罗哌卡因与布比卡因腰-硬联合麻醉用于剖宫产术的临床观察

目的评价罗哌卡因和布比卡因腰-硬联合麻醉用于剖宫产的安全性和可行性。方法选择拟在腰-硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产产妇120例,将病例随机分为两组:R组蛛网膜下腔注入等比重盐酸罗哌卡因12mg,B组蛛网膜下腔注入等比重盐酸布比卡因7.5mg,每组各60例。术中若腹肌不够松弛,则经硬膜外腔追加2%利多卡因5ml。观察两组产妇的感觉阻滞起效时间、最高阻滞平面,术中腹肌松弛程度、血液动力学变化及不良反应发生情况。结果两组麻醉效能相似,均能达到满意的镇痛和肌松效果,但R组低血压发生率较低,循环功能更趋稳定。结论等比重的罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于腰麻下剖宫产术均可产生良好的麻醉效果,并罗哌卡因腰麻对血流动力学干扰较轻,有利于保障胎盘血流灌注,更适用于产科麻醉。     

罗哌卡因同布吡卡因行腰硬联合分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的观察0.0625%罗哌卡因伍用芬太尼2μg/ml行腰-硬膜外联合阻滞分娩镇痛与0.125%的布吡卡因分娩镇痛效果进行比较.方法52例产妇,宫口开大2～3 cm时随机分为两组,蛛网膜下腔分别注入罗哌卡因2.5 mg,芬太尼25 μg(罗哌卡因组n=26)和布吡卡因2.5mg,芬太尼25 μg(布吡卡因组n=26),1～2小时后,蛛网膜下腔药物镇痛作用减弱时,产妇开始自控硬膜外镇痛(罗哌组0.0625%罗哌卡因 芬太尼2 μg/ml,布吡组0.125%布吡卡因 芬太尼2 μg/ml).两组接受单次bolus为5 ml,锁定给药间隔时间为10分钟.两组产妇在镇痛开始前均感到重度疼痛,VAS评分为8～10分,给予腰麻药后均在5分钟内达到良好的镇痛,VAS评分为0～3分(两组间差异无显著性),以后直至宫口开全时的VAS评分均较低,为0～5分,应用罗哌卡因组的运动神经阻滞程度轻,无腿软和排尿困难,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论0.0625%罗哌卡因进行分娩镇痛效果好,无运动阻滞,优于布吡卡因.     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因腰麻-硬外联合阻滞用于产科术后镇痛的比较(附40例分析)

目的比较罗哌卡因腰麻-硬外联合阻滞(CSEA)与布比卡因腰麻-硬外联合阻滞行剖宫产术后镇痛的效果。方法40例剖宫产孕妇随机分为两组,每组20例。两组均先在蛛网膜下腔分别注入罗哌卡因(Rop)25 mg,或布比卡因(Bup)25 mg后均留置硬膜外导管行硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),采用0.1%罗哌卡因或0.1%布比卡因,持续硬膜外输注5 ml/h,自控镇痛3 ml,锁定时间10 min。结果两组镇痛效果良好,镇痛起效时间差异无统计意义(P>0.05),但布比卡因组对运动神经的阻滞程度显著增高。结论低浓度罗哌卡因CSE PCEA用于术后镇痛,效果完善。比较低浓度布比卡因CSE PCEA运动阻滞更轻微。     

腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉蛛网膜下腔用药选择

目的：比较腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉各种蛛网膜下腔用药配方。寻找最简单、有效又经济实用的药物。方法：选择下腹部、下肢手术病人240例,年龄20～60岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,全部行腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉．并留置硬膜外导管,行术后自控镇痛,在行腰麻时,把240例病人随机分成3组,每组80例,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组：蛛网膜下腔用药分别用1％罗哌卡因、0．75％布比卡因各1ml,均加入10％葡萄糖1ml和3％麻黄素1ml配成的重比重液,Ⅲ组：蛛网膜下腔单纯用药0．5％布比卡因1．5-2．5ml。比较3组麻醉操作程序、临床效果、不良反应及用药费用等情况。结果：3组在临床效果和不良反应上差异不大,其中Ⅰ组的运动恢复时间更短;Ⅲ组在操作程序上比Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组更简单;就费用而言,病人更容易接受远比Ⅰ组便宜的Ⅱ组或Ⅲ组。结论：腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉蛛网膜下腔．用药选择罗哌卡因和布比卡因都实用．但单纯使用0．5％布比卡因操作更简单,费用更低廉。     

等比重罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉在肛肠手术的应用

目的探讨等比重罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉（腰麻）用于肛门直肠手术的麻醉效果。方法ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级肛门直肠手术患者60例,随机法分成2组,分别采用0.5%布比卡因等比重（布比卡因组）和0.5%罗哌卡因等比重（罗哌卡因组）腰麻用于肛肠手术。观察比较2组患者围手术期血流动力学变化,腰麻后患者的感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效和持续时间、麻醉质量评价、低血压、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留等不良反应。结果与0.5%布比卡因等比重腰麻相比,0.5%罗哌布比卡因等比重腰麻感觉阻滞、运动阻滞起效时间较长,改良Bromage运动评分更高（P〈0.05）,感觉阻滞恢复时间较短,运动阻滞恢复较快,低血压、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留发生率较0.5%布比卡因等比重组低（P〈0.05）。结论罗哌卡因和布比卡因用于肛门直肠手术均能达到满意的临床效果,但等比重罗哌卡因腰麻运动阻滞恢复较快,低血压、恶心、尿潴留发生率较少,较0.5%布比卡因等比重液腰麻在肛肠手术中具有明显的优越性。     

罗哌卡因轻比重腰麻联合硬膜外阻滞用于老年前列腺电汽化手术

目的 探讨罗哌卡因轻比重腰麻联合硬膜外阻滞用于老年前列腺电汽化手术的可行性、有效性和安全性. 方法 择期老年前列腺电汽化术60例,随机分为罗哌卡因(Rop)组和布比卡因(Bup)组各30例.Rop组蛛网膜下腔注入0.25%罗哌卡因轻比重液4 ml,Bup组注入0.25%布比卡因轻比重液4 ml,视麻醉平面消退情况Rop组硬膜外腔给予0.375%罗哌卡因,Bup组注射0.375%布比卡因.监测血压(BP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼吸频率(RR)变化,观察感觉和运动阻滞的起效、维持时间和阻滞程度及麻醉并发症. 结果 2组麻醉后HR、SpO2、RR变化及感觉阻滞起效时间、达最高平面时间、最高平面以及麻醉并发症,组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).Rop组较Bup组BP稳定、达到最大运动阻滞慢、程度轻,并且感觉和运动阻滞恢复快(P＜0.05或0.01). 结论 罗哌卡因轻比重腰麻联合硬膜外阻滞用于老年前列腺电汽化手术麻醉效果确切、安全可行.     

罗哌卡因重比重液蛛网膜下腔阻滞在高原地区剖宫产术中的麻醉应用

目的 分析高原地区剖宫产手术罗哌卡因重比重液蛛网膜下腔阻滞的临床效果和可行性.方法 高原地区60例行剖宫产手术的患者随机分为蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉(SA)组30例和硬膜外麻醉(EA)组30例.2组患者均选择腰椎(L)2～3间隙进行硬膜外穿刺,SA组26 G腰麻穿刺针穿入蛛网膜下腔后注入0.75％罗哌卡因(耐乐品)1.5 m...     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因在阑尾切除术中最低局麻药剂量比较

目的 确定罗哌卡因与布比卡因(局部麻醉药)在阑尾切除术中最低局麻药剂量.方法 选取行阑尾切除术的患者40例,ASA为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为2组:罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组,胸12/腰1硬膜外腔穿刺,向头侧置硬膜外管4 cm后,腰2-3间隙穿刺,用上下序贯法剂量选择后,于蛛网膜下腔注入5 g·L-1罗哌卡冈或布比卡冈;用Dixon法估算2药的最低局麻药剂量及其95%可信区间.结果与结论 罗哌卡因与布比卡因最低局麻药剂量分别为15.74、11.48 mg(95%CI分别为14.69～16.87、10.66～12.38 mg).     

0.5%罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞应用于剖宫产术的临床研究

目的评价0．5％罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉（简称腰麻）用于剖宫产手术的临床效果及安全性，并与0．5％布比卡因进行比较。方法择期剖宫产手术100例，随机分为B组50例（布比卡因组）和R组50例（罗哌卡因组），两组产妇均于L2～3椎间隙作腰硬联合穿刺，成功后注入局麻药并置入硬外导管备用。观察感觉与运动阻滞、腹壁肌松、新生儿Apgar氏评分及不良反应发生情况。结果罗哌卡因与布比卡因在剂量相同时，罗哌卡因较布比卡因感觉及运动阻滞起效慢，但运动阻滞维持时间短，不良反应少。结论0．5％罗哌卡因腰麻用于剖宫产手术效果满意，产妇及胎儿较安全。     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因在蛛网膜下腔麻醉中应用效果的比较研究

目的比较罗哌卡因与布比卡因在蛛网膜下腔麻醉中的应用效果。方法选取2017年6月-2018年6月于团风县中医医院行蛛网膜下腔麻醉的患者98例,采用随机数字表法分为罗哌卡因组50例和布比卡因组48例。罗哌卡因组给予罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉,布比卡因组给予布比卡因蛛网膜下腔麻醉。观察两组感觉阻滞情况(感觉阻滞起效时间、平面固定时间及维持时间),运动阻滞情况(运动阻滞起效时间、达到BromageⅠ级时间、达到BromageⅡ级时间、达到BromageⅢ级时间)及不良反应发生情况。结果两组感觉阻滞起效时间、平面固定时间、维持时间比较,运动阻滞起效时间、达到BromageⅠ级时间、达到BromageⅡ级时间、达到BromageⅢ级时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。罗哌卡因组不良反应发生率低于布比卡因组(P<0.05)。结论罗哌卡因与布比卡因在蛛网膜下腔麻醉中的感觉阻滞、运动阻滞效果相当,但罗哌卡因安全性高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.