股动脉起点及其毗邻结构的应用解剖学

本文应用100例下肢标本:其中50例女性者为专供科研用整体标本(左、右侧各25例);男性者50例多数为学生用整体局解操作标本(左、右侧各25例)。用帽针分别插入骼前上棘、耻骨结节的突点处;在耻骨联合上界前缘中点处,也插入帽针。用游标卡尺(误差为0.02 mm)分别测出棘—结节径(髂前上棘与耻骨结节突点的间距)和棘—联合径(髂前棘上突点与耻骨联合上界中点间距)。在腹股沟韧带下0.5厘米处。分别于上述两个径的中点,垂直皮肤插入长针。然后解剖,观测长针下刺中结构。对股神经、股动脉和股静脉的横径及后两者的深度预以测量。     

股神经阻滞麻醉中股神经定位的超声影像学和解剖学观察

目的 探讨股神经及其与周围毗邻器官的解剖关系,以及股神经在腹股沟区的体表投影与体表标志之间的关系,为下肢股神经阻滞麻醉的穿刺点提供解剖学和超声影像学依据。方法 2014年3月—2015年1月,选取16具10%甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体标本(解剖组),进行解剖观察;2014年9—10月,选取健康成人志愿者30例(超声组),对其双侧股神经进行超声扫描。两组分别经应用解剖和超声探测,观察股神经的走行情况与周围器官的毗邻关系,并测量腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度、距皮肤的距离,及股神经体表投影位置与耻骨结节线、髂前上棘线的水平距离。结果 解剖组结果显示:股神经在腹股沟韧带下缘、腹股沟韧带中点稍外侧(1.28±0.60)cm处发出,被髂筋膜包裹,内侧与股鞘内的股动脉、股静脉相邻,外侧是缝匠肌;股神经的宽度平均(0.71±0.06)cm,距皮肤的距离平均(0.85±0.19)cm,与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.25±0.67)cm,与髂前上棘线水平距离平均(7.24±0.41)cm。超声组检查显示:股神经在股动脉的外侧,呈倒立三角形高回声的浅色区域,外侧是呈深色高回声区的缝匠肌,内侧紧邻的股动脉和股静脉呈圆形高回声黑色图像;在腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度平均(0.66±0.04)cm,距皮肤平均(0.97±0.22)cm,股神经在体表的投影与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.58±0.75)cm,距髂前上棘线水平距离平均(6.95±0.42)cm。解剖组和超声组测量的股神经宽度、距皮肤距离、距耻骨结节线水平距离及距髂前上棘线水平距离,差异均无统计学意义(t=1.055、1.197、1.774、1.348,P值均＞0.05)。结论 超声测量结果与尸体解剖结果相近,符合股神经实际解剖的位置关系,揭示超声引导下的股神经阻滞穿刺定位方法安全、可靠。     

股深动脉起自髂外动脉伴分支异常1例

股深动脉起始于髂外动脉 ,实属罕见。教学过程中 ,在一例经红色乳胶灌注的成人女尸上 ,发现其右侧股深动脉高位起始 ,并分支异常动脉。现报道如下 :股深动脉在腹股沟韧带中点上方 1.2ｃｍ处起自髂外动脉 (附图 ) ,其外径 9ｍｍ ,总干长 5.3ｃｍ ,伴股动脉外侧下行。在腹股沟韧带中点下方 1.5ｃｍ处 ,股深动脉向内侧发出阴部外动脉 ,外径 1.0ｍｍ ,穿筛筋膜内侧行 ,分布于阴阜 ,大阴唇 ;同时向外侧发出旋髂浅动脉 ,外径 1.2ｍｍ ,向外上斜行至髂前上棘附近 ,分布于皮肤和浅筋膜。距髂前上棘 9.9ｃｍ ,腹股沟韧带中点下方 5.5ｃｍ处 ,旋股内 ,…     

骨盆骨折髂腹股沟入路避免神经血管损伤的临床解剖学

目的　为髂腹股沟入路在骨盆骨折手术中避免神经血管损伤提供解剖学依据。  方法    在15具(男9具,女6具)30侧成尸标本上选择髂前上棘、耻骨结节和腹股沟韧带为标志观测股外侧皮神经(Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve,LFCN)、髂腹股沟神经(Ilioinguinal nerve,IN)、股神经耻骨肌支和闭孔动脉(Obturator artery,OA)的走形特点,所测数据统计学处理。  结果     ① LFCN在髂前上棘内侧穿出腹股沟韧带占96.67% (29/30侧),距髂前上棘中心点(20.01±0.32)mm;被腹股沟韧带纵横纤维所包裹的占33.33% (10/30侧);在阔筋膜形成的筋膜鞘中走行占46.67%(14/30侧)。② IN穿出腹内斜肌部位距离髂前上棘中心点为(5.41±0.50)mm,穿出腹外斜肌腱膜部位距离耻骨结节中心点为(18.04±0.21)mm。  结论　在显露髂骨翼内侧面和骶髂关节时,应在LFCN走行的阔筋膜和腹股沟韧带部位进行显露和预防性松解,以免牵拉损伤;切开腹外斜肌腱膜时应从腹股沟韧带两端上方5 mm处开始,防止损伤深面的IN。在显露髂耻隆起时先寻找和结扎闭孔血管耻骨支,以免引起不可控制的出血。     

骶髂关节韧带应用解剖学意义

背景：骨盆后部结构中,骶髂后韧带复合体、骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的完整,对骨盆稳定性有重要作用。 目的：观察骶髂关节周围韧带解剖结构,了解各韧带对关节稳定性的作用。 方法：对20具防腐成年尸体骨盆标本,共40侧依次采用前后方入路,对骶棘韧带,骶结节韧带,耻骨联合及骶髂关节诸韧带结构进行解剖学观察。 结果与结论：骶髂关节周围韧带可分为3组：骶髂前韧带、骶髂骨间韧带和骶髂后韧带。耻骨上下韧带及耻骨前后韧带。骶棘韧带和骶结节韧带。此3组韧带主要有两个功能：连接脊柱和骨盆环;维持骨盆环的稳定。     

经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉的应用解剖与临床

目的 应用优化计算机辅助解剖测量技术,为经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉内固定术提供解剖学基础.方法 取骨盆CT数据40份,进行精确的三维重建得到骨盆模型.首先为使用单螺钉的内固定方法设计特定的最优化目标函数,并在约束条件下自动计算其最佳经皮逆行螺钉位置.统计分析测量结果,并设计解剖测量参考体系.结果 经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉的入钉点在耻骨上支耻骨结节与髂耻隆起中点处的闭孔嵴上,出钉点在髂前上下棘之间切迹与坐骨大切迹连线中点上方,其连线即为髋臼前柱纵轴.该线与弓状线接近平行,其进针方向与出钉点-髂前下棘连线为(42.84±2.61)°,与出钉点-髂结节连线为(31.96±2.58)°.螺钉骨内段长度为(101.12±7.28)mm.结论 优化计算机辅助解剖测量是一种非常有效的测量技术,克服了传统手工实物解剖测量的很多缺点,便于设计解剖测量参考体系和制定临床手术方案.经皮逆行髋臼螺钉技术可用于髋臼前柱骨折的临床治疗.     

经股动脉冠状动脉造影术的应用解剖

目的 :为经股动脉施行冠状动脉造影术时 ,插入导管的长度提供解剖学依据。方法 :用导管线及游标卡尺先测量从股动脉起始点至冠状动脉口的总长度。然后 ,测量从耻骨联合上缘至甲状软骨上缘中点的间距 ,再计算出它们之间的线性关系。结果 :从左、右股动脉起始点经髂外动脉、髂总动脉、主动脉至右冠状动脉口的长度分别为 (6 2 .7± 3 .0 )cm和 (6 3 .2± 3 .2 )cm ;从左、右股动脉起始点经髂外动脉、髂总动脉、主动脉至左冠状动脉口的长度分别为 (6 1.4± 2 .8)cm和 (6 1.9± 2 .9)cm ;从右股动脉起始点经髂外动脉、髂总动脉、主动脉至左冠状动脉口的长度与从耻骨联合上缘至甲状软骨上缘中点的间距存在线性关系 ,其回归方程为 ^y =35 .5± 0 .5x(r=0 .4,t检验 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。 结论 :本文结果可提供经股动脉施行冠状动脉介入治疗导管研究及置管长度的解剖学参考值。     

髂前下棘的解剖及其在骨盆骨折外固定中的应用

目的:对髂前下棘进行应用解剖学研究,为骨盆外固定钉直径的选择和微创置钉技术提供参考依据.方法:对22例44侧骨盆的髂前下棘进行观察测量,获取髂前下棘横、矢径,以及体表投影等数据,按性别分组进行统计学处理.所得数据应用于26例骨盆骨折外同定手术.结果:男性髂前下棘横、矢径分别为(12.23±1.91)mm和(20.09±2.43)mm;女性分别为(11.05±1.56)mm和(19.25±1.85)mm.男性髂前下棘在髂前上棘下方(29.49±7.66)mm,内侧(21.79±6.48)mm;在耻骨结节上方(51.70±9.31)mm,外侧(67.74±5.36)mm.女性髂前下棘在髂前上棘下方(23.74±8.89)mm,内侧(16.86±8.92)mm;在耻骨结节上方(43.93±9.04)mm,外侧(70.16±6.39)mm.依据本研究数据对26例骨盆骨折髋臼上方行外固定手术.有效的减少术中放射学暴露和手术时间.结论:根据解剖学测量数据进行固定钉选择和术中定位,使得髋臼上置钉外固定支架可迅速准确实施,适应骨盆骨折急诊处理的需要.     

骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的解剖定位研究

目的通过测量骶结节和骶棘韧带附着处附近的骨性标志间的距离,获得两条韧带的解剖定位方法及其体表投影位置,为临床相关应用提供解剖学依据。方法 20例(男、女性各10例20侧)正常成人防腐骨盆标本,用游标卡尺测量同侧髂后上棘至坐骨结节、髂后上棘至坐骨棘、髂后上棘至第4骶椎横突结节、髂后上棘至骶角、坐骨结节至坐骨棘、坐骨棘至骶角、坐骨结节至骶角的距离,并进行性别比较。结果男、女性骨盆髂后上棘至坐骨结节距离分别为(12.19±0.49)cm和(11.20±0.39)cm(P0.05);髂后上棘至骶角距离(7.62±0.50)cm和(6.70±0.92)cm(P0.05)。骶结节韧带的体表投影线为同侧髂后上棘至骶角连线中点与坐骨结节的连线;骶棘韧带的体表投影线为同侧髂后上棘至坐骨结节连线的上3/4与下1/4交点(坐骨棘位置,约距髂后上棘8.5cm)与骶角的连线。结论本研究不仅丰富了人类学数据,且提供的体表定位方法,为临床相关应用和康复治疗提供解剖学参考。     

股动脉灌注皮肤切口及血管切口的定位与方向选择

正股动脉是标本防腐固定、填充剂灌注的常用血管,插管的质量将直接影响灌注效果,所以精准、娴熟地暴露股动脉和插入导管是一名解剖学技术人员必备的基本操作技能。以往常是在腹股沟韧带中点下方做皮肤纵向切口对股动脉进行暴露~[1]。因标本的个体差异和技术员对解剖知识的熟悉程度不一,特别是严重肥胖的标本股动脉定位和寻找均比较困难,所以如何对尸体股动脉的精准定位,以及切口位置和方向的选择都值得探索。笔者对12具标本进行解剖后发现,把髂前上棘(A点)至耻骨联合上缘中点(B点)连线的中点(C点)下方约8cm(D点)处,以BC与DC之间80°夹角作为皮肤切口点,行皮肤和股动脉血管横向或纵向切口,既容易找到股动脉,又不易损伤周围的组织结构,现将具体操作方法介绍如下。     

Anatomical mythology? A study of surface markings of the inguinal region

The surface markings used by authors for structures in the inguinal region were reviewed and differences noted. In this study of 40 cadaveric limbs the surface markings of both the deep inguinal ring and the femoral artery were found to lie closer to the midinguinal point than to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament, which lay lateral to both structures considered. Usually the femoral artery was located lateral to the medial margin of the deep inguinal ring, but occasionally lay medial. In some subjects poor definition of the bony features rendered precise localisation of the positions of the pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine difficult. The origin of the inferior epigastric artery, often used to identify the medial margin of the deep inguinal ring, was subject to variation. A single surface marking, namely the midinguinal point, is suggested for both the femoral artery and the deep inguinal ring on grounds of accuracy, simplicity, and ease of identification.     

Defining the position of deep inguinal ring in patients with indirect inguinal hernias

A preliminary survey of surgeons of all grades in our hospital revealed confusion about the position of the deep inguinal ring. Standard teaching is that the deep inguinal ring is lateral to the femoral artery. The aim of this study was to define the position of the deep ring in patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair. Thirty consecutive male patients undergoing indirect inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthesia were studied. The following landmarks were marked on the patient with a felt pen: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), femoral artery (FA), deep inguinal ring (DR), pubic tubercle (PT) and pubic symphysis (PS). The distance of each point from the ASIS was measured in centimetres. The relation of the femoral artery to the deep inguinal ring was confirmed by palpation through the deep ring during surgery. The femoral artery was consistently identified midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis (mid-inguinal point). The deep inguinal ring was located medial (22/30) or above (8/30) the femoral artery, but never lateral. The mean distances from the anterior superior iliac spine to the deep ring and femoral artery were 8.8 and 7.7 cm, respectively. Contrary to standard teaching, this study demonstrates that the deep inguinal ring lies medial, not lateral, to the femoral artery. This may clarify some of the variations in textbook anatomy, and explain the difficulty in distinguishing direct and indirect inguinal hernias pre-operatively.Presented at the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (ASGBI, April 2004 Harrogate)     

Anatomy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve related to inguinal ligament, adjacent bony landmarks, and femoral artery

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) generally emerges from the pelvis behind the inguinal ligament (IL) to the thigh. Because of its proximity to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and hip joint, the LFCN is prone to injuries during various procedures. Anatomy of this nerve is highly variable among studies. Moreover, measurement data regarding its branches including the differences between genders and sides are still lacking. This study was, therefore, done to clarify these issues. Eighty-five thighs from 43 cadavers of both genders were dissected at the inguinal region. Distances from each branch of the LFCN to palpable landmarks: the ASIS, pubic tubercle (PT) and femoral artery (FA) were measured along the IL. Up to four branches of the LFCN were found; however, the single trunk was the most common form (>65%). The common site of this pattern on the IL was within 2 cm medial to the ASIS but could be present at over 6 cm. The distances in case of bifurcation were mostly comparable to those of the single trunk. In contrast, the values varied considerably in the cases with three or more branches (three cases). Regarding side and gender, asymmetry in the branching pattern was found in one fourth of specimens. However, only some minor differences between genders or sides in the measurement data were seen. These findings suggest that asymmetry and multiple branches of the LFCN should be concerned. The measurement data are also useful for localizing the LFCN with higher accuracy.     

髂前上棘、耻骨联合及股骨头中心的影像定位与体表关系

目的通过X线骨盆平片测量,计算股骨头中心与这两点的关系。分析其特点,找到一个简便、相对准确的体表确定股骨头运动中心的方法。方法门诊选取健康男女性各20人﹙无腰髋症状及病史﹚,得到年龄、身高、体重。摄标准骨盆正位片,拍照前体表找到髂前上棘、定位,于其上放置参照物。使用测量软件测量骨盆宽度、高度、髂耻线及股骨头中心数据。将各项参数收集后进行统计学分析。结果股骨头中心距髂耻连线距离平均为2.72cm左右。股骨头中心在髂耻连线的投影点均位于髂耻连线中点的外侧,距离髂耻中点1.08cm左右。结论股骨头运动中心是髋膝关节置换及骨折手术的重要标志,通过髂前上棘、耻骨联合等体表标志确定股骨头中心简便易行、值得推广,可作为临床手术定位的辅助。     

Lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia: an anatomical insight

A detailed anatomic study was carried out on the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to better understand the etiology and treatment of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. As it passed from the pelvis into the thigh, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ran through an "aponeuroticofascial tunnel," beginning at the iliopubic tract and ending at the inguinal ligament; as it passed through the tunnel, an enlargement in its side-to-side diameter was observed, suggesting that the fascial structures proximal to the inguinal ligament may be implicated in the genesis of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. The finding of pseudoneuromas at this location, distant from the inguinal ligament, supports this hypothesis. The anterior superior iliac spine is located approximately 0.7 cm from the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and serves as the bony landmark for nerve localization. Within the first 3 cm of leaving the pelvis, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was observed deep to the fascia lata; therefore, surgical dissection within the subcutaneous fascia may be conducted with relative impunity near the anterior superior iliac spine just inferior to the inguinal ligament. In 36% of cases there was no posterior branch of the nerve, which is correlated to lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia symptoms often being limited to the anterior branch region. An accessory nerve was found in 30% of cases.     

股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,以髌骨中点、收肌结节为观测标志解剖观测:①股中间皮神经走行与分布;②股内侧肌穿支与股中间皮神经营养血管间的吻合关系。另用1侧新鲜标本进行摹拟手术。结果①股中间皮神经前支体表投影相当于腹股沟韧带中点与髌结连线(髌骨中点至收肌结节的连线)中点的连线;②股内侧肌穿支穿出点位于股内侧肌支体表投影线(腹股沟中点与收肌结节连线中、下1/3交界点至髌骨中点的表线)中点附近,相当于收肌结节上(9.4±2.4)cm、髌骨中点垂线内(4.1±1.0)cm处。穿支穿过深筋膜至皮下,并分出众多的细小血管与股中间皮神经的神经旁和神经干血管链(网)密切吻合,在大腿前内侧形成顺沿股中间皮神经纵轴的血管丛。结论可形成股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复膝部软组织缺损术式。     

股外侧皮神经在髂前上棘附近的解剖学和超声观察

目的 感觉异常性股痛(MP)常由股外侧皮神经(LFCN)的机械嵌压引起,通常发生在股外侧皮神经走行至髂前上棘的部位。MP最佳手术治疗方法有待确定,部分原因是LFCN周围筋膜平面的精细结构尚未阐明。本研究的目的是利用生物塑化和超声确定LFCN在髂前上棘附近的筋膜结构。方法 选择11具尸体（6名女性,5名男性, 38～97岁）制作薄层生物塑化切片。对34名健康志愿者（19名女性,15名男性,20～62岁）进行LFCN超声评估。结果 LFCN在腹内斜肌筋膜纤维和髂筋膜之间出骨盆,然后在缝匠肌表面和位于髂前上棘（ASIS）下方的阔筋膜张肌之间走行。在缝匠肌和阔筋膜张肌之间,LFCN走行在独立封闭的筋膜鞘中。结论 LFCN在髂前上棘处位于腹内斜肌腱膜内。LFCN在缝匠肌表面及外侧走行至大腿前外侧区域。超声定位LFCN有助于外科手术。     

胎儿和婴儿股骨近端的血供及其临床意义

对54侧8个月胎儿至1岁儿童股骨近端的血供进行了研究。骨外以前、后、外侧、内侧颈升动脉和股骨头韧带动脉,骨内以前、后、上、下、内骺动脉和前、后、上、下于骺动脉分布于股骨头颈部。对动脉分布特点与股骨头缺血性坏死的关系进行了讨论。