甲状腺多发结节合并甲状腺微小癌19例临床分析

目的探讨甲状腺多发结节合并甲状腺微小癌的临床特点及诊治方法,以提高甲状腺微小癌的诊治水平。方法 2011-04—2015-04,共手术治疗201例甲状腺多发结节,其中19例(9.45%)经术后常规病理检查证实合并甲状腺微小癌。对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 19例患者中术前彩超检查拟诊14例,诊断符合率为73.68%,术中快速冰冻切片病理学检查确诊18例,诊断符合率为94.74%。乳头状腺癌16例,滤泡状腺癌3例。术后根据甲功检查服用优甲乐片,随访1~4 a,无复发病例。结论甲状腺微小癌缺乏典型临床表现,术前彩超及弹性成像检查、术中快速冰冻病理学检查和术后常规病理学检查是诊断甲状腺微小癌的有效措施。若术前彩超扫查未发现患侧颈淋巴结转移者,行患侧腺叶、峡部及对侧腺部分切除即可,不需做预防性颈淋巴结清扫。但术后应根据甲状腺功能检查结果服用优甲乐片等治疗。     

146例甲状腺结节细胞穿刺病理学分析

目的:探讨甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查的临床应用价值。方法:对146例甲状腺结节患者的术前细针穿刺检查结果及术后组织病理学检查结果进行比较。结果:细针穿刺细胞学检查判断甲状腺良恶性结节性质的敏感性、特异性和诊断准确率分别是87.2%、90.9%及89.7%,与组织病理学检查总体诊断符合率为89.7%,滤泡性腺瘤和术后组织病理学总体符合率有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学检查对于术前甲状腺结节性质判断价值较高,与术后组织病理学检查符合率较好。     

甲状腺癌的超声影像学诊断与病理学对照研究

目的将甲状腺癌超声诊断结果与病理学诊断结果进行对比,研究超声诊断的符合率,探讨超声影像学诊断的优点和用于甲状腺癌诊断的临床价值。 方法回顾性分析2011年至2015年收诊的102例甲状腺疾病患者的临床资料。患者均进行超声检查和病理学检查,研究超声影像学诊断的甲状腺癌检出率及各类型甲状腺癌的符合率,采用SPSS17.0软件分析。超声诊断与病理学诊断的符合率、误诊率计数资料以百分比(%)表示,采用χ²检验进行组间比较,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果102例患者中有83例甲状腺癌患者,超声影像学诊断与病理诊断的符合率为91.6%(76/83),误诊率为8.4%(7/83)。其中乳头状癌、滤泡状癌和髓样癌诊断符合率分别为92.3%(60/65)、92.3%(12/13)和80.0%(4/5)。比较甲状腺良恶性肿块边缘、回声、微钙化、纵横比等声像图特征以及血流分级情况,均存在明显差异,均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论超声影像学诊断在检验甲状腺癌、分辨良恶性肿瘤方面具有快速无创等优点,检出率较高,在临床上具有重要意义。     

甲状腺球蛋白检测联合超声扫查用于甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨甲状腺球蛋白检测联合超声扫查用于甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2015-01—2021-12郑州大学第一附属医院甲状腺外科收治的甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤患者的临床资料,根据病理学检查结果分为甲状腺滤泡状腺癌组(FTC组,99例)和甲状腺滤泡状腺瘤组(FTA组,67例)。依据有无远处转移将FTC患者分为转移性FTC组(mFTC组,13例)和非转移性FTC组(nmFTC组,86例)。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选FTC及其远处转移的独立危险因素;建立多因素诊断模型并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,研究诊断价值。结果 血清Tg>259.20 ug/L、形态不规则为FTC独立危险因素;多因素模型诊断FTC的ROC曲线下面积为0.748。血清Tg>1 062.55 ug/L、形态不规则是mFTC独立危险因素,多因素模型诊断mFTC的ROC曲线下面积为0.863。结论 甲状腺球蛋白检查联合超声扫查有助于FTA与FTC的鉴别及mFTC诊断,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

术前超声检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值

目的探讨术前超声检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2019-10—2020-10间于郑州大学第二附属医院行手术治疗并经术后病理检查确诊的316例(372个结节)患者的临床资料。以术后病理结果为“金标准”,评价甲状腺结节良恶性的超声征象及其鉴别结节良恶性的临床价值。结果372个结节的病理结果:恶性结节155个,其中乳头状癌127个(81.93%)、滤泡状腺癌20个(12.90%)、髓样癌8个(5.16%)。良性结节217个,其中滤泡状腺瘤102个(47.00%)、乳头状腺瘤42个(19.35%)、结节性甲状腺肿48个(22.12%)、桥本甲状腺炎25个(11.52%)。以病理学结果为“金标准”,超声检查诊断恶性结节148个,良性结节213个,与病理学结果不符合11个。超声检查鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的灵敏度为90.96%,特异性为98.16%,准确率为97.04%。阳性预测值为97.37%,阴性预测值为96.82%。结论术前对甲状腺行超声检查,对鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性有较高的灵敏度、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值,对临床早期诊断和制订治疗方案具有较高的参考价值。     

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病相关肾脏病变11例临床病理分析

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD)伴有蛋白尿时称为AITD肾病。该病鲜见有临床病理报告。我们介绍2例典型病例的临床病理特点,结合另9例进行临床病理讨论。对象与讨论1.病例情况:11例均为我院住院患者,女7例,男4例,年龄19～54岁。患者均有AITD和肾脏损害的依据,并除外其他原因引起的甲状腺和肾脏损害。2.肾脏病理:11例均行经皮肾活检,活检组织行免疫荧光、光镜、电镜检查,并用甲状腺球蛋白单克隆抗体行间接免疫荧光检查。结果1.临床情况:Graves病6例,出现肾病时均曾服用或正在服用PTU或他巴唑治疗;桥本氏甲状腺炎5例,分别在甲减前、后或同…     

3例原发性甲状腺滤泡性淋巴瘤的临床分析及文献复习

目的 探讨原发性甲状腺滤泡性淋巴瘤（PTFL）的临床表现、病理学特征、免疫表型、鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法 回顾性分析3例患者术后病理诊断考虑为PTFL的临床资料,整理并分析治疗方案及随访预后。结果 3例均行手术治疗。1例术后病理诊断明确,规律化疗,随访3年余,完全缓解;1例术后病理诊断尚不明确,不支持经典的滤泡性淋巴瘤,但不排除Bcl-2阴性的PTFL,未行进一步检查和化疗,随访6年余,疾病稳定;1例病理诊断困难,经过病理专科会诊后确诊,行1程CD20单克隆抗体治疗后随访1年余,完全缓解。结论 PTFL在临床上并不多见,容易误诊和漏诊。通过收集3例PTFL进行临床分析,提供鉴别诊断思路,并为其制定个体化临床治疗策略提供依据。     

甲状腺结节的病理诊断分析

目的探讨甲状腺结节的诊断与鉴别诊断方法 ,严防误诊。方法对87例甲状腺结节手术切除标本资料进行重新阅片,并回顾性病理分析。结果良性甲状腺肿瘤多见,良恶性之比约为11.4∶1。女性多于男性,男女之比约为1∶3.0。经重新复阅切片,原诊断为甲状腺腺瘤的51例中有47例维持原诊断,其余4例为结节性甲状腺肿。结论病理学诊断是甲状腺疾病最可靠的诊断方法之一,但需要病理医师掌握疾病发生发展规律,严格诊断标准,综合判断,可减少误诊的发生。     

甲状腺结节伴钙化的诊断及早期手术干预研究

目的 探讨甲状腺结节伴钙化的诊断分析、手术方式及早期手术干预疗效.方法回顾性分析本院2009年7月至2012年5月,手术治疗的46例甲状腺结节伴钙化患者的临床资料,临床表现为颈前无痛性肿块者24例（52.2%）;健康体检发现者16例（34.8%）;咽部不适或颈部不适表现者4例（8.7%）;呼吸或吞咽困难者2例（4.3%）.结果超声检查25例钙化结节回声大于2mm,其中15例病理检查为良性,10例为恶性;21例钙化结节回声小于2mm,其中7例病理检查为良性,14例为恶性,两者之间没有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;病理诊断甲状腺良性结节为22例,占47.8%,其中甲状腺腺瘤12例,结节性甲状腺肿10例,两者之间没有统计学差异（P＆gt;0.05）.病理诊断甲状腺恶性24例,占52.2%,其中甲状腺乳头状癌20例（ P〈0.05）,滤泡状腺癌2例,未分化癌2例,术后随访2~5年,患者均无复发,且无并发症发生.结论甲状腺结节伴钙化出现恶性几率较高,且早期手术干预疗效确实,安全可靠,有利于患者彻底康复.     

超声引导下粗针组织活检对甲状腺结节诊断的意义

目的探讨超声引导下粗针组织活检(CNB)对甲状腺结节诊断的价值。方法回顾性分析347例甲状腺结节患者的临床资料,对患者超声引导下CNB及术后石蜡病理学结果进行比较。结果所有患者均穿刺成功,活检取材满意度为100%;2例出现穿刺后局部血肿,经保守治疗后缓解。347例患者CNB病理学结果显示:117例考虑为恶性,其中115例为甲状腺乳头状癌,1例为未分化腺癌,1例为鳞癌;230例考虑为良性,其中53例为甲状腺炎,141例为结节性甲状腺肿,16例为甲状腺腺瘤,20例为结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺炎。132例行手术治疗(113例穿刺病理学结果为恶性,19例穿刺病理学结果为良性),其中127例穿刺病理学结果与术后石蜡病理学结果相符,5例为假阴性。132例手术患者中,结节直径≤0.5 cm者4例,0.5~1 cm者59例,1~2 cm者46例,>2 cm者23例,其穿刺病理学结果准确率分别为75.0%(3/4)、98.3%(58/59)、97.8%(45/46)和91.3%(21/23),提示结节直径在0.5~2 cm者穿刺病理学结果符合率最高。超声引导下CNB对甲状腺结节良、恶性鉴别诊断的准确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、漏诊率和误诊率分别为96.21%(127/132)、95.76%(113/118)、100%(14/14)、100%(113/113)、0.74(14/19)、4.24%(5/118)和0(0/14)。结论超声引导下CNB对甲状腺结节具有很高的鉴别诊断价值,对甲状腺结节的治疗有重要的指导意义。     

The role of electron microscopy in the management of surgical patients.

This report records a 12-month experience with 49 neoplasms submitted to the hospital pathologists for electron microscopic (EM) diagnosis as a part of routine clinical surgical practice. Twenty-five specimens were from a private community hospital and 24 from a university hospital. In 40 of 49 cases (82%), EM confirmed a tentative light microscopic (LM) diagnosis. In 11 of these 40 cases, EM provided a more specific histogenetic diagnosis than was possible by LM. In three cases (6%), EM corrected the original LM diagnosis. In two cases EM did resolve a diagnostic dilemma. EM is a beneficial adjunct to the correct diagnosis of selected tumors. Although in general EM does not help differentiate benign from malignant tumors, it is helpful in identifying the cell of origin of poorly differentiated neoplasma. A more precise histogenetic diagnosis was judged to be clinically helpful in 56% of th cases studied in this experience. EM is a relatively inexpensive ($115-250) and prompt (three to five days) adjunct to surgical care. It should be routinely available to the practicing surgeon for help in determining the cell type of confusing tumors. EM is no longer simply a research tool.     

Thin basement membrane nephropathy cannot be diagnosed reliably in deparaffinized, formalin-fixed tissue.

In diagnostic renal pathology, electron microscopy is ideally performed on glutaraldehyde-fixed, plastic resin-embedded tissue (EM-G). When no glomeruli are present in the portion of the biopsy fixed in glutaraldehyde, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue can be reprocessed for electron microscopy (EM-F). The usefulness of this salvage technique for the diagnosis of thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN) has not been studied systematically. Here we compare the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness by EM-G vs EM-F in 21 renal biopsies, including TBMN (eight patients), normals (two patients), minimal change disease (MCD) (six patients) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) (five patients). There was significant reduction of the GBM thickness by EM-F compared with EM-G across all diagnostic categories in all 21 cases. The mean percentage reduction in GBM thickness was 23% for the TBMN cases, 40% for the normal/MCD cases and 34% for the DN cases. Four patients with MCD had a mean GBM thickness by EM-F that fell below the defining threshold for diagnosis of TBMN. For the TBMN cases, the 99th percentile for GBM thickness by EM-F was 194 nm, suggesting that the diagnosis of TBMN by EM-F can be excluded with confidence if the GBM thickness is above 200 nm. No clear criteria could be established to diagnose TBMN by EM-F. Renal pathologists should be aware that reprocessing of paraffin tissue for EM causes artifactual GBM thinning that precludes accurate diagnosis of TBMN.     

148例肾小球轻微病变患者的临床和电镜病理探讨

目的    对肾小球轻微病变（glomerular minor lesion,GML）进行临床及电镜病理的分类总结,进一步明确该病理表现的性质及意义,探讨其与临床表现的相关性。 方法    纳入北京协和医院2003年1月7日至2008年12月2日经光镜及免疫荧光病理诊断为GML、同时电镜病理资料完整的患者148例,回顾性分析其临床及病理资料。 结果    孤立性血尿是患者最常见的临床表现,其次为血尿合并少量蛋白尿及单纯蛋白尿,部分患者可并存高血压、特殊自身免疫表现、肝炎标志物阳性等。经电镜检查明确,GML可最终呈现各种不同的病理表现：薄基底膜肾病（66.2%）、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（20.3%）、Alport综合征（2.7%）、膜性肾病（3.4%）以及正常组织（4.7%）等。结合临床与病理,表现为孤立性血尿的GML患者,经电镜病理检查诊断为薄基底膜肾病的可能性最大（76.9%）。部分患者存在蛋白尿、高血压等提示不良预后的情况。 结论    GML只是一种对肾脏病理表现的粗泛描述,对应的电镜病理具有较大异质性,临床意义各异,需积极完善电镜病理,结合临床特点,明确最终诊断,指导治疗。
        

Primary pulmonary hemangiopericytoma]

Hemangiopericytoma seldom originates from the lung. Only 63 cases in the English literature and 30 cases in the Japanese literature have been reported. A 38-year-old female is presented in this paper. The patient was asymptomatic and was found a coin lesion of the left middle lobe by routine examination. She underwent tumorectomy and has been alive and well for 5 years. 1) The differential diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma from several other tumors is often difficult, as pericytes show no distinctive features on light microscopy. Therefore, it is emphasised that EM studies are obligatory to confirm the diagnosis of this tumor. 2) The origin of vessels with a characteristic staghorn appearance on light microscopy have not been described in previous papers. Bronchial arteriography in this case revealed that tumor vessels arose mainly from the bronchial artery.     

Clinicopathological characteristics of renal light chain deposition disease coexisted with cast nephropathy

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of renal light chain deposition disease coexisted with cast nephropathy (LCDD&LCN). Methods Patients with LCDD&LCN (n=10), isolated LCDD (I-LCDD, n=21) and isolated LCN(I-LCN, n=17) diagnosed by renal biopsy in Peking University First Hospital from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2018 were enrolled, and all cases were examined by light microscopy, immunofluorescence (IF) (including light chain) and electron microscopy (EM). The semi-quantitative evaluation of the main features of renal pathology was performed. The clinical manifestations and pathological features were reviewed and compared. Results LCDD&LCN was more prevalent in middle-aged males. Nine patients showed acute renal insufficiency with small molecular proteinuria (97.1%) and microscopic hematuria. The hematologic diseases included 9 patients of multiple myeloma. The type of monoclonal light chain in serum and urine by immunofixation electrophoresis showed λ dominant (5/8). By light microscopy, glomerular lesions presented with mild mesangial proliferation in most patients, and only one of them displayed mesangial nodular sclerosis. At the same time, acute tubular injury with light chain casts was the prominent feature, and the clinical manifestations and histological features of LCDD&LCN were similar to that of I-LCN. IF revealed linear staining of monoclonal light chain along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), tubular basement membrane (TBM) and Bowman's capsule, and also positive in tubular casts. By electron microscopy, diffuse powder-like or granular electron-dense deposits located in the inner side of the GBM, the outer layer of the TBM, renal interstitium and arteriolar walls were observed. Conclusions Patients with LCDD&LCN manifest as acute renal insufficiency, and the majority have multiple myeloma. The pathology of LCDD&LCN possesses the features of both I-LCDD and I-LCN. The IF stain of light chains(κ, λ) and ultrastructural examination by electron microscopy are the inevitable methods for the diagnosis of LCDD&LCN.     

甲状腺功能亢进症伴甲状腺癌的诊断与外科治疗

目的 探讨甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌的诊断及治疗方法.方法 对1999年1月至2010年9月手术治疗的43例甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 43例患者术前超声检查40例,提示甲状腺癌29例(72.5%).手术方式包括双侧甲状腺次全切除术5例、患侧全切对侧大部切除和区域性淋巴结清扫术25例、双侧全切及淋巴结清扫术11例,患侧腺叶+峡部切除术2例.术后病理报告甲状腺乳头状癌38例,滤泡状癌5例.术后暂时性低钙血症3例,饮水呛咳1例,无声音嘶哑和大出血,无再手术和死亡病例.39例获得随访,随访时间2～110个月,中位随访时间45个月,无甲状腺癌及甲状腺功能亢进复发.结论 超声检查有助于术前发现甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺癌.甲状腺功能亢进合并甲状腺乳头状癌的患者手术治疗效果良好,预后较好.     

Electron Microscopy in Determining the Etiology of Kidney Allograft Dysfunction

BackgroundBiopsy of the transplanted kidney serves a definitive role in elucidating the possible causes of allograft dysfunction. At our transplant clinic we have observed that electron microscopy (EM) does not usually refine the findings initially disclosed by light microscopy with direct immunofluorescence (LM).MethodsWe studied whether EM results differ from or add to LM results. We compared the reports of 65 allograft biopsies performed on 60 patients over 82 consecutive weeks. We classified biopsy interpretations by 15 possible diagnoses and categorically by glomerular versus nonglomerular disease. We determined agreement between LM and EM reports by Cohen's kappa statistic, and applied the McNemar test to determine whether EM interpretation yielded significantly more glomerular diagnoses on the same biopsy samples.ResultsThere was strong agreement (kappa, 0.94: 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–1.00), between the EM- and LM-based interpretations. EM did not detect more glomerular disease than LM (discordance rate, 4.6%: 95% CI, ?1.92% to 4.62%: P = .25). EM did not add to the diagnosis of rejection. EM described 3 additional cases of transplant glomerulopathy, but did not lead in a change in management of kidney allograft dysfunction.ConclusionElectron microscopy, used routinely, does not add to light microscopy in the evaluation of kidney transplant dysfunction.     

Use of Dynamic Telepathology in Mohs Surgery: A Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND: Telepathology is an emerging technology for remote pathology consultation and diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy and utility of a dynamic telepathology system in the setting of Mohs surgery. METHODS: Using a dynamic telepathology system, a single dermatopathologist at a remote site assessed the following cases: (1) 50 fixed-tissue slides of basal and squamous cell carcinomas for pathologic diagnosis; (2) 40 frozen-section slides from Mohs surgery for the presence or absence of tumor; (3) 20 frozen-section slides from Mohs surgery for intraoperative consultation with the Mohs surgeon. All 110 slides were then randomly reviewed by the same dermatopathologist by conventional light microscopy. Telepathology and conventional light microscopy diagnoses were then compared. RESULTS: There was complete agreement between telepathology and conventional light microscopy diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Dynamic telepathology is a convenient, useful, and accurate system for remote diagnosis and consultation in the setting of Mohs surgery.     

Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. An ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 35 cases.

Based on our review of 35 cases and the literature, we found the spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) tumors to be too broad to fit into the traditional three-category classification scheme of typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). We found that a spectrum of high- and low-grade tumors exist between TC and SCLC and that in the past many of these tumors have been called AC. We chose to adhere to Arrigoni's definition of AC, as his original criteria characterized a low-grade tumor. For the higher grade non-small-cell tumors (NSCLC), we propose a fourth category of large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), which is characterized by: (a) light microscopic NE appearance; (b) cells of large size, polygonal shape, low nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N:C), coarse nuclear chromatin, and frequent nucleoli; (c) high mitotic rate [greater than 10/10 high-power fields (HPF)] and frequent necrosis; and (d) NE features by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or electron microscopy (EM). Thus, after deciding that a pulmonary NE tumor is high grade, the major diagnostic issue is separation of LCNEC from SCLC. This distinction is based not only on cell size, but on a variety of morphologic features. We studied 20 TC, six AC, five LCNEC, and four SCLC and characterized the clinical, light microscopic, EM, IHC, and flow cytometric features of each type of tumor. We did not find any advantage to IHC, EM, or flow cytometry over light microscopy in the subclassification or prediction of prognosis; however, these methods were useful in characterizing these four types of pulmonary NE tumors and in demonstrating their NE properties. LCNEC must be distinguished from a fifth category pulmonary NE tumor: NSCLC with NE features in which NE differentiation is not evident by light microscopy and must be demonstrated by EM or IHC. Although the prognosis of LCNEC appears to be intermediate between AC and SCLC, larger numbers of patients will be needed to demonstrate significant differences in survival.     

The biological implications of bronchial tumors

Seventy-six consecutively resected primary pulmonary tumors were assessed first by routine light microscopy and subsequently by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining techniques to precisely identify features of differentiation. In 66% of the cases, this assessment provided information that modified or revised the histologic diagnosis provided by light microscopy alone. The following conclusions were reached: (1) The term "large cell undifferentiated carcinoma" has been applied to a heterogenous group of tumors, most of which have ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of differentiation not identifiable by routine light microscopy. (2) Forty percent of the tumors previously called "large cell undifferentiated carcinoma" have predominantly neuroendocrine differentiation and appear to have a clinical course comparable to that of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. (3) The majority of pulmonary carcinomas (especially those previously called "poorly differentiated" or "undifferentiated") may simultaneously demonstrate more than one pattern of differentiation when studied by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. (4) The frequency of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung, as determined by these and previous studies, is considerably greater than suspected on the basis of light microscopic studies alone. These comprise a clinical and morphologic spectrum ranging from bronchial carcinoid to small cell carcinoma, all of which have immunohistochemically demonstrable hormone production, although paraneoplastic hormonal syndromes are manifested in only a small minority of cases.