纤支镜与超声介入对肺癌检出率的比较

目的 探讨利用纤支镜与超声介入技术对肺癌检出率的比较。方法 选择肺部肿瘤患285例为受试，均先做纤支镜，第二日再做超声肺部肿瘤探查并行超声引导下肺肿块穿刺活检。上述二项检查标本做组织细胞学的病理检查。结果 纤支镜检出肺鳞癌99例、腺癌72例及未分化癌41例，而非肺癌73例。超声介入技术检出肺鳞癌97例、腺癌69例及未分化癌46例，而非肺癌73例。结论 纤支镜技术对中央型肺癌检出率方便准确，而超声介入技术对周围肺癌检出率高而方便。上述两项技术对肺癌检出具有叠加作用。     

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration for lung cancer staging: early experience in Brazil

Objective:

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive, safe and accurate method for collecting samples from mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. This study focused on the initial results obtained with EBUS-TBNA for lung cancer and lymph node staging at three teaching hospitals in Brazil.

Methods:

This was a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with lung cancer and submitted to EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal lymph node staging. The EBUS-TBNA procedures, which involved the use of an EBUS scope, an ultrasound processor, and a compatible, disposable 22 G needle, were performed while the patients were under general anesthesia.

Results:

Between January of 2011 and January of 2014, 149 patients underwent EBUS-TBNA for lymph node staging. The mean age was 66 ± 12 years, and 58% were male. A total of 407 lymph nodes were sampled by EBUS-TBNA. The most common types of lung neoplasm were adenocarcinoma (in 67%) and squamous cell carcinoma (in 24%). For lung cancer staging, EBUS-TBNA was found to have a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 85%.

Conclusions:

We found EBUS-TBNA to be a safe and accurate method for lymph node staging in lung cancer patients.     

Current status and clinical applicability of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has played a key role in the diagnosis of mediastinal, paratracheal, and peribronchial lesions, as well as in lymph node staging for lung cancer. Despite its minimally invasive character, EBUS-TBNA has demonstrated a diagnostic yield comparable with that of established surgical methods. It has therefore gained credibility and has become a routine procedure at various referral centers. A successful EBUS-TBNA procedure requires careful planning, which includes a thorough review of the radiological imaging and special care during specimen collection and preparation, as well as technical expertise, experience with the procedure itself, and knowledge of the potential complications inherent to the procedure. The most common indications for EBUS-TBNA include lymph node staging for lung cancer and the diagnostic investigation of mediastinal/hilar masses and lymph node enlargement. Recently, tumor biomarkers in malignant samples collected during the EBUS-TBNA procedure have begun to be identified, and this molecular analysis has proven to be absolutely feasible. The EBUS-TBNA procedure has yet to be included on the Brazilian Medical Association list of medical procedures approved for reimbursement. The EBUS-TBNA procedure has shown to be a safe and accurate tool for lung cancer staging/restaging, as well as for the diagnosis of mediastinal, paratracheal, and peribronchial lesions/lymph node enlargement     

超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检的临床应用

超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检在原发性支气管肺癌、肺转移癌的诊断与治疗以及结节病、纵隔肿瘤、肺内病变的诊断方面发挥了重要的作用.超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检并发症少,特异性和敏感性高,是一项非常有用的检查手段.     

超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检的临床应用

超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检在原发性支气管肺癌、肺转移癌的诊断与治疗以及结节病、纵隔肿瘤、肺内病变的诊断方面发挥了重要的作用.超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检并发症少,特异性和敏感性高,是一项非常有用的检查手段.     

超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检的临床应用

超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检在原发性支气管肺癌、肺转移癌的诊断与治疗以及结节病、纵隔肿瘤、肺内病变的诊断方面发挥了重要的作用.超声内镜引导下经气管针吸活检并发症少,特异性和敏感性高,是一项非常有用的检查手段.     

Ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the mediastinum,part I: endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and transcutaneous mediastinal ultrasound (TMUS), introduction into ultrasound techniques

Ultrasound imaging has gained importance in pulmonary medicine over the last decades including conventional transcutaneous ultrasound (TUS), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). Mediastinal lymph node staging affects the management of patients with both operable and inoperable lung cancer (e.g., surgery vs. combined chemoradiation therapy). Tissue sampling is often indicated for accurate nodal staging. Recent international lung cancer staging guidelines clearly state that endosonography (EUS and EBUS) should be the initial tissue sampling test over surgical staging. Mediastinal nodes can be sampled from the airways [EBUS combined with transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)] or the esophagus [EUS fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA)]. EBUS and EUS have a complementary diagnostic yield and in combination virtually all mediastinal lymph nodes can be biopsied. Additionally endosonography has an excellent yield in assessing granulomas in patients suspected of sarcoidosis. The aim of this review, in two integrative parts, is to discuss the current role and future perspectives of all ultrasound techniques available for the evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and mediastinal staging of lung cancer. A specific emphasis will be on learning mediastinal endosonography. Part I is dealing with an introduction into ultrasound techniques, mediastinal lymph node anatomy and diagnostic reach of ultrasound techniques and part II with the clinical work up of neoplastic and inflammatory mediastinal lymphadenopathy using ultrasound techniques and how to learn mediastinal endosonography.     

Ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the mediastinum,part 2: mediastinal lymph node anatomy and diagnostic reach of ultrasound techniques,clinical work up of neoplastic and inflammatory mediastinal lymphadenopathy using ultrasound techniques and how to learn mediastinal endosonography

Ultrasound imaging has gained importance in pulmonary medicine over the last decades including conventional transcutaneous ultrasound (TUS), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). Mediastinal lymph node (MLN) staging affects the management of patients with both operable and inoperable lung cancer (e.g., surgery vs. combined chemoradiation therapy). Tissue sampling is often indicated for accurate nodal staging. Recent international lung cancer staging guidelines clearly state that endosonography should be the initial tissue sampling test over surgical staging. Mediastinal nodes can be sampled from the airways [endobronchial ultrasound combined with transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)] or the esophagus [endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA)]. EBUS and EUS have a complementary diagnostic yield and in combination virtually all MLNs can be biopsied. Additionally endosonography has an excellent yield in assessing granulomas in patients suspected of sarcoidosis. The aim of this review in two integrative parts is to discuss the current role and future perspectives of all ultrasound techniques available for the evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and mediastinal staging of lung cancer. A specific emphasis will be on learning mediastinal endosonography. Part 1 deals with an introduction into ultrasound techniques, MLN anatomy and diagnostic reach of ultrasound techniques and part 2 with the clinical work up of neoplastic and inflammatory mediastinal lymphadenopathy using ultrasound techniques and how to learn mediastinal endosonography.     

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration: Safe as it sounds

Real‐time endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) has earned its place as a standard of care in the evaluation of mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. It is a minimally invasive and a safe procedure with high diagnostic accuracy and efficacy. The increased usage of EBUS‐TBNA worldwide has thrown light on its possible complications including death. The complications range from minor to life threatening in few and may occur either early or later in the course after the procedure. The present review summarizes the reported complications from EBUS‐TBNA, their outcome and the modalities used for their management.     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.     

A rare case of mediastinal metastasis of ovarian carcinoma diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA)

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has become a minimally invasive tool with excellent diagnostic accuracy and low risk of complications in the diagnosis of thoracic diseases, including lung cancers and primary mediastinal lesions. Occasionally, EBUS-TBNA may be useful in identifying thoracic metastasis from distant tumors. Here we report an interesting and rare case of mediastinal metastasis of ovarian carcinoma diagnosed by EBUS-TBNA.     

Imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer

The available tools for diagnosing and staging lung cancer patients can be broadly categorized into non-invasive, minimally invasive and invasive (surgical) modalities. Non-invasive modalities include CT and PET. Minimally invasive modalities are endoscopic approaches, including endoscopic ultrasound, endobronchial ultrasound and transbronchial fine needle aspiration without ultrasound guidance. This review focuses on the non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques involving imaging. Application of Bayesian principles indicates that tests with a high sensitivity and specificity for detection of both systemic metastases and mediastinal nodal involvement are required for treatment selection and planning in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who would be considered for treatment with curative intent. Combined PET/CT using the glucose analogue fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose currently provides the best diagnostic performance for this purpose and should now be considered the standard of care for staging non-small cell lung cancer. Endoscopic ultrasound and endobronchial ultrasound have important complementary roles to allow further evaluation of equivocal nodal abnormalities on PET or CT and to allow pathological samples to be obtained. Diagnostic CT has an important role in defining tumour relations for patients deemed suitable for surgical resection and as the initial investigation for patients with potential symptoms of lung cancer or proven lung cancer that would not be considered for curative treatment on medical grounds.     

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration when combined with positron emission tomography improves specificity and overall diagnostic accuracy in unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy and staging of non‐small‐cell lung cancer

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the incremental value of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) to positron emission tomography (PET) in the diagnosis of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy and staging of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Patients who had both EUS‐guided FNA and PET were retrospectively identified from an EUS database at a tertiary hospital. All EUS‐guided FNA were carried out by one endoscopist between August 2002 and April 2005, either for the diagnosis of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy or for the staging of NSCLC. Results of PET and EUS were compared with histology. A true histological positive result was defined as histological involvement in either surgery (mediastinoscopy or resection) or EUS‐guided FNA. A true histological negative result was defined as negative involvement at surgery (mediastinoscopy or resection). Results: Forty‐nine patients who had both PET scanning and EUS‐guided FNA for diagnosis of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy or staging of NSCLC were identified. Of these, 33 (73% males, n = 24, age range = 44–78 years, mean = 62 years) had surgical confirmation of mediastinal lymph node pathology. In these patients, PET alone showed sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 90%; positive predictive value, 87%; negative predictive value, 90% and accuracy, 88%; whereas the addition of EUS‐guided FNA increased the overall specificity and positive predictive value to 100%, with an overall accuracy of 97%. Conclusions: This study suggests that EUS‐guided FNA complements PET by improving the overall specificity and thereby the accuracy for diagnosis of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy. It provides a minimally invasive technique to assess the mediastinum in patients with NSCLC and is particularly valuable in cases in which PET findings are equivocal.     

CT引导下经皮肺细针抽吸活检术的临床应用

目的探讨CT引导下经皮肺细针抽吸活检术的临床应用。方法对30例经影像检查考虑为肺部肿瘤患者，在CT引导下经皮肺细针抽吸活检术。结果30例活检中肺癌24例，转移癌2例，肺结核2例，诊断准确率93．3％（28／30），并发症很少，其中气胸2例，痰中带血3例。结论CT引导下经皮肺细针抽吸活检术定位准确，诊断率高，并发症少，操作安全，是一种可靠的肺部疾病的诊断技术。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检在管外型中央型肺癌中的诊断价值

目的 研究CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检在管外型中央型肺癌中的诊断价值.方法 101例在纤维支气管镜检查镜下示管外型占位没有明确病理诊断的患者行CT引导下肺穿刺活检.结果 101例,活检阳性率为100%.鳞癌48例,小细胞癌12例,腺癌29例(其中肺泡细胞癌5例),大细胞癌2例,腺鳞癌4例,神经内分泌癌4例,表皮样癌2例.其中22例行EGFR突变位点检测,突变率为54.5%(12/22).结论 CT引导下肺穿刺活检诊断管外型中央型肺癌阳性率高,为临床提供的病理诊断可靠完整,为后继的临床治疗提供了可靠的依据.     

经支气管针吸活检术对肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的探讨经支气管针吸活检术（transbronchial needle aspiration,TBNA）对肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移的临床诊断价值。方法对CT检查怀疑为肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移36例患者,在常规支气管镜检查活检和刷检后,对肿大的纵隔淋巴结应用经支气管针吸活检术（TBNA）,对所获得的标本进行相应的病理学检查。结果36例患者经纤支镜检查明确诊断31例,其中,组织活检、刷检和TBNA的阳性率分别是69．4％、63．9％、61．1％,常规组织活检及刷检的阳性为75．0％。结合TBNA术的阳性率增加为86．1％。所有患者未发现明显并发症。结论TBNA术操作方便、安全,对肺癌伴纵隔淋巴结转移的患者有较高的诊断价值。     

Endoscopic and endobronchial ultrasound real-time fine-needle aspiration for staging of the mediastinum in lung cancer

Mediastinal lymph node metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer are a critical determinant of operability. Mediastinoscopy is invasive, requires general anesthesia, and carries appreciable morbidity. The development of minimally invasive techniques for the pathologic staging of lung cancer is important. We report a one-stop minimally invasive method for the pathologic diagnosis and staging of the majority of the mediastinum under conscious sedation using a novel prototype endobronchial ultrasound probe with a real-time fine-needle aspiration (FNA) facility in combination with conventional endoscopic ultrasound FNA.     

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is an advance in bronchoscopy. It is a staging tool for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but also allows diagnosis of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy due to malignant and benign disease. It is a minimally invasive procedure that is used to stage suspected NSCLC with hilar nodes, discrete N2 or N3 disease, or bulky mediastinal disease. After a negative EBUS-TBNA result, if the pretest probability of lung cancer is high, a mediastinoscopy is still recommended, although in the light of recent trial data this is likely to change. EBUS-TBNA is expensive, which may limit its development in resource-rationed health care systems. Conventional (without ultrasound) transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) still has a useful role in lung cancer staging, especially where EBUS-TBNA is not available; it can help avoid unnecessary mediastinoscopies.     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.