新疆部分仓储粮霉菌污染的调查

目的了解新疆部分仓储粮霉菌污染情况,为制定有效的防霉去毒措施提供科学依据。方法参照GB4789.15.16-94《霉菌和酵母菌测定》、《常见产毒霉菌的鉴定》方法进行。结果所测180份主粮中,霉菌菌落计数范围在10～104个/g之间,霉菌污染率分别为小麦85%、大米83.3%、玉米95%。霉菌菌相分类以曲霉属为主,青霉属次之,同时检出了多种常见的产毒霉菌,如黄曲霉、杂色曲霉、构巢曲霉、青霉等。结论新疆部分仓储粮不同程度地均被霉菌污染,其中检出的有些霉菌所产生的毒素能引起人畜急、慢性中毒并具有强烈的致癌性,危害极大。因此做好粮食的防霉去毒工作,是食品卫生研究机构和卫生监督与监测部门的重要任务之一。     

湖北省粮食中霉菌毒素调查分析

目的：调查湖北省粮食中主要霉菌及毒素污染情况。方法：采取随机分层定点方法采集大米、小麦、玉米共182份样品,按卫生部营卫所提供的方法进行毒素测定。结果：三种粮食中串珠镰刀菌素B平均污染率为39．75％,杂色曲霉素为78．57％。黄曲霉毒素B1为80．36％。结论：三种粮食中串珠镰刀菌素B、杂色曲霉素和黄曲霉素污染均较严重。     

粮食中伏马菌素污染及产生源相关性研究

目的 对浙江省的723份粮食进行霉菌相分析和伏马菌素及产生源的测定，揭示污染状况和产生源的相关特性。方法 用蔡氏琼脂平板法测定霉菌污染率和侵染率。用ELISA法测定伏马菌素B1。结果 发现样品霉菌污染率达98．6％，侵染率达68．0％，主要菌相是灰绿曲霉、黑曲霉和串珠镰刀菌等，伏马菌素的样品阳性率达72．6％，平均污染量10．5mg/kg。检出的20株串珠镰刀菌全部产毒。结论 经逐步回归统计分析，粮食中的总霉菌污染量、镰刀菌总数各自与伏马菌素污染量呈一元正相关；粮食中伏马菌素污染量与串珠镰刀菌和其它镰刀菌的侵染率共同呈二元正相关，并且其它镰刀菌比串珠镰刀菌对伏马菌素污染量的影响大一倍左右，显示浙江省粮食中伏马菌素的污染具有多源性。     

磁县食管癌高发区居民食用粮食霉菌污染情况

从1992年到1994年连续三年对磁县食管癌高发区居民正在食用的玉米和小麦的霉菌污染情况进行了抽样分析。结果发现,磁县居民食用的粮食霉菌污染严重。优势污染菌多为致癌性霉菌,其中玉米以串珠镰刀菌最为常见,而小麦则以互隔交链孢为主,黄曲霉、白色念珠菌亦为当地粮食的优势污染菌。当地粮食霉菌污染率及优势污染霉菌谱在三年期间未见明显变化。     

安徽省主粮中杂色曲霉素污染状况调查

报道了安徽省部分地区小麦、玉米、大米三种主要粮食中霉菌侵染状况。杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）用化学方法提取，毒素含量测定用灵敏、快速的ＥＬＬＳＡ方法。结果表明三种粮食中霉菌侵染严重，侵染率分别为９６．２７％，８４．７９％和２６．８０％。霉菌菌相以曲霉为主。ＳＴ在粮食中污染较普遍，阳性率为６７．２％～１００％，平均含量为０．４９～２３１．５３μｇ／ｋｇ。尤其在小麦中阳性率高达１００％，平均含量达１６１．３μｇ／ｋｇ，１９９４年收获的小麦、玉米平均含毒量明显高于１９９５年收获的小麦、玉米，说明ＳＴ在粮食储藏过程中易产生     

食品卫生

000304贵州省粮食、土壤中烟曲霉震颤毒素的污染调查/魏贵兰…//中国公共卫生学报.一1998.17(5).一298 1995,1996年对贵州省9个地州市自产粮食和土壤进行烟曲霉菌采样、分离鉴定、产毒实验和HPI。C测定烟曲霉震颤毒素,结果表明:粮食、土壤中烟曲霉菌检出率为分别为1.42%和65.9%,粮食、土壤中烟曲霉震颤毒素检出率均为4.55%。图O表1参O(焦振泉)000305饮料中霉菌和酵母的污染状况调查/李玉伟…//中国食品卫生杂志.一1998,10(5).一18～19 卫生部食检所1991年组织的饮料中霉菌和酵母的污染状况调查表明,我国饮料中的霉菌和酵母污染比较严重。…     

四川省部份主肿霉菌及其毒素污染状况调查

报道了四川省部分地区玉米，小麦，大米３种主要粮食中霉菌侵染状况和伏马菌素Ｂ１（ＦＢ１）杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ），烟曲霉震颤素（ＦＴ）３种霉菌毒素的污染状况。结果显示３种粮食中毒菌侵染严重、其侵染率分别为９２．３％，８７２％，７２．４％，菌相以曲霉菌为主，同时检出了产生ＳＴ毒素的杂色曲霉菌。     

黑龙江省玉米,大豆,小麦中霉菌污染情况调查报告

为了解黑龙江省粮食中霉菌污染情况,于1987年12月、1988年2月,分两次采集哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、牡丹江、佳木斯等19个地、市、县产的玉米、大豆、小麦共136份,样品进行了霉菌污染情况调查,为制订粮食中霉菌卫生标准提供了科学数据。现将结果报告如下。     

四川省部份主粮中霉菌及其毒素污染状况调查

报道了四川省部分地区玉米、小麦、大米３种主要粮食中霉菌侵染状况和伏马菌素Ｂ_１（ＦＢ_１）、杂色曲霉素（ＳＴ）、烟曲霉震颤素（ＦＴ）３种霉菌毒素的污染状况。结果显示３种粮食中霉菌侵染严重,其侵染率分别为９２．３％、８７．２％、７２．４％。菌相以曲霉菌为主,同时检出了产生ＳＴ毒素的杂色曲霉菌。ＦＢ１和ＳＴ在粮食中污染较普遍,ＦＢ_１检出率为１２．８％～１００％,含量１５．２～２７．０ｍｇ／ｎｇ;ＳＴ检出率为３４．３％～５６．９％,含量２４．０～７５．０μｇ／ｋｇ。ＦＴ在粮食中污染率和含量均较低。     

成都市市售茶叶霉菌污染的调查

茶叶在生产,运输,贮存和销售过程中易受霉菌污染,有些可产生对人体有害的毒素。成都气候温湿,适于霉菌生长繁殖。作者于1989年6月至9月间对成都市售茶叶127份进行了霉菌检测、结果表明;市售茶叶受霉菌污染状况较为严重,平均每克污染菌数达1446.49个/克,污染率97.63%,污染菌数达10~4个/克以上者占21%,最高污染菌数达586000个/克。不同茶叶种的类检出菌数有差别。茶叶中菌相分布较为复杂,共检出霉菌20余属,以曲霉属,青霉属和毛霉属为优势菌,另还检出较多镰刀菌属,芽枝霉属和酵母,黄曲霉产毒株初筛结果表明本次分离到的42株黄曲霉菌(污染率占10.24%)均为AFT阴性,但不排除存在产毒株的可能。本文还就茶叶水份含量,等级和包装等影响因素进行了讨论。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.