体外循环心脏跳动下施行小儿心脏手术的经验。方法 在浅低温体外循环心脏跳动下完成小儿心脏手术88例，总结气栓防止、术野显露及体外循环相关的经验。结果 88例手术顺利，术野显露达到要求，无气栓发生，1例手术死亡。结论 浅低温体外循环心脏跳动下心脏手术的方法具有实用价值，但对手术操作和体外循环提出了新的要求。     

经房间隔延长左房切口在二尖瓣替换术中的应用

经房间隔延长左房切口在二尖瓣替换术中的应用刘志勇，马旺扣，周玉篇，蒋佩明二尖瓣手术时心脏切口的显露是极其重要的。从１９９３年１０月以来，我们在２１例二尖瓣替换术中应用了经房间隔延长左房切口（高位房间隔切口），该切口的显露效果明显优于其它心脏切口。２ｌ...     

保乳手术使用切口保护、开创器与常规方法的手术效果比较

目的比较保乳手术中，使用切口保护、开创器或常规手术方法，两者清扫腋窝淋巴结之手术效果。方法（1）将实施保乳手术的乳腺癌患者分为A、B两组。A组34例，为常规手术方法；B组31例，在术中腋窝淋巴结清扫时，使用切口保护、开创器。（2）根据腋下术区长短径之比、术区显露解剖结构数目、术中使用手术拉钩情况，权重判分。手术视野显露最佳者为10分，最差者0分。（3）根据腋下切口长度分别计6～10分，切口越短计分越高。结果（1）手术显露效果平均得分：A组（3．03±1．06）分，B组（9．29±0．94）分，两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。（2）腋下切口长度计分平均分值：A组（5．0±1．33）分，B组（9．87±0．50）分，两者相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。（3）手术切口皮缘坏死、牵拉伤或被电刀烫伤情况发生率分别为，A组8．82％，B组6．45％，两者相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论（1）由于切口保护、开创器的支撑与均匀牵拉作用，可使术野整体显露良好。（2）借助切口保护、开创器这一新器械，在保障保乳手术根治性的同时，可减小手术创伤，增强美容效果。     

鼻整形术中应用膨体聚四氟乙烯治疗鼻尖低平

目的探讨膨体聚四氟乙烯（expanded pytetraflu-oroethylene，ePTFE）在隆鼻术中治疗鼻尖过低、鼻孔显露的手术方法，以减少传统手术方法的并发症。方法取鼻正中蝶形切口加双侧鼻翼缘切口行ePTFE加强型补片隆鼻术及治疗鼻尖低平。结果应用ePTFE加强型补片为536例患者隆鼻术及治疗鼻尖低平术。术后随访3个月至6年，满意者533例，占99．4％，不满意3例，占0．6％，3例患者术后出现伤口感染，取出ePTFE假体，并于3个月后重新行ePTFE假体隆鼻术，效果满意。结论应用ePTFE在隆鼻术中治疗鼻尖过低、鼻孔显露，可以明显减少传统手术方法的并发症，术后效果理想。     

利用附加孔显露小切口胆囊切除术

受腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）启发，我们将ＬＣ操作技术应用于小切口胆囊切除术（ＭＣ），设计了利用附加孔显露小切口胆囊切除术，使ＭＣ狭小的术野得到了满意的显露效果，方便了手术操作，缩短了手术时间，提高了ＭＣ成功率，同时还可减少并发症的发生。我科于１９９６年１０月至１９９８年４月利用该方法施术８７例，报告如下。一、临床资料本组８７例，男２１例，女６６例，年龄２８～７４岁，平均４７岁。８７例中胆囊结石６４例，胆囊息肉１例，胆囊结石合并萎缩性胆囊炎９例，合并急性胆囊炎１３例。平均手术时间４０分（２０～８０分…     

肝脏Ⅸ段、Ⅰ段切除(附47例报告)

目的总结肝脏Ⅸ段、Ⅰ段手术切除的技巧。方法回顾性总结2001年10月～2003年12月施行的47例Ⅸ段、Ⅰ段切除的临床资料。结果44例（93．6％）行Ⅸ或Ⅰ段及左右肝叶联合切除，另3例单纯行Ⅸ段切除；切除Ⅸ段者取右侧入路，共22例（46．8％），切除Ⅰ段者采用左侧入路，共25例（53．2％）。平均失血量270ml，无手术死亡病例，无胆漏及胆道出血等严重并发症。结论取右路或左路行Ⅸ、Ⅰ段切除，只要技术熟练，解剖熟悉，术野显露满意，手术是安全可行的。     

PPH环形肛管扩张器（CAD33）的改进体会

笔者从2005年起在我院施行了近1000例PPH术，多次遇到患者由于坐骨结节间距过窄，环形肛管扩张器（CAD33）无法正常置入肛管，从而影响术野充分显露，使手术不能正常进行的情况。在经过思考研究及实践操作后，对CAD33做了如下改进取得了良好的显露效果。     

甲状腺切除手术中喉返神经显露的意义

目的探讨甲状腺切除手术中显露喉返神经的利弊。方法对１８１例（２９４侧）甲状腺切除术进行了术野显露喉返神经１１４例（１８６侧）,与不显露神经６７例（１０８侧）的前瞻性临床研究。结果不显露喉返神经术式的喉返神经损伤率（４６２％）高于显露神经术式者（０）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论甲状腺切除手术中显露神经的操作过程并不增加喉返神经的损伤率;按照一定方法在术中显露喉返神经是预防喉返神经损伤的有力措施。     

延长房间隔切口至左房顶置换二尖瓣与心律失常

二尖瓣置换手术时心脏切口的选择对显露二尖瓣极其重要,显露二尖瓣的传统心脏切口有房间沟径路、右房一房间隔径路、双房径路等。以上传统手术切口暴露二尖瓣均存在不同程度的缺陷。Kon等首创的延长房间隔切口至左房顶径路,提供的术野显露优于传统的手术径路,有心脏手术史、左心房小和深胸腔的病人尤其适合采用此径路。以往认为用该切口行二尖瓣置换术,在切开左心房顶时,有可能切断部分房室传导柬及右冠状动脉的窦房结动脉分支,故对其安全性尚有争议。2006年9月至2007年9月,我们采用此径路行二尖瓣置换术33例,现将手术体会和术后随访心律的结果报告如下。     

Fast-track congenital heart operations: a less invasive technique and early extubation

BACKGROUND: Many novel techniques have been described for "minimally invasive" congenital cardiac operations to achieve an improved cosmetic result. There is little information on incorporation of such techniques into fast-track congenital heart operations. METHODS: We have developed an approach to fast-track congenital heart operations, which includes a cosmetic approach for repair of congenital heart defects without sacrificing adequate exposure or requiring specialized equipment, along with a simple approach to intraoperative anesthetic management that allows extubation in the operating room. The heart is exposed through a short midline skin incision and a full median sternotomy. The conventional technique of cannulation is performed. Between October 1997 and January 1999, 88 patients were operated on with this method. Cardiac anomalies included simple and complex ostium secundum atrial septal defect, sinus venous atrial septal defect, partial atrioventricular septal defect, simple and complex ventricular septal defect, and bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. RESULTS: There were no operative or late deaths. The majority of patients were extubated in the operating room or within 2 hours of operation. No patient underwent reoperation and the mean length of hospital stay was 3.9 days. Sternal instability or wound infection were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that our approach to fast-track congenital heart operation is safe and effective. The surgical technique provides good exposure and has excellent cosmetic results. Moreover, it is easy to learn and, if necessary, the surgeon can quickly gain direct access to the heart. The anesthetic management facilitates early tracheal extubation and a shorter duration of postoperative stay.     

Surgical treatment of congenital heart disease with special reference to the application of hypothermia.

This report presents the results of operation for congenital heart disease using two different methods of hypothermia: (1) Immersion hypothermia alone. Of the 782 patients who underwent open-heart operations using this method the results were good in patients whose intracardiac surgical repair took less than one hour (average mortality rate, 5.6%). (2) Rapid extracorporeal cooling. Of the 269 patients with congenital heart diseases such as ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, or atrioventricular canal with low cardiac reserve who underwent operation with mild to moderate hypothermia utilizing rapid extracorporeal cooling, the mortality was 11.2%. In the 151 patients with more serious defects, including the extreme form of tetralogy of Fallot, single ventricle, and truncus arteriosus, who underwent open-heart operations with deep hypothermia utilizing extracorporeal cooling, the mortality rate was 15.2%.     

Systematic traction techniques in minimal-access pediatric cardiac surgery

Minimal-access pediatric cardiac surgery is now common in the treatment of simple congenital heart defects. However, methods of securing a good, unobstructed view for surgery and the difficulties of working in a deep, narrow field jeopardize safety in surgical procedures, especially for less experienced surgeons have been described. Our systematic, step-by-step traction techniques on the skin, the pericardium, the right atrial appendage, the aortic root, both venae cavae, and the free wall of the right ventricular outflow, using a mechanical retractor and traction sutures, facilitate surgical field exposure and the achievement of safety. As described below, our procedures are simple, allow direct inspection, and assist those working toward technical mastery.     

Surgery of congenital clubfoot in Don Orione, Health Center for physical handicaps of Ivory Coast (About 554 feet)

OBJECTIVES: Treatment of congenital clubfoot improved in occidental country. We have studied the epidemiology, clinical and therapeutic aspects of this malformation in the context of Africa. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Two thousand five hundred and sixty-two patients were hospitalised and operated during 12 years, 362 of them were diagnosed with congenital clubfoot. This represented 14,1% of the surgical diseases, with an incidence of 30,2 cases per year. The male to female ratio was 1,6:1, and ages ranged from 4 months to 38 years old, 59% of which were less than 15 years old. Two hundred and four (56,3%) patients had bilateral disease, 93 (25,7%) had right side disease and 65 (18%) had left sided disease. Considering the classification types we noted in our patient population 82% type III, 5% type II, 3% type I and 10% were undefined. RESULTS: Posteromedial approach describe by Codivilla was used in 45,5% of cases. Codivilla approach associated with lateral access to the foot in 44,4% of cases, with dorsal access in 2,3%. Few patients (7,8%) have had another approach. One hundred and seventeen patients received physiotherapy prior, but all the patients operated have postoperative physiotherapy while wearing orthopaedic shoes. Results obtained were: good in 510 cases (92%), quite good in 35 cases (6,3%), fairly good in 7 cases (1,3%) and mediocre in 2 cases (0,4%). CONCLUSION: The surgical aspect is still only a fraction of the entire treatment. It is imperative that physiotherapy is started immediately and orthopaedic shoes be worn postoperatively.     

Hemodynamic effects of sternum closure after open-heart surgery in infants and children

Eight children (age 4 months - 9 years) were studied after surgical correction of congenital heart defects. Sternum closure reduced mean arterial pressure by 7% (p less than 0.05) and cardiac output by 14% (p less than 0.01), and increased central venous pressure by 2 mmHg (p less than 0.05). There was evidence of a decrease in intracardiac blood volume. It is suggested that the circulatory effects of sternum closure were due to increased pressure outside the heart, which reduced the pressure across the heart wall and the end-diastolic volume.     

Anterior chest wall deformities and congenital heart disease

Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum usually exist as isolated abnormalities. Only 19 cases of associated congenital heart defects have been reported. Significant complications related to uncorrected pectus excavatum have been described either during or after cardiac operations. Therefore we reviewed our experience with these coexisting lesions to assess the risk of surgical repair of chest wall deformities before and after correction of congenital cardiac anomalies. Among 20,860 infants and children with congenital heart disease seen at our institution, 36 (0.17%) had associated anterior thoracic deformities, 22 of whom underwent surgical correction of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum. Ten of these 22 patients had pectus repair after a cardiac operation. Pleural or pericardial entry was avoided in all and none required a blood transfusion. Ten other patients had pectus repair either before cardiac repair (five patients) or without a subsequent cardiac operation. Another patient had a cardiac operation performed through a median sternotomy both before and after pectus repair, and the remaining patient, early in the series, had simultaneous banding of the main pulmonary artery and repair of pectus excavatum complicated by chest wall instability and a lethal intrathoracic hemorrhage. The experience indicates that congenital chest wall deformities can be safely and effectively repaired after early correction of congenital heart defects through a median sternotomy, although repair of the chest wall deformity after cardiac surgery also gives good results. However, in children who require an extracardiac conduit for repair of their congenital heart defect, we recommend initial repair of the pectus excavatum followed at 6 weeks or later by repair of the cardiac lesion to eliminate possible extrinsic compression of the conduit by the depressed sternum. We avoid simultaneous cardiac and pectus excavatum repair because of potential associated major complications.     

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during surgery for congenital heart defects

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to further define the impact of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during surgery for congenital heart disease and to determine appropriate indications. METHODS: The impact of transesophageal echocardiography on patient care was assessed in 1002 patients who underwent this procedure during surgery for congenital heart defects. It had major impact when new information altered the planned procedure or led to a revision of the initial repair. The safety of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was evaluated by review of the prospective data sheets and the medical record. A simple relative cost analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Patient median age was 9.9 years (range 2 days to 85 years). Transesophageal echocardiography had prebypass or postbypass major impact in 13.8% of cases (n = 138/1002). Major impact was more frequent during reoperations (P <.03). Procedures that benefited most from the additional information were valve repairs (aortic or atrioventricular) and complex outflow tract reconstructions. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, tricuspid valve repair (other than of Ebstein anomaly), simple atrioventricular discordance, aortic arch anomalies, and secundum atrial septal defects had major impact rates less than 5%. No major complications occurred. Minor complications occurred in 1% of patients and were most often observed in infants smaller than 4 kg. Routine use of transesophageal echocardiography for all patients with congenital heart defects proved cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: On the combined basis of the observed rates of major impact, the minimal complications, and the relative cost advantage, we believe that routine use of transesophageal echocardiography during most intracardiac repairs of congenital heart defects is justified, particularly for patients undergoing repeat operations for congenital cardiac malformations.     

Anesthesia for port-access cardiac surgery in a pediatric population

OBJECTIVE: A less invasive approach to cardiac surgical procedures has become widely accepted. The Port-Access (Heartport Inc, Redwood City, CA) technique for correction of acquired and congenital heart defects in adults produces superior cosmetic results without increasing perioperative morbidity. This study evaluated the feasibility of the Port-Access approach for repairs of various congenital heart defects in children and describes the anesthetic management for this procedure. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Ten 3- to 15-year-old patients. INTERVENTIONS: Patients underwent repairs of congenital heart defects via minimal right thoracotomy. The induction and maintenance of anesthesia were tailored to achieve early extubation. Endotracheal intubation with a double-lumen tube was performed in 3 patients with body weight more than 25 kg. In other patients, lung separation was achieved with the use of a bronchial blocker. Arterial and venous cannulation were done under transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance. A small surgical incision was performed in the fifth right intercostal space. In most patients, operations were performed on a fibrillating heart in normothermic condition. RESULTS: TEE-guided cannulation posed no technical difficulties. Flow rates, calculated for patients' body surface area, were easily achieved. No inotropic support was necessary for the separation from cardiopulmonary bypass. All patients but 1 were extubated in the operating room. Despite longer times of operation and cardiopulmonary bypass, intensive care unit stay and postoperative hospital length of stay were not different from the historic matched control group and were 2.7 +/- 1.1 days and 5.0 +/- 1.6 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Port-Access method for the correction of selected congenital cardiac defects is feasible in children.     

Anterior sagittal approach without splitting the rectal wall

INTRODUCTIONThe anterior sagittal transrectal approach (ASTRA) has already become popular to treat lesions in the proximal urethra such as trauma, duplicity and stenosis, prostatic utricle, urethral–vaginal fistulas and urogenital sinus anomalies. It provides much better exposure than the traditional perineal approach. Morbidity caused by this technique could be potentially decreased if the anterior sagittal access were to be made without sectioning the rectum. We report our initial experience using anterior approach without rectal sectioning for the treatment of three different types of pelvic disorders.PRESENTATION OF CASEAnterior sagittal access without sectioning the rectal wall was carried out in three different clinical cases – a vaginoplasty in a female patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; to treat paradoxical urinary incontinence in a patient with proximal hypospadias (46XY karyotype) and another one with gonadal dysgenesis (46XO/XY karyotype).DISCUSSIONSeveral surgical techniques have been reported to repair congenital or acquired lesions in the posterior urethra with high morbidity and no guarantees of adequate and safe surgical exposition. ASTRA provides an excellent exposure, splitting only the anterior rectal wall. In this study, the anterior sagittal approach was applied without splitting the rectal wall to repair different posterior urethral anomalies, providing excellent exposure without compromising the fecal continence mechanism.CONCLUSIONThe anterior sagittal approach without splitting the rectum is a feasible procedure which provides excellent exposure to the posterior urethra in most cases and leads to less morbidity as it avoids the splitting and suturing of the rectum anterior wall.     

Surgical Correction of Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult: Experience with 139 Patients

Patients over 18 years of age who have undergone a surgical correction of a congenital cardiac malformation during the period 1968 through 1977 have been reviewed. Those patients with calcific aortic stenosis which was thought, but not proved, to have arisen in a congenitally malformed aortic valve, were excluded from the review. Patients with cystic medial necrosis of the aorta were similarly excluded. There were 139 patients in the series (age range from 18 years to 67 years). The most common defects were those involving the intra-atrial septum and the related great veins, 50%. Abnormalities involving the great arteries including patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta accounted for 19%. Common defects of conal development including ventricular septal defects and Tetralogy of Fallot malformations accounted for 15%. Valvular abnormalities including pulmonic stenosis, aortic valve abnormalities and Ebstein's malformation of tricuspid valve accounted for 11.5%. Complex congenital malformations were relatively uncommon, 4%. There were two patients with a combination of acquired and congenital heart disease. There were two operative deaths in the series, both occurring in patients with complex forms of congenital heart disease (multiple ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle). There were two additional postoperative hospital deaths, one occurring following repair of an atrial septal defect from massive pulmonary embolus, and another occurring six weeks following a Fontan procedure performed for tricuspid atresia. Thus, the hospital mortality for the series was 2.9%. This reviewed series reveals the incidence of operable congenital heart defects appearing in an adult cardiac surgical practice and demonstrates that surgical repair can be accomplished with a satisfactory low mortality rate.