体外循环心内直视手术对患者外周血白细胞中性粒细胞T淋巴细胞亚群影响

选择３０例择期心内直视术患者，治疗期间连续观察麻醉前后、术毕、术后第１、７、１４天其外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群变化，借以判断麻醉与体外转流手术后上述免疫参数变化，为及时防治心内直视术患者术后并发症提供实验依据。结果发现静吸复合麻醉近１ｈ后外周血淋巴细胞数急剧下降，术毕、术后第１至１４天外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞数及其所占百分率显著升高，而淋巴细胞数及其百分率则明显下降。Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群分析发现麻醉后ＣＤ＋３、ＣＤ＋４细胞及ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值明显下降，术毕、术后第１天进一步下降，至术后第７天或１４天恢复至麻醉前水平，这些参数变化是患者术后易并发感染等的原因之一。     

低温体外循环心内直视手术麻醉期间脑氧供需平衡状况

心内直视手术３０例，通过监测脑氧饱和度、颈内静脉球部血氧饱和度以及动脉－颈内静脉血乳酸差值，综合分析心内直视手术期间脑氧供需平衡。结果：（１）在体外循环复温过程中，ｒＳＯ２及ＳｊＯ２均明显下降；（２）体外循环开始后，动脉血乳酸和颈内静脉血乳酸进行性增加，但在整个手术麻醉过程中ＡＶＤＬ均未见明显增加，提示：在低温体外循环手术麻醉过程中，复温期间有脑氧供需失衡的趋势，应加强监测，术中若维持ＰａＣＯ２４     

脑氧饱和度监测的临床意义及评价

通过体外循环心内直视术（ｎ＝２０）及颅脑手术（ｎ＝２０）脑氧饱和度的监测发现，麻醉诱导时脑氧饱和度增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），体外循环心内直视手术患者复温过程中，脑氧饱和度明显下降（由７０．０％±４．５％降至６０．３％±９．２％，Ｐ＜０．０１），转流停止后上升。脑外患者拔管后脑氧饱和度下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。无论在降温还是复温过程中，脑氧饱和度与转流量之间呈线性相关（ｒ＝０．８６５～０．９４５，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＥＴ－ＣＯ２明显影响脑氧饱和度。ＨＲ（５０～１４０次／分）及转流中ＭＡＰ（３·４６～１４·６ｋＰａ），脑氧饱和度无明显变化。结论：（１）监测脑氧饱和度可反映脑氧供需平衡；（２）凡能影响脑氧供（如动脉血氧合、转流量及Ｐ。ＴＣＯ２等）及脑氧需（如体温等）的因素均可引起脑氧饱和度变化；（３）脑氧饱和度严重进行性下降而且不能恢复提示预后不良。     

地塞米松对体外循环期间白介素-8变化的影响

白介素－８是血管损伤和器官功能不全的主要调节因子。已证明白介素－８与体外循环术后心脏功能不全有明显关系［１］。如果能降低白介素－８的水平,可避免体外循环期间和术后的一些不良反应。鉴于此,我们在转流前应用地塞米松,观察其对术中和术后白介素－８的影响。资料与方法选择１７例体外循环下心内直视手术病人,随机分为２组,第１组：１０例,男４例,女６例,平均年龄（３５．４±１３．２）岁,平均体重（５３．０±６．７）ｋｇ。手术种类：ＶＳＤ５例。ＭＳＩ５例。平均转流时间（４２．４±２８．２）分,地塞米松０．２～０…     

体外循环对单核细胞HLA-DR表达的影响

目的研究体外循环对单核细胞表面HLA-DR表达水平的影响.方法16例风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者为试验组(心内直视术组),10例肺叶切除术患者为对照组(非心内直视术组).采用流式细胞术动态观察麻醉诱导前、气管插管后、体外循环心肺转流前、体外循环心肺转流后、手术后第1d、第3d及第5d淋巴细胞和单核细胞表面HLA-DR的表达水平,同时观察APACHEⅡ评分及手术后恢复情况.结果心内直视术组心肺转流后、术后第1d、第3dHLA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率显著下降,且心肺转流后单核细胞数显著下降,单核细胞表面的HLA-DR分子数显著下降(P＜0.05).肺叶切除术组手术后HLA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率明显下降,但单核细胞占外周血白细胞比例无显著性差异.HLA-DR表达阳性的淋巴细胞百分率在各个时间点均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);两组相比,手术后HIA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率心内直视组显著低于肺叶切除组.2例心内直视术后并发感染患者于术后第6dHLA-DR表达阳性的单核细胞百分率仍低于40%.结论心肺转流后机体免疫功能的障碍与单核细胞的功能紧密相关.动态监测单核细胞表面HLA-DR的表达水平有助于预测心内直视术后感染的发展及预后.     

不同心脏病人心肺转流期间肺顺应性的动态观察

本文观察了两组心内直视手术病人心肺转流前后肺顺应性的动态变化。结果发现先心组病人（ｎ＝１４）转流期间胸肺顺应性（Ｃｓ）和动态肺顺应性（Ｃｄ）均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），停机２０ｍｉｎ和术毕时仍低于转流前（Ｐ＜０．０１）；瓣膜组（ｎ＝１１）Ｃｓ、Ｃｄ值转流期间亦同样降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），但转流后期至术毕渐回升至对照水平（Ｐ＞０．０５）。认为两类病人不同的肺部病理生理特点是造成转流中、后期肺顺应性呈不同变化的基础。体外循环本身可造成两类病人肺顺应性的降低，引起上述变化的确切因素仍待进一步探讨。     

体外循环心内直视手术对患者外周血白细胞中性粒细胞T淋巴细…

选择３０期择期心内直视术患者，治疗期间连续观察麻醉前后、术毕、术后第１、７、１４天其外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群变化，借以判断麻醉与体外转流手术后上述免疫参数变化，为及时防治心内直视术患者术后并发症提供实验依据。结果发现静吸复合麻醉近１ｈ后外周血淋巴细胞数急剧下降，术毕、术后第１至１４天外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞数及其所占百分率显著升高，而淋巴细胞数及其百分率则明显下降。Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群分     

体外循环下心内直视手术麻醉期间严重心律失常的处理

体外循环下心内直视手术麻醉期间严重心律失常的处理马青＊张达仁＊段士芬自１９９１年１月～１９９３年７月我院共完成体外循环下心内直视手术４２６例。麻醉方法均采用芬太尼＋安氟醚静吸复合麻醉。麻醉和手术期间均采用心电监测仪连续Ⅱ导联监测ＥＣＧ。自麻醉诱导至手...     

心内直视手术期间呼气末和动脉血二氧化碳分压的相关观察

本文观察１３０例心内直视手术机械通气期间呼气末二氧化碳分压（ＰｅｔＣＯ２）与ＰａＣＯ２的变化，计算气管插管后１０ｍｉｎ、转流前及体外循环停机后１ｈＰｅｔＣＯ２与ＰａＣＯ２的相关性。结果：转流前法乐氏四联症病人ＰｅｔＣＯ２与ＰａＣＯ２不相关，停机后１ｈ两者之间相关性良好，存在回归关系。提示心内直视手术病人，ＰｅｔＣＯ２与ＰａＣＯ２的相关性放心肺功能正常的病人差，心内直视手术期间应根据病情分别监测ＰｅｔＣＯ２与ＰａＣＯ２，以便维持良好的通气效果。     

小儿体外循环期间血浆纤维粘接蛋白的变化

观察小儿体外循环心内直视手术转流前后血浆纤维粘接蛋白（ＰＦＮ）、血气值的变化，并分析影响ＰＦＮ的因素。结果表明，ＰＦＮ在转流期间水平最低，转流后ＰＦＮ仍无有意义回升。其原因可能与生成量下降、消耗量增加有关。故在小儿体外循环期间应采取相应措施减少转流中ＰＦＮ的消耗，以利在转流后尽快恢复。     

The effects of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow autoregulation and flow-metabolism coupling during cardiopulmonary bypass

Background: Previous studies on non‐cardiac surgical patients have shown that cerebral pressure‐flow autoregulation and cerebral flow‐metabolism coupling are maintained with sevoflurane. The effects of sevoflurane on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and flow‐metabolism coupling during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have not been studied previously. Methods: The effects of sevoflurane‐induced burst suppression, monitored with electroencephalography (EEG), on cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV), cerebral oxygen extraction (COE) and flow autoregulation, were studied in 16 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The experimental procedure was performed during non‐pulsatile CPB with mild hypothermia (34 °C) in fentanyl/droperidol‐anesthetized patients. Middle cerebral artery transcranial Doppler flow velocity, right jugular vein bulb oxygen saturation and jugular venous pressure were measured continuously. Autoregulation was tested during changes in the mean arterial pressure (40–90 mmHg), induced by sodium nitroprusside and norepinephrine before (control), and during additional sevoflurane administration, in a dose that resulted in an EEG burst‐suppression level of 4–6/min. Results: Sevoflurane, at an inspired concentration of 3.36±0.03%, induced a 17% decrease in CBFV (P<0.05) and a 22% decrease in COE (P<0.05) compared with the control. The slope of the positive relationship between CBFV and cerebral perfusion pressure was steeper with sevoflurane (P<0.01) compared with control measurements, as was the slope of the negative relationship between CPP and COE (P<0.01). Conclusion: Burst‐suppression doses of sevoflurane exert an intrinsic cerebral vasodilatory effect, which impairs CBF autoregulation during mildly hypothermic CPB. Furthermore, during sevoflurane administration, CBF is in excess relative to oxygen demand, indicating a partial loss of the cerebral flow‐metabolism coupling.     

Fentanyl is more effective than remifentanil at preventing increases in cerebral blood flow velocity during intubation in children

PURPOSE: Controlling the cerebral and systemic hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation may play a role in determining clinical outcome in pediatric neurosurgical patients. This study compared the effects of remifentanil and fentanyl on cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and hemodynamic profile during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in children under sevoflurane anesthesia. METHODS: Sixty healthy children aged two to six years undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. Each child was randomly assigned to receive a remifentanil or fentanyl infusion, at a rate of 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) after induction of anesthesia with 2% sevoflurane. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was measured by transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography. Once a baseline set of hemodynamic variables and TCD measurements were recorded, the opioid infusion was started. Measurements were taken at two-minute intervals, starting four minutes prior to laryngoscopy until four minutes following naso-tracheal intubation. RESULTS: Remifentanil caused a more significant decrease in mean arterial pressure and CBFV prior to tracheal intubation than did fentanyl (P < 0.001). During laryngoscopy and for two minutes following tracheal intubation, CBFV increased in all remifentanil groups (P < 0.05), whereas it remained stable in all fentanyl groups. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that fentanyl was more effective than remifentanil at preventing increases in CBFV during and immediately following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in children undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia. Fentanyl also seemed to provide a more stable hemodynamic profile prior to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation when compared to remifentanil.     

A pilot study of evaluation of cerebral function by S100beta protein and near-infrared spectroscopy during cold and warm cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children undergoing open-heart surgery

Cerebral injury in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remains a major source of morbidity. The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass temperature on cerebral function in terms of serum S100beta protein level and cerebral oxygenation monitored by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRO-300) in children is not known. In this study, 18 children undergoing open-heart surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children in London were equally assigned by minimisation to warm (35 +/- 1 degrees C) or cold (25 +/- 1 degrees C) CPB. Changes in S100beta protein and cerebral oxygenation were studied in both groups. S100beta protein serum level increased significantly after CPB in both groups. There was no significant difference in serum S100beta protein concentrations between the two groups. However, cerebral oxygenation in terms of tissue oxygen index (TOI) was significantly impaired during rewarming from cold CPB. Five patients were desaturated (TOI < 50%) during rewarming in the cold bypass group compared to two in the warm patients. This study supports the use of warm CPB in children undergoing open-heart surgery, although further studies recruiting more patients are warranted.     

Cerebral blood flow velocity patterns during cardiac surgery utilizing profound hypothermia with lowflow cardiopulmonary bypass or circulatory arrest in neonates and infants

To examine the effects of low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and circulatory arrest (PHCA) on cerebral pressure-flow velocity relationships, we studied 32 patients (<9 mo of age) undergoing corrective cardiac procedures. Pressure-flow velocity relationships were studied during profound hypothermia (nasopharyngeal temperature <20° C). Cerebral blood-flow velocity (CBFV) was measured in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler sonography. The anterior fontanel pressure (AFP) was measured using an intracranial pressure monitor. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated (mm Hg) as mean arterial pressure (MAP) minus AFP. Nasopharyngeal temperature, PaCO₂ and haematocrit were controlled during the study period. Alpha-stat acid-base management was employed. The CBFV measurements were made continuously over a range of CPP as pump flow (Q) was decreased to low-flow or to circulatory arrest and again during the subsequent increase in Q and CPP to normal. As Q and CPP were increased after a period of low-flow CPB during which period detectable CBFV was present, the CBFV was greater at any given CPP than prior to the low-flow state (P < 0.05). However, after PHCA a higher CPP (P < 0.05) was necessary to re-establish detectable CBFV and at any given CPP the CBFV was less than prior to PHCA (P < 0.05). Seventeen patients underwent low-flow CPB during which CBFV became non-detectable (7 ± 1 cm · sec^?1). In 12 of these patients the pattern of recovery of CBFV was the same as that observed after low-flow CPB whereas the remaining five (29%) demonstrated a pattern of recovery identical to the ones recorded after PHCA, We conclude that after PHCA a higher CPP is necessary to re-establish and maintain detectable CBFV. Furthermore, during low-flow CPB, patients where CBFV becomes non-detectable and show a pattern of CBFV recovery similar to PHCA, cessation of cerebral perfusion must be considered.     

Effects of perfusion pressure on cerebral blood flow and oxygenation during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Perfusion pressure (PP) during CPB could be one of the important determinants of cerebral blood flow (CBF). The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of PP on CBF and cerebral oxgenation during normothermic CPB. METHODS: Twelve adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomly assigned to one of two groups based on PP (High and Low group). Patients in High group received phenylephrine immediately after the onset of CPB to maintain PP between 60 and 80 mmHg. Oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), tissue oxygenation index (TOI), and oxidized cytochrome aa3 (CtOx) were measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, and internal jugular venous bulb blood oxygen saturation (SjvO2) was measured simultaneously. S-100 beta protein concentrations were also measured before and after CPB. RESULTS: SjvO2 in High group increased significantly during CPB. CtOx in Low group decreased significantly during CPB, whereas TOI was unchanged. Although S-100 beta increased significantly at the end of CPB, there was no difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that maintaining high PP is benefical for CBF during normothermic CPB.     

近红外光谱法监测脑氧合预测CPB心脏瓣膜置换术病人缺血性脑损伤的评价

目的 评估应用近红外光谱法监测脑氧合预测CPB心脏瓣膜置换术病人缺血性脑损伤的准确性.方法 选择CPB心脏瓣膜置换术病人17例,术中使用NIRO-200型近红外含氧量监视仪监测双侧额叶脑氧饱和度(rScO2)、组织血红蛋白指数(THI)、氧合血红蛋白浓度变化(△O2Hb)、还原血红蛋白浓度变化(△HHb)和总血红蛋白浓度变化(△cHb).于入室时、气管插管后即刻、主动脉插管即刻、上下腔静脉插管后即刻、CPB开始即刻、CPB中最低温、复温至36.5 ℃、停机即刻和1 h时记录上述指标和rScO2最低值≤50%的发生情况;于麻醉诱导前即刻、复温前、复温至36.5℃、停机1、5、20 h时采集右颈内静脉血样,测定血浆S100蛋白与神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的浓度.于术前1 d和术后8 d时评估认知功能,记录术后认知功能障碍的发生情况.结果 9例rScO2最低值≤50%的病人中7例出现术后认知功能障碍.rScO2最低值≤50%的病人停机1 h和5 h时血浆NSE和S100蛋白的浓度高于rScO2＞50%的病人(P＜0.05).结论 近红外光谱法监测脑氧合可较准确地预测CPB心脏瓣膜置换术病人缺血性脑损伤.     

Anesthetic and surgical factors affecting open heart surgery patients leading to cerebrovascular accident--retrospective study at King Khalid University Hospital.

Stroke after coronary bypass grafting (CABG) is often disabling. The incidence of ischemic stroke may approach 3% to 5%. Several risk factors have been identified including previous history of stroke, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, and postoperative atrial fibrillation. Retrospective study during the period 1992-1995 was undertaken to determine the incidence, risk factors of neurological deficit after open-heart surgery at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. There were 350 patients who were subjected to CABG, 10 patients (2.8%) were found to suffer from cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) following open-heart surgery. In 18 patients, the complaint lasted more than 24 hours (stroke), while 2 patients developed transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Five factors were found to be associated with increased risk of post cardiac surgery CVA. These factors are postoperative atrial fibrillation, carotid bruit, past history of heart failure, past history of CVA and smoking. The authors concluded that it is necessary to start a prospective study to verify the area of improvement with regards to technique, selection of patients and mode of perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).     

EFFECTS OF NIMODIPINE ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOME AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY

Thirty-five patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonarybypass (CPB) were allocated randomly in a prospective double-blindstudy to receive either nimodipine 0.5 µg kg^–1 min^–1or placebo. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured during andimmediately after CPB. Neuropsychological tests were performed6 months after surgery to determine any relationship betweenischaemic damage and CBF and administration of nimodipine. Therewere no differences in CBF between the nimodipine (n = 18) andplacebo groups (n = 17). Significant changes in neuropsychologicaltests were found in six patients tested 6 months after surgerybut there were no conclusive signs of ischaemic damage. Thenimodipine-treated group performed better in tests of verbalfluency and visual retention, suggesting that some memory functionswere preserved better in this group.     

七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者脑血流量和颅内压的比较

目的 比较七氟醚和异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者的脑血流量(CBF)和颅内压(ICP).方法 择期拟行妇科腹腔镜手术患者40例,年龄20～59岁,体重44～69kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20):七氟醚复合麻醉组(S组)和异丙酚复合麻醉组(P组).麻醉诱导:S组吸人8%七氟醚,P组TCI异丙酚(Ce 4μg/ml),两组均TCI瑞芬太尼(Ce 6ng/ml),睫毛反射消失后,静脉注射顺阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg,BIS<45时行气管插管.麻醉诱导后瑞芬太尼Ce下调为3 ng/ml,调节异丙酚Ce和七氟醚吸人浓度,维持BIS 45～50,于麻醉诱导前水平仰卧位稳定后5 min(T1)、水平截石位稳定后5 min(T2)、气管插管后即刻(T3)、气管插管后5 min(T4)、气腹头低位后即刻(T5)、气腹头低位后15 min(T6)及气腹放气后10 min(T7)时采用经颅多普勒超声测定大脑中动脉脑血流速率(CBFV)和搏动指数(PI).结果 与T1时比较,P组T3,4,7时CBFV降低,T3,4时P1降低,S组T4,7时CBFV降低,两组T5,6时PI升高(P<0.05);与T4时比较,两组T5,6时CBFV升高(P<0.05);与S组比较,P组T3时CBFV降低,T3,4时PI降低(P<0.05).结论 与七氟醚复合麻醉相比,异丙酚复合麻醉下妇科腹腔镜手术患者麻醉诱导后CBF和ICP明显降低;气腹后CBF和ICP均升高.     

Cardiopulmonary bypass induces significant platelet activation in children undergoing open-heart surgery

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on platelet function in children undergoing open-heart surgery. METHODS: Data from 16 consecutive children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were prospectively collected. Blood samples of 10 mL were collected via the central venous line immediately before and after CPB for CD62 measurements by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Ten children had acyanotic heart disease (median age 3 yr, range 1.8-14) and six had a cyanotic defect (median age 4yr, range 2-14). The platelet count decreased significantly with CPB in both groups: from 163.5 (130-201) to 93.5 (57-186) x 10(3) microL(-1) in acyanotic children and from 139.5 (77-212) to 75 (43-99) x 10(3) microL(-1) in cyanotic children (P < 0.0001). The percentage of activated platelets was significantly lower in acyanotic children at baseline: 1% (0-23%) vs. 5% (3-8%) (P = 0.07). CPB increased the percentage of activated platelets significantly in both groups: post-bypass the values were 10% (range 1-17%) in acyanotic children and 7% (range 1-30%) in cyanotic children (P = 0.03). The increase in the percentage of activated platelets did not differ between the two study groups (P = 0.11). CONCLUSION: CPB induces significant platelet activation in children undergoing open-heart surgery.