儿童解没食子酸链球菌脑膜炎系统评价

背景：国内外儿童解没食子酸链球菌（SG）所致脑膜炎报道较少，临床特点尚不明确。 目的：系统评价儿童SG脑膜炎的临床特点。 设计：系统评价。 方法：系统检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、中国知网、万方和维普数据库中儿童SG脑膜炎的相关文献，检索时间均为建库至2022年11月9日。纳入报道儿童SG感染且致细菌性脑膜炎的病例报告文献；排除综述、会议论文、仅有摘要不能获取全文的文献、全文非中文和英文的文献。由2位评价员独立筛选文献、提取资料，按照病例报告及病例系列报告质量评价工具表对纳入的文献进行质量评价，提取文献特征、病例临床特征、实验室指标和SG药敏结果。 主要结局指标：存活率和并发症。 结果：17篇文献中的21例SG婴幼儿纳入本文分析，男16例，女4例，1例未报告性别；3例早产儿，16例足月儿，2例未报告胎龄；发病日龄 (14.5±16.6)d；发热14例；神经系统异常17例，有消化道症状9例，有呼吸系统症状9例，心动过速3例。11例报告了CRP检测结果均升高；9例外周血WBC<4×109·L-1，6例＞10×109·L-1。CSF中的WBC计数均升高；18例报告了CSF糖水平，14例<2.2 mmol·L-1；17例报告了CSF蛋白水平，15例＞1 700 mg·L-1。21例CSF培养中20例阳性，18例血培养中16例阳性，5例尿培养中1例阳性，1例粪培养阳性；SG巴氏亚种17例，SG解没食子酸亚种2例，SG 2例。12例单用1种抗生素（11例SG菌株对青霉素/氨苄西林均敏感，1例未报告），9例联用2种抗生素（8例SG菌株对青霉素/氨苄西林敏感，1例耐药），最短抗生素使用时间14 d。6例描述有并发症，其中并发脑室出血和脑室炎各2例，1例合并脑积水、脑室扩张、神经运动迟缓、自主运动不良和肌张力增高，1例同时并发双侧视觉诱发电位下降、硬膜下积液、癫。 结论：SG脑膜炎的发病人群主要为2月龄以下小婴儿，可选择青霉素类药物或头孢噻肟治疗，临床转归大多良好。     

Imipenem for treatment of relapsing Salmonella meningitis in a newborn infant

Salmonella meningitis is a rare clinical entity that occurs mainly during early infancy. Treatment of Salmonella infections may be complicated by the bacteria's growing resistance to clinically important antimicrobial agents, especially third-generation cephalosporins. A report is presented of a newborn infant with Salmonella meningitis who relapsed after 4 weeks of cefotaxime treatment and was cured completely with imipenem cilastatin therapy.     

Recurrent Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in a child with traumatic anterior cranial base defect

Acute bacterial meningitis is a potentially life-threatening infection of the cranial and spinal leptomeninges. Recurrent episodes of meningitis are rarely seen, but when they occur, an extensive investigation has to be made to find out responsible factors. A single episode of acute meningitis may result from bacteriemia, but when followed by recurrent meningitis in pediatric patients, other possible routes of the bacteria invasion to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be considered. Patients with head injury have the highest risk of acquiring recurrent bacterial meningitis, followed by patients with a congenital anatomic lesion of the skull or duramater, such as meningomyelocele. The underlying cause is a transdural communication between the meningeal space and paranasal sinuses or skin. The first attack of meningitis may occur several weeks to 12 years after the head injury. In addition, recurrent bacterial meningitis may be due to disorders of the immune system, such as complement deficiency. We report a 14-year-old boy, who suffered from recurrent Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis due to a well-defined defect at the ethmoid roof after a head trauma.     

新生儿无乳链球菌败血症合并脑膜炎12例临床分析

目的探讨无乳链球菌(GBS)败血症合并脑膜炎新生儿的临床表现、治疗及预后情况。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年5月收治的12例无乳链球菌脑膜炎新生儿的临床资料。结果 12例患儿中,男女各6例,均为足月儿,早发型4例、晚发型8例,顺产7例、剖宫产5例,母亲均无明显感染病史,亦未行常规GBS筛查。新生儿血降钙素原均升高。头颅磁共振(MRI)可见脑膜强化,5例硬膜下积液,3例脑实质受累。1例单用青霉素,1例应用美罗培南之后降阶梯单用青霉素效果良好,大部分患儿需联合用药。随访20~29个月,1例语言发育落后,2例运动发育落后,其余9例发育正常。结论新生儿无乳链球菌败血症合并脑膜炎病情危重,需及时应用敏感抗生素,必要时联合用药。建议完善产前筛查。     

Epidemiology of meningitis and bacteraemia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in The Netherlands

In The Netherlands, accurate data on the epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis are available through a clinical microbiology laboratory-based national surveillance of cerebrospinal fluid isolates. The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis receives isolates of about 80% of all meningitis cases and about 40% of bacteraemic cases. The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis has increased slowly from 1.0/100000 in 1990 to 1.5/100000 since 1996. The highest age-specific incidence of meningitis was observed in children <5y of age (8.2/100000 in 1999). Of all isolates, 35% were from children <5 y of age. The number of isolates from non-meningitis patients with bacteraemia increased considerably since the early 1990s, especially among the elderly. The highest incidence was found in 1996, probably owing to a relatively severe winter. During 1995–1999, pneumococcal meningitis in The Netherlands was caused mainly by serotypes 3, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. Of the cases in children <15y, almost half were caused by serotypes 6B, 14, 18C, and 19F. The serotypes present in the 23-valent polysaccharide and 7-valent conjugate vaccines accounted for 87% and 47% of all meningitis cases, respectively. Pneumococcal resistance to penicillin in The Netherlands is still low, at about 1%. Genotypically, resistant strains belong to many clones. Horizontal transfer of capsular genes occurs among these isolates. In The Netherlands, 45% of cases of pneumococcal meningitis have severe predisposing factors. The case-fatality rate was significantly higher among patients with impaired immunity than among those with a break in the integrity of the dura.     

Bacteroides fragilis concealed in an infant with Escherichia coli meningitis

Anaerobic meningitis in infants is rare, therefore a high index of clinical suspicion is essential as routine methods for processing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do not detect anaerobes and specific antimicrobial therapy is required. We present an infant with Escherichia coli meningitis where treatment‐resistance developed in association with culture negative purulent CSF. These features should have alerted us to the presence of anaerobes, prompting a search for the causes of polymicrobial meningitis in infants.     

肺炎链球菌性脑膜炎小鼠B7-H3蛋白对巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2 mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨协同信号分子B7-H3对肺炎链球菌性脑膜炎小鼠模型中炎性趋化因子巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2(MIP-2)mRNA表达的影响.方法 1.5 ～2.0个月健康雄性BALB/C小鼠48只,随机分为4组:9 g/L盐水组(NS组)、B7-H3蛋白组(B7-H3组)、肺炎链球菌组(SP组)、肺炎链球菌+B7-H3蛋白组(联合组),每组12只;经小鼠侧脑室穿刺分别注入9 g/L盐水、B7-H3蛋白、肺炎链球菌3型、肺炎链球菌3型+B7-H3蛋白建立动物模型.注射后6、24 h依据loeffler 5分制评分方法对各组小鼠进行神经行为评分,然后麻醉处死小鼠,取脑组织,用Real-time PCR方法检测小鼠脑组织内MIP-2 mRNA的相对表达量.应用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 侧脑室穿刺注射6、24h后各组小鼠神经行为学评分结果:B7-H3组神经行为评分与NS组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);SP组评分较NS组明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);联合组较SP组评分更明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Real-time PCR方法检测结果:SP组在注射6h后MIP-2 mRNA的相对表达量较NS组升高[(1.210 ±0.932)比(1.000±0.008)],但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在注射24 h后SP组MIP-2 mRNA的相对表达明显高于NS组[(12.880±7.792)比(1.000±0.091)],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);联合组与SP组比较:6 h MIP-2相对表达量增高[(1.240±0.804)比(1.210±0.932)],但无统计学差异(P＞0.05),24h相对表达量明显升高[(38.760±6.061)比(12.880±7.792)],差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在肺炎链球菌性脑膜炎模型中,协同信号分子B7-H3使炎性趋化因子MIP-2 mRNA的表达上调,促进病情进展.     

新疆地区小儿百日咳感染率、临床特点及分子流行病学特点

目的了解新疆地区健康儿童百日咳血清特异性IgG抗体水平,调查本地区小儿百日咳的感染率,探讨百日咳患儿的临床及分子流行病学特点。方法随机选取新疆地区健康儿童445例作为对照,根据年龄分为8个组,取其血清,应用ELISA法测定特异性百日咳IgG抗体。同时选择新疆医科大学第一附属医院163例可疑百日咳患儿作为研究对象,分别取鼻咽拭子及血清标本,应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测其百日咳杆菌的双目标基因(插入区域IS481以及百日咳毒素S1促进区域),ELISA法检测特异性IgG抗体以及碳琼脂培养基培养鲍特百日咳杆菌;应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对检测出的鲍特百日咳杆菌进行分子流行病学研究。结果健康儿童百日咳IgG抗体水平以2～3岁最高,0～5个月最低,12～14岁组处于较低水平。确诊百日咳患儿26例中,百日咳特异性IgG抗体为(127.63±12.75)g/L,余137例非百日咳患儿为(7.71±16.32)g/L,确诊百日咳患儿百日咳特异性IgG抗体水平明显高于非百日咳患儿患儿(F=5.837 P<0.05);非百日咳患儿与健康对照组[(6.07±17.79)g/L]比较,差异无统计学意义。可疑患儿血清学阳性例数以7～15岁组最高(43/163例,占26.19%),1～11个月组21/163例(12.82%),1～3岁组为11/163例(6.67%),4～6岁组为8/163例(5.0%);≥7岁者血清学阳性占21.92%,<7岁者仅为9.68%,二者比较有显著差异(χ2=7.6975 P<0.05);未接种儿童百日咳特异性抗体阳性率(14/35例)明显高于接种过百日咳疫苗的儿童(22/128例),其差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.3358 P<0.001)。可疑百日咳163患儿中26例百日咳特异性抗体阳性,其中24例(92.31%)PCR检测阳性,百日咳杆菌特异性培养无阳性结果;将PCR阳性标本经XbaI限制性内切酶消化后在48～630kb产生9～14个DNA片段,共得14个PFGE核型。结论应对年长儿进行百日咳疫苗的免疫。PCR是诊断百日咳感染的一项快速、敏感、易行、实用的工具,与血清学检查相结合能够提高所有年龄群体的百日咳感染的监测水平;百日咳杆菌的PFGE核型可以鉴别不同地区的流行菌株。     

Supplementation of an adapted formula with bovine lactoferrin: 1. Effect on the infant faecal flora

The development of the infant faecal flora was studied over the first three months of life in infants receiving breast milk, a modern adapted formula and adaptations of this formula. Breast-fed infants developed a flora rich in Bifidobacterium sp. Facultative anaerobes were ubiquitous, but in relatively small numbers within the diet group. Other obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium sp. and Bacteriodes sp. were rarely isolated. Standard formula produced a flora rich in bifidobacteria, but the growth of facultative organisms was not suppressed by this diet. Clostridium sp. and Bacteroides sp. were more common in this feeding group. After the addition of lactoferrin at 10 mg/100 ml to the formula diet, a flora similar to that of the standard formula-fed babies was achieved. Lactoferrin at 100 mg/100 ml was able to establish a "bifidus flora" in half of the babies given this formula, but only at age three months. Clostridium sp. and Bacteroides sp. were common faecal isolates from babies receiving both the lactoferrin diets.     

Possible role for a polysaccharide antigen shared between Streptococcus pyogenes and S. mutans in the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Streptococcus mutans has been shown to share a polysaccharide (PS) antigen with S. pyogenes strains isolated from patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), using a monoclonal antibody f-77 reactive with the PS.¹ To investigate the pathogenetic role of the shared PS in PSNG experimental nephritis was induced in animals. Rats were immunized thrice with heat-killed cells of S. mutans or S. pyogenes, followed by an intravenous injection of live cells of S. pyogenes. Histologic examination showed that both animal groups had comparable degrees of diffuse proliferative nephritis characterized by immune deposits. The shared PS antigen was detected in glomeruli of all nephritic rats by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody f-77. Furthermore, all nephritic rats had an elevated antibody titer to the shared PS antigen. These results suggest that prior sensitization (infections such as dental caries) to S. mutans modulates immune responses to subsequent S. pyogenes infections and induces immune-complex disease (PSGN) through the shared PS antigen.     

Pancytopenia in an infant associated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy.

Pancytopenia in a seven-month-old baby is described and attributed to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim therapy. Plasma cells and histiocytes were prominent in the initial bone marrow examination and quite unlike the fatty hypocellular marrow usually seen in aplastic anemia.