压力知觉量表应用于癌症生存者的效度和信度

目的:评估压力知觉量表(PSS-14)应用于癌症生存者的效度和信度。方法:选取652例癌症生存者(已结束积极治疗,处于康复期的患者)进行现场问卷调查。采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析的方法检验PSS-14的结构效度,并分析量表两个维度的相关性(区分效度)以及压力与生命质量的关系来进一步验证效度;采用内部一致性信度、折半信度、复测信度和敏感性分析来检验其信度。结果:探索性因子分析提取出2个公因子,累计解释方差百分比60.8%。验证性因子分析的相关指数分别为:TLI=0.92,CFI=0.93,SRMR=0.07,RMSEA=0.08。量表两个维度的相关系数为-0.16(P0.001);压力得分与生命质量各维度得分呈正相关(r=0.24~0.55,P0.001)。全量表及"应对能力知觉"和"压力知觉"维度的Cronbachα系数分别为0.78、0.91、0.88;量表分半后两部分的Cronbachα系数分别为0.66、0.60,Spearman-Brown系数为0.79,Guttman折半信度系数为0.79;每次删除量表中的一个条目后,剩余条目的Cronbachα系数在0.75~0.77之间波动;全量表及"应对能力知觉"和"压力知觉"维度的复测信度分别为0.89、0.86、0.85。结论:压力知觉量表具有良好的效度和信度,可将其作为自评工具用于评估癌症生存者的压力程度。     

古德琼森受暗示性量表-1中文版的信效度研究

目的:建立古德琼森受暗示性量表-1(Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale-1,GSS-1)的中文版,并分析其信度和效度.方法:311名大学生完成了GSS-1中文版,分析量表的内部一致性、评价者一致性、重测信度、条目与因子的相关等信度,分析量表的结构效度、因子间相关、效标效度等,并与英国成人常模进行了比较.结果:GSS-1中文版的Cronbach’sα系数在0.68～0.86之间;评价者一致性信度系数在0.75～0.99之间;重测信度在0.20～0.90之间;条目与因子的相关系数在0.26～0.68之间;条目的因子负荷在0.11～0.70之间,验证性因子分析指标:REMEA=0.019,NNFI=0.949,CFI=0.952,均符合测量学要求;因子得分相关系数在0.14～0.81之间;受暗示性各因子得分与即刻回忆和延迟回忆成绩都呈显著负相关(P＜0.01);与英国成人常模比较,中国大学生样本报告了更高暗示感受性得分(P＜0.01)和更低的记忆成绩(P＜0.01).结论:GSS-1中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可以在中国文化背景下使用.     

压力弹性商数量表在部分社区老年人中的测试报告

目的:考察压力弹性商数(Stress Resilience Quotient)量表中文版在中国中老年人中的信效度.方法:随机抽取株洲市年龄在60岁以上的203名社区居民完成压力弹性量表中文版的测查.结果:原量表中的2个条目不符合条目分析的要求,其余条目的探索性因素分析获得了4个特征根大于1的因子,累计解释的方差为54.43%,各条目因素负荷为0.369-0.801.量表的内部一致性系数为0.66-0.87,重测系数在0.68-0.82.压力弹性商数与总体生活满意度相关为0.281-0.586.结论:压力弹性商数量表中文版用于社区老年人具有较好的信度和效度.     

教养非理性信念量表的初步编制

目的:编制适合我国小学生父母群体的教养非理性信念量表(PIBS),并检验其效度和信度。方法:编制条目,选取307名小学生父母进行条目分析和探索性因子分析; 500名小学生父母进行验证性因子分析、效标效度检验和内部一致性信度检验,随机选取其中150名进行3周后重测。使用中文版功能失调性态度量表(DAS-A)作为效标效度检验工具。结果:量表共27个条目,分为糟糕至极、绝对化、价值认可、过度推断、自我贬低5个因子,各条目因子负荷在0.51～0.81之间,5因子可解释的总变异量为58.76%;验证性因子分析显示二阶5因子模型拟合程度较好(χ~2/df=3.23,AGFI=0.83,CFI=0.88,IFI=0.88,RM SEA=0.07);量表总分及各因子得分与DAS-A得分均呈正相关(r=0.49～0.72,均P <0.01)。总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.93,5个因子的α系数为0.76～0.87;总量表的重测信度为0.89,5个因子的重测信度为0.75～0.88。结论:本研究编制的教养非理性信念量表测评小学生父母显示较好的效度和信度。     

儿童自动思维量表在小学生中的信度和效度

目的:检验儿童自动思维量表在中国小学生样本中的信度和效度。方法:通过方便取样,对深圳市某小学811名小学生进行测查,进行验证性因素分析考察中文版儿童自动思维量表(Children’s automatic thoughts scale,CATS)的结构效度。1个月后对其中129人重测。以儿童抑郁量表,儿童焦虑量表和长处与困难问卷为工具考察中文版CATS的校标效度。结果:验证性因素分析显示,问卷的结构效度拟合度良好(χ~2/df=3.3475,GFI=0.97,NFI=0.957,RMR=0.059),总量表内部一致性系数为0.924,各分量表内部一致性系数为0.781~0.824;重测信度系数为0.602,校标效度较好。结论:中文版CATS在中国小学生群体中具有良好的信度和效度,可用于评估小学生的负性自动思维水平。     

中文版压力知觉量表在代表性社区成人群体中的应用

目的:评估中文版压力知觉量表应用于中国成人的效度和信度。方法:提取2015年中国健康与营养调查中人口学特征和压力知觉两部分数据。采用双变量相关分析和高低分组t检验判断区分效度;采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析检验结构效度;采用内部一致性信度、折半信度和敏感性分析检验其信度。结果:中文版压力知觉量表两维度与总分的相关系数分别为0.51和0.78(均P<0.001),第8、11、12条目的相关系数较低,其余各条目与总分之间相关系数为0.41~0.68(均P<0.001)。探索性因子分析共抽取2个公因子,解释的总方差为55.4%。验证性因子分析结果显示,TLI=0.93,CFI=0.95,RMSEA=0.07,RMR=0.05。全量表及“紧张感”和“失控感”维度的Cronbachα系数分别为0.75、0.82、0.88;Spearman-Brown系数为0.78,Guttman折半信度系数为0.78;除8、12条目外,删除任一条目后剩余条目Cronbachα系数在0.71~0.74之间波动。结论:中文版压力知觉量表效度、信度良好,在应用于中国成人的研究中建议对第8、11和12条目进行适当修改。     

伯克利情绪表达量表中文版在中国大学生中的信、效度分析

目的:本研究旨在探讨伯克利情绪表达量表在中国文化背景下的信、效度。方法:采用伯克利情绪表达量表测量1037名18-24岁的中国大学生,另采用中文版情绪调节量表、正负性情绪量表及自评抑郁量表检验效标关联效度。一个月后抽取105名大学生进行重测。结果:修订的伯克利情绪表达量表包括正性情绪表达、负性情绪表达、负性情绪抑制、正性情绪表达强度和负性情绪表达强度五个维度,共16个题项。探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果支持了中文版情绪表达量表的五因素模型。问卷总体的内部一致性系数为0.77,五个分量表的内部一致性信度在0.58-0.72之间,重测信度在0.53-0.63之间。伯克利情绪表达量表中文版具有较好的效标关联效度。结论:伯克利情绪表达量表中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可以用于中国大学生情绪表达的测量。     

认知倾向问卷在儿童和少年情绪障碍患者中的信效度检验

目的：引进和考察认知倾向问卷（CAOT）的信度和效度，并进行初步临床应用。方法：将CAOT译成中文，并回译。以205例儿童少年情绪障碍患者和156例正常对照者为样本进行信度、效度评定。结果：①中文版CAOT总量表内部一致性α系数为0．683，各条目与总量表总的内部一致性系数在0．591—0．719之间；重测信度为0．625。②探索性因素分析证实了两个主要因子，即乐观和悲观因子，负荷量〉10．4的共有7个条目。实证效度具有较好的区分能力。结论：认知倾向问卷（CAOT）中文版经初步测试，信度、效度符合要求，具有临床应用价值。     

逆境商量表在中国606名学生中的信效度检验

目的：探讨逆境商（Adversity Quotient,AQ）量表的信度和效度。方法：用逆境商量表调查五所学校的606名学生,评定该量表的内部一致性、重测信度、结构效度和效标效度。结果：（1）量表总分及四个因子的Cronbachα系数均达0.70以上,其重测信度系数在0.72-0.79之间;（2）验证性因素分析支持原有模型,χ^2/df=2.74,RMSEA=0.054,SRMR=0.060,GFI=0.88;（3）AQ量表总分与积极应对方式呈正相关（r=0.15-0.31）与消极应对方式呈负相关（r=-0.14--0.22）（均P〈0.01）;（4）AQ量表在受教育程度上存在显著差异（F=7.31,P〈0.001）,初中生AQ量表总分高于小学生（124.2&#177;13.8/117.2&#177;13.5）。结论：AQ量表可用于评定中国学生的逆境商。     

自我调节疲劳量表中文版测评青年人的效度与信度

目的:引入自我调节疲劳量表(SRF-S),并在青年人群中对其效度和信度进行检验。方法:选取北京市某高校一年级研究生238名和某国企青年职工315名,通过条目分析、验证性因子分析检验量表的条目鉴别力和结构效度,选用简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)和自我控制双系统量表(DMSC-S)为效标,考察量表的效标关联效度;对研究生样本进行间隔2周的重测,评定量表的重测信度。结果:SRF-S的条目鉴别力良好,各条目与所属分量表的相关在0.38~0.67之间。验证性因子分析结果表明,剔除2个因子载荷低于0.32的条目后,量表的结构效度较好(χ2/df=5.08、RM SEA=0.09、NFI=0.90、NNFI=0.90、CFI=0.92、IFI=0.92、GFI=0.90),各条目的因子载荷在0.37~0.71之间;SRF-S总分及3个分量表得分与消极应对方式、冲动系统得分均呈正相关(r=0.25~0.58,均P0.001),与积极应对方式和控制系统得分呈负相关(r=-0.22~-0.47,均P0.001)。总量表的内部一致性α系数为0.84,3个分量表的α系数在0.64~0.69之间;总量表的重测信度为0.73,3个分量表的重测信度在0.62~0.67之间。结论:本研究形成的包含16个条目的自我调节疲劳量表中文版具有较好的效度和信度,适合用于评估我国青年人的自我调节疲劳状况。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.