纤维蛋白用作BMP载体的研究

目的：将纤维蛋白用作ＢＭＰ（骨形态发生蛋白）的载体材料。方法：用５ｍｇ ＢＭＰ分别与３种不同浓度的纤维蛋白制成复合物，植入小鼠肌囊后不同时间进行组织学观察、测定碱性磷酸酶活性和钙含量等。结果：纤维蛋白浓度为１２０ｍｇ／ｍｌ的复合物具有良好的骨诱导活性，成骨量是单纯５ｍｇ ＢＭＰ的两倍。结论：纤维蛋白是理想的ＢＭＰ载体材料，复合物可望应用于临床骨缺损的修复。     

骨胶原的制备及作为骨形成蛋白载体修复骨缺损的研究

在提取ＢＭＰ的过程中，从废去的中间产物骨基质胶中同时提取胶原作为ＢＭＰ的载体用于修复兔颅骨缺损。４０只大白兔随机分为Ａ、Ｂ两组，在兔颅顶骨两侧对称各制造直径为１ｃｍ的圆形骨缺损，Ａ组兔颅顶骨缺损左侧植入骨胶原／ＢＭＰ，右侧植入单纯骨胶原。Ｂ超兔左侧植入ＢＭＰ，右侧空白对照，组织学检查显示：植入后７天，骨胶原／ＢＭＰ组即有软骨细胞岛出现，且在各期的成骨面积均大于单纯ＢＭＰ组和胶原组。另外，移植材料内     

复合骨形态发生蛋白胎儿骨修复长骨缺损的实验研究

寻找满意的骨形态发生蛋白（ＢＭＰ）的载体一直是应用ＢＭＰ修复骨缺损研究中的一个重要课题，为探讨胎儿骨（ＦＢ）能否成为ＢＭＰ载体，制备了复合ＢＭＰ胎儿骨（ＢＭＰ／ＦＢ），将其植入兔桡骨中段１５ｍｍ人工缺损处，以单纯ＦＢ植入、异体骨（ＡＬＢ）植入、空白作为对照，通过Ｘ线摄片，光镜观察，电子探针钙磷元素测定等方法了解各组骨缺损修复速度和愈合程度。结果发现ＢＭＰ／ＦＢ植入侧４周时骨缺损处有大量间充质细胞聚集，８周形成骨小梁，ＦＢ基本被吸收，１２周出现部分板层骨，钙磷值达到正常桡骨皮质骨水平，１６周骨细胞成熟，髓腔再通，外观塑形较好，在不同时间点骨缺损修复程度，ＢＭＰ／ＦＢ组明显优于ＦＢ组，ＦＢ组优于ＡＬＢ组，空白组骨缺损则被纤维组织，脂肪组织等填充。实验证明ＦＢ是一种良好的ＢＭＰ载体。     

聚乳酸作为骨形态发生蛋白载体修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的 探讨聚乳酸（ｐｏｌｙｌｄａｃ ａｃｉｄ,ＰＬＡ）作为骨形态发生蛋白（ｂｏｎ ｅ ｍｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃ ｐｒｏ－ｔｅｉｎ,ＢＭＰ）载体的可行性及观察其诱导成骨能力。方法 手术造成日本大耳白兔左尺骨中上段１２ｍｍ骨缺损实验模型。随机分为实验。对照及空白组,实验组植入以ＰＬＡ为载体的ＢＭＰ１０ｍｇ、对照组植入以牛松质骨基质为载体的ＢＭＰ１０ｍｇ、空白组不做任何处理,术后摄Ｘ线片观察各组不同时相骨缺损修复情况,并于术后第４、８、１２周观察各组缺损内组织学变化。图像分析骨小梁的生成量。结果 实验修复情况优于对照组,无论是骨连接发生时间还是骨成熟时间,实验组均较对照组提前２周左右,同期骨生成量也明显多于对照组,而空白组缺损内主要形成纤维组织。结论 ＰＬＡ可以作为ＢＭＰ的载体修复骨缺损,它比异种松质骨基质载体的成骨效     

重组合异种骨的实验研究与临床应用

本文作者以牛ＢＭＰ与同源松质骨组合研制成重组合异种骨。将３６只新西兰家兔桡骨制成１５ｍｍ的骨缺损。Ａ组左侧植入重组合异种骨８０ｍｇ，左侧植入单纯松质骨。Ｂ组左侧植入重组合异种骨和自体红骨髓左侧植入生物陶瓷颗粒。术后１６周内，经放射学、组织学、四环素荧光双标记及免疫光检测。结果提示重组合异种骨的良好的填充修复骨缺损能力。临床应用３８例，其中随防６个月以上者３０例。除１例外，其余２９例均获得满意的骨愈     

多孔β—TCP／BMP复合人工骨的研制和动物体内的相关研究

多数人工骨缺损修复材料无骨诱导活性，为使人工植骨材料具有骨诱导活性并可在体内降解，本研究采用可降解陶瓷β－磷酸三钙（β－ＴＣＰ）与骨形成蛋白（ＢＭＰ）复合形成具有骨诱导能力的人工骨。将β－ＴＣＰ／ＢＭＰ、单纯ＴＣＰ、羟基磷灰石（ＨＡ）和ＴＣＰ／ＨＡ分别植入１６８只小鼠股部肌肉内，在２４、７２小时，１、２、４、８周取材，作大体观察、组织形态学观察、扫描电镜观察及碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）检测。另将上述材料植入５５只兔桡骨１．５ｃｍ缺损中，分别在２、４、８、１２、１６周取材，作大体、Ｘ线、组织形态学观察及计算机图像分析。研究结果显示：将β－ＴＣＰ／ＢＭＰ植入小鼠肌袋后１周软骨生成，４周有造血骨髓的板层骨生成。ＡＬＰ检测１、２周水平最高。植入材料与骨组织之间无纤维组织间隔。在兔桡骨缺损修复的研究中发现，β－ＴＣＰ／ＢＭＰ的骨缺损修复作用最强，１６周植入材料的降解达５３％，成骨量亦最多。研究结果表明：β－ＴＣＰ／ＢＭＰ是一种可降解、具有较强骨诱导能力、生物相容性较好的人工骨。     

引导性骨再生中内源性BMP的作用

为探讨引导性骨再生中，内源性ＢＭＰ对骨再生过程的作用而进行以下研究。手术的方法造成兔桡骨中段１０ｍｍ缺损。实验侧用硅胶膜管连结骨缺损，作为引导性骨再生模型。另一侧作为对照。１５只新西兰兔分为三组，分别于术后３，７及１４日处死，标本行组织学及ＢＭＰ免疫组化检查。切片上，距骨端１，２，５ｍｍ处设置ａ，ｂ，ｃ线。利用真彩色计算机图像分析系统在三条线上选点测量ＢＭＰ值。实验侧骨缺损区内有一个完整的血肿结构，其ＢＭＰ染色阳性，膜管外组织ＢＭＰ染色几乎完全阴性。对照侧ＢＭＰ弥散于骨缺损周围的肌肉组织中。１周时，实验侧及对照侧均可见新骨形成。２周时，对照侧已停止，实验侧仍可见持续骨再生。ＢＭＰ定量分析中，实验侧三条带的ＢＭＰ值大部分高于对照侧。实验侧和对照侧ｂ，ｃ带之间存在梯度差，但实验侧的差值小于对照侧。这不仅证明了Ｈｕｌｔｈ关于骨折间隙存在ＢＭＰ浓度梯度的假说，也显示膜在引导性骨再生中可将内源性ＢＭＰ局限于骨缺损区内，提高内源性ＢＭＰ浓度并改善其分布的作用。这有利于骨再生，可能是引导性骨再生机理之一。对照侧ＢＭＰ值１周时最高，而实验侧在２周时仍呈持续升高。这说明，内源性ＢＭＰ有两个来源：骨端吸收释放及骨形成细胞合成。     

多孔磷酸三钙与自体红骨髓复合移植修复骨缺损的临床应用

为观察多孔磷酸三钙（ｔｒｉｃａｌｃｉｕｍｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ，ＴＣＰ）与自体红骨髓（ｂｏｎｅ－ｍａｒｒｏｗ，ＢＭ）复合移植修复骨缺损的临床应用效果，应用ＴＣＰ－ＢＭ复合移植，修复骨缺损２１例，其中肿瘤性骨缺损１７例，陈旧性骨折骨缺损４例。术后定期拍摄Ｘ线片复查。术后６周，植入人工骨与周围骨组织界面间已有明显新骨形成；术后３个月，植入材料与周围骨组织愈合成一体。随访１～３年，结果显示植入材料的成骨作用明显，效果满意。ＴＣＰ－ＢＭ具有骨传导和骨诱导双重成骨作用，能促进新骨形成和加快骨缺损修复，是治疗骨缺损较理想的方法之一     

骨缺损中内源性BMP的分布及其作用

了解内源性ＢＭＰ的浓度及分布，对提高ＢＭＰ在骨再生中的作用有帮助。本实验在兔桡骨１０ｍｍ骨缺损模型上，利用ＢＭＰ免疫组化技术及真彩色计算机定量分析系统观察了内源性ＢＭＰ在骨缺损中的分布及对骨再生的作用。术后３日，骨端可见“空穴”，骨缺损间血肿ＢＭＰ染色阳性。来自骨内外膜的间质细胞，成软骨细胞。成骨细胞ＢＭＰ阳性。ＢＭＰ分布定量研究表明，骨缺损区存在ＢＭＰ浓度梯度，即距骨端愈远ＢＭＰ量渐渐下降。术后１周，ＢＭＰ值最大。提示内源性ＢＭＰ有骨端坏死，吸收及间质细胞分泌两种来源。据此，作者提出了内源性ＢＭＰ有效量的概念。提高内源性ＢＭＰ浓度，改善其分布，将是骨缺损治疗的有效途径。     

异体脱蛋白松质骨复合纤维蛋白BMP修复兔桡骨缺损

[目的]探讨以纤维蛋白复合脱蛋白松质骨作为骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）的载体修复兔节段性骨缺损。[方法]于36只青紫蓝兔两侧桡骨干处造成1．5cm缺损，采用三种方法进行处理：A组，植入脱蛋白松质骨、纤维蛋白、BMP的复合物；B组，植入脱蛋白松质骨；C组，空白对照。术后2、4、8、12、16周进行放射学、组织学和电镜检查。[结果]A组骨缺损区在成骨活跃程度、骨再生量和再生髓腔结构等方面均显著优于B组，使骨缺损得到了较彻底的修复。B、C两组均不能产生骨性愈合。[结论]脱蛋白松质骨复合纤维蛋白是较理想的BMP载体材料，以三者的复合物修复骨缺损可达到满意效果。     

Whole Bone Mechanics and Bone Quality

Background  

The skeleton plays a critical structural role in bearing functional loads, and failure to do so results in fracture. As we evaluate new therapeutics and consider treatments to prevent skeletal fractures, understanding the basic mechanics underlying whole bone testing and the key principles and characteristics contributing to the structural strength of a bone is critical.     

Bone Transport for Reconstruction in Benign Bone Tumors

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the results of using the Ilizarov apparatus to transport bones in the treatment of benign bone tumors.

Methods

Seven patients (six males and one female) with benign bone tumors were treated by bone transport with an Ilizarov apparatus at our institution. Their mean age at surgery was 14.4 years (range, 4.8 to 36.9 years). The histological diagnoses were osteofibrous dysplasia (4), giant-cell tumor (1), intraosseous cavernous hemangioma (1), and aneurysmal bone cyst (1). Three radiological indices were used for evaluating the results: an external fixation index, a distraction index, and a maturation index. The bone and functional results were evaluated according to the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov classification.

Results

Five patients had bone union at the reconstructed site, one patient had a local recurrence, and the other had a nonunion at the docking site. The mean length of distraction was 7.3 cm (range, 5.1 to 12.1 cm). The mean external fixation index was 26.0 day/cm (range, 19.8 to 32.5 day/cm), the distraction index was 9.6 day/cm (range, 6.8 to 12.0 day/cm), and the maturation index was 14.9 day/cm (range, 8.0 to 22.5 day/cm). Ultimately, the bone and the functional results were rated excellent in six cases and good in one case.

Conclusions

Bone transport using the Ilizarov apparatus is a good treatment option in patients with bone defects after the resection of an active or aggressive benign bone tumor.     

Penetration of Acrylic Bone Cements into Cancellous Bone

The depth of penetration of five commercial acrylic bone cements into cancellous bone was measured in vitro. Under standard, idealized conditions, cement penetration was found to vary significantly with different cements. Penetration was critically influenced by the coarseness of the cancellous bone and increased directly with the effective volume of the “cells” within the osseous matrix. An inverse correlation was determined between the mean cement viscosity during flow into the bone and final penetration depth. The dough time, set time and working time of each acrylic formulation was found to have no significant effect upon the depth of cement penetration.

It is suggested that in addition to the techniques adopted for introduction of cement to the bone, the selection of the bone cement itself may critically influence the incidence of late loosening following total joint replacement.     

Repair of Bone Defects by Bone Inductive Material

Experimental fibular defects in 16 rats were filled with an acid decalcified homogenous bone matrix (bone inductive material). Autogenous bone grafts in corresponding defects in the other legs of the same rats served as controls. After 3 months, 11 of the 16 defects filled with bone inductive material healed with bony union, but only 4 of the 16 defects treated with autogenous bone grafts had healed. The results suggest that bone inductive material can repair bone defects which are too large to be healed by autogenous bone grafts.     

Penetration of Acrylic Bone Cements into Cancellous Bone

The depth of penetration of five commercial acrylic bone cements into cancellous bone was measured in vitro. Under standard, idealized conditions, cement penetration was found to vary significantly with different cements. Penetration was critically influenced by the coarseness of the cancellous bone and increased directly with the effective volume of the “cells” within the osseous matrix. An inverse correlation was determined between the mean cement viscosity during flow into the bone and final penetration depth. The dough time, set time and working time of each acrylic formulation was found to have no significant effect upon the depth of cement penetration.

It is suggested that in addition to the techniques adopted for introduction of cement to the bone, the selection of the bone cement itself may critically influence the incidence of late loosening following total joint replacement.     

骨形态发生蛋白复合同种松质骨载体修复节段性骨缺损的实验研究

目的　本实验将探讨同种松质骨作为 BMP的载体修复节段性骨缺损。方法　将 rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体 (其中含 rh BMP- 2 0 .4 mg)植入兔桡骨 15 m m人工缺损处 ,以新鲜自体松质骨植入 ,单纯同种松质骨植入作为对照 ,通过放射学骨缺损修复 L ane评分 ,Nilsson骨愈合组织学评分 ,扫描电镜观察 ,比较术后 4、8、12周各组修复骨缺损的效果。结果　 rh BMP- 2复合同种骨载体组术后 4、8、12周各项评分与同期自体骨组之间无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,明显优于单纯同种骨组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 rh BMP- 2具有高效的骨诱导能力。同种骨是一种较理想的 BMP载体 ,rh BMP- 2复合同种松质骨载体的骨修复效果与自体骨基本一致     

A Bone Replaceable Artificial Bone Substitute: Osteoinduction by Combining with Bone Inducing Agent

Bone inducing agent (BIA) isolated from Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cells was added to an artificial bone substitute composed of 980 degrees C-heated carbonate apatite (CAp) and Type I atelocollagen (AtCol) extracted from bovine tail skins (88/12 in wt/wt %), and a CAp-AtCol-BIA substitute was prepared as an osteoinductive bone substitute. Rat calvaria osteoblasts treated by the isolated BIA demonstrated significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 3 days (p < 0.05). In vitro cell attachment and proliferation and ALP activity were investigated for the bone substitute combined with BIA. Osteoblasts cultured onto the surface of the CAp-AtCol-BIA substitute demonstrated remarkable morphological changes such as radial spreading, flattening, and projecting filopodia after 5 days. In comparison with the substitute without BIA, osteoblasts grown in the BIA-combined CAp-AtCol substitute expressed significantly increased proliferation and ALP activity, respectively (p < 0.05). Both the substitutes combined with and without BIA were implanted into artificial defects created in rabbit radii. After 4 weeks, the CAp-AtCol-BIA substitute implanted lesion was completely replaced by regenerated host bone in radiological observation whereas the substitute without BIA was partially resorbed. No histologic abnormalities appeared in the substitute either with or without BIA.     

Bone cement

The knowledge about the bone cement is of paramount importance to all Orthopaedic surgeons. Although the bone cement had been the gold standard in the field of joint replacement surgery, its use has somewhat decreased because of the advent of press-fit implants which encourages bone in growth. The shortcomings, side effects and toxicity of the bone cement are being addressed recently. More research is needed and continues in the field of nanoparticle additives, enhanced bone–cement interface etc.