神经导航引导下直视手术治疗脑内小病灶

目的 探讨在神经导航辅助下微创手术治疗脑内小病灶的经验。方法 在神经导航系统辅助下显微外科手术治疗24例脑内小病灶。其中脑脓肿2例，脑囊虫5例，炎性肉芽肿2例，转移癌7例，海绵状血管瘤2例，星形细胞瘤2例，胶质细胞增生2例，中枢神经细胞瘤1例，生殖细胞瘤1例。结果 导航平均注册误差（2．3±0．45）mm。病灶全切16例，次全切3例，大部分切除2例，取病检3例。术后无死亡、无神经导航误差引起的并发症。全部病例恢复良好。结论 神经导航引导直视手术治疗脑内小病灶手术准确、安全，减少了术中的盲目性和并发症的发生。     

神经导航下微创切除颅内小病灶

目的总结我科在神经导航辅助下微创手术治疗颅内小病灶的经验。方法我科自2005年3月至2006年12月在神经导航系统辅助下微创手术治疗69例颅内小病灶，其中脑膜瘤26例，胶质瘤13例，转移癌10例，脑囊虫9例，海绵状血管瘤6例，脑脓肿3例，炎性肉芽肿2例。结果导航平均实际误差≤2．0mm，均一次性准确找到病灶。病灶全切除62例，次全切除7例。术前症状均得到控制和好转，术后无死亡，无神经导航误差引起的并发症。全部病例恢复良好。结论神经导航辅助微创手术治疗颅内小病灶手术准确、安全，减少了术中的盲目性和并发症的发生。     

神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤（附10例报告）

目的探讨神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤的临床价值。方法应用Brain LAB公司的Vector Vision神经导航系统辅助显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤10例。结果术后10例近期复查CT或MRI证实病灶全切除率均为100％，患者临床症状均改善，无其它重要神经功能受损表现，无手术并发症及死亡。结论神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤具有定位准确、动态示踪、微侵袭、安全可靠等特点，有助于缩短手术时间、提高病灶的切除率及降低手术并发症的发生。     

神经导航下显微手术切除脑深部病变

目的探讨脑深部病变的手术治疗经验。方法在BrainLabVV2神经外科导航系统指导下显微手术切除脑深部直径为8～25 mm大小病变46例。其中脑脓肿4例,脑囊虫病2例,脑膜瘤2例,侧脑室内室管膜瘤1例,胶质瘤22例,海绵状血管瘤7例,血管畸形4例和炎性肉芽肿4例。除脑膜瘤外,其余病灶平均距脑皮质约30 mm。分别利用神经导航系统定出手术切口、骨窗大小,指示手术入路。结果 40例病变全切(87%),6例次全切(13%)。骨窗平均30 mm×40 mm大小;平均导航误差小于1.2m。术后39例患者临床症状改善,7例无变化,无手术并发症。结论在神经外科导航系统指导下手术切除脑深部直径为8～25mm大小病变定位准确可靠,切口和骨窗大小适当,术中合理采用导航与手术分离的方法 ,利用自然沟裂,加之熟练的显微手术操作,可最大限度切除病变,减少副损伤和并发症的发生。     

神经导航显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤

目的探讨神经导航显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤的临床价值。方法应用美国枢法模公司的Stealth Station神经导航系统辅助显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤17例。结果17例术后复查CT或MRI,显示病灶全切除,患者临床症状均改善,无其它重要神经功能受损表现,无手术并发症及死亡患者。结论神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑内海绵状血管瘤具有定位准确、动态示踪、微侵袭、安全可靠等特点,有助于缩短手术时间、提高病灶的切除率及降低手术并发症的发生。     

神经导航下神经内镜手术治疗脑脓肿

目的：探讨神经导航下神经内镜手术治疗脑脓肿的方法及效果。方法回顾性分析9例脑脓肿病人的临床资料,采取神经导航下神经内镜手术治疗。结果无死亡病例。术后3周复查 MRI,其中脓腔消失6例,明显缩小的2例,残留病灶1例。随访6个月,MRI 证实脓肿已完全吸收6例,其中2例遗有明显的脑软化灶。失访3例。结论神经导航下神经内镜手术治疗脑脓肿具有定位精确、损伤小、术后康复快的特点,将成为神经外科医师治疗脑脓肿的一个新的选择。     

神经导航辅助显微手术切除隐匿型脑动静脉畸形

目的 研究神经导航系统辅助显微手术切除隐匿型脑动静脉畸形的临床价值。方法应用Brain LAB公司的Vector Vision神经导航系统辅助显微手术切除隐匿型脑动静脉畸形并清除血肿12例，并对神经导航用于隐匿型脑动静脉畸形显微手术的优缺点进行综合评价。结果本组病例中，术后近期复查MRI证实病灶全切除率为100％，患者临床症状均得到改善，无其他重要神经功能受损表现．无手术并发症及死亡。结论神经导航系统辅助显微手术切除隐匿型脑动静脉畸形具有定位准确、动态示踪、微侵袭、安全可靠等特点，有助于缩短手术时间、提高病灶的切除率及降低手术并发症的发生。     

快速立体定位固定系统在开颅手术中的应用

目的 探讨快速立体定位固定系统在开颅手术中的应用价值。方法 应用快速立体定位固定系统辅助开颅手术治疗颅内病变15例,并对应用快速立体定位固定系统术中定位的准确性、使用的安全性和术后治疗效果进行评估。结果 定位平均误差（2±0.76）mm,术中均能准确定位病灶,系统无安全隐患。病变全切10例,脑内血肿穿刺引流4例,脑脓肿穿刺引流1例。术后均无神经功能障碍,无手术并发症及死亡。结论 使用快速立体定位固定系统辅助开颅手术,能大幅度提高手术的精准度,减少手术创伤及术后并发症,降低手术死亡率和致残率。     

神经导航辅助显微手术治疗脑功能区肿瘤

目的探讨神经导航系统辅助下脑重要功能区肿瘤显微手术的治疗效果和应用价值。方法1999年12月～2002年6月应用StealthStation神经导航系统辅助切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤10例,对神经导航系统术中应用的优越性、精确性等进行分析。结果本组平均注册误差为(2.8±0.9)mm,肿瘤和重要解剖功能结构定位准确,肿瘤全切除率77.8%。术后神经功能未受明显影响,无手术并发症及死亡。结论神经导航系统对于切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤具有定位准确,动态示踪和实时导航,侵袭性小,安全、可靠等特点,有助于提高肿瘤全切率及降低手术并发症。     

神经导航下手术切除幕上脑内海绵状血管畸形

目的探讨神经导航在幕上脑内海绵状血管畸形手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析手术切除26例幕上脑内海绵状血管畸形患者的临床资料,术前应用StealthStation神经导航系统制定手术计划。术中导航探针指引显微镜下切除病变。结果导航显示病灶的定位误差均在2 mm以内。26例海绵状血管畸形均获全切除,术后所有患者恢复良好,均未出现新的神经功能障碍。结论应用神经导航系统辅助手术可对病变准确定位,手术侵袭性小,可减少手术并发症。     

Clinical application of neuro-navigation in a series of single burr-hole procedures

With recent developments in computer technology and the improvement of neuroimaging, modern optical neuro-navigation systems are increasingly being used in neurosurgery. In this study, we present our experience with 51 operations using a frameless optical navigation system in a variety of single burr-hole procedures. The procedures include neuroendoscopic surgery, frameless stereotactic biopsy, cyst aspiration and catheter placement. Both the VectorVision and the VectorVision(2) neuro-navigation systems (BrainLab AG, Munich, Germany) were used. The reliability and accuracy of the neuro-navigation system, postoperative complications and the clinical usefulness of image-guidance were analyzed. The navigation system worked properly in all 51 neurosurgical cases. Exact planning of the approach and determination of the ideal trajectory were possible in all cases. The mean registration error of the system, given as a computer-calculated value, was 2.1 mm (0.4-3.1 mm). Postoperative clinical evaluations and imaging were performed on every patient in order to confirm the success of the surgical procedure. All patients recovered well and without any postoperative complications. We conclude that image guidance in single burr-hole procedures provides a high degree of accuracy in lesion targeting, permits good anatomical orientation and minimizes brain trauma. The navigation system has proven to be a helpful tool since it increases the safety of single burr-hole procedures.     

Neuronavigation in interventional MR imaging. Prospective stereotaxy

A practical MR imaging-based guidance/control methodology has been developed successfully and validated for improving the performance of stereotactic neurosurgerical procedures such as brain lesion biopsy. The use of the device and method in 40 routine MR-guided procedures has revealed its potential as an alternative approach. Superior to the traditional stereotactic systems, which rely on the old images, the new method, based on prospective guidance, can provide good and acceptable targeting accuracy in the presence of brain shift. Furthermore, the use of MR monitoring of the overall neurosurgical procedure provides another independent assurance for the success of a complicated surgery. The advantages of the new surgical guidance system and method are simple and compatible with the existing capabilities of conventional MR scanners. More importantly, it allows a more effective surgical guidance in the presence of brain shift during the typical neurosurgery. Another important advantage of the guidance method and device is the performance of a truly MR-guided neurosurgical procedure in a conventional, short bore high field MR scanner. Surgical procedures using the guidance system and method have been accepted by radiologists and neurosurgeons as an attractive MR-based stereotactic approach. It can be expected that this guidance scheme will be a useful addition to the MR-based stereotactic system for neurosurgery, and animal research, in which cumbersome stereotactic frames have been used.     

Stereotactic drainage of brain abscesses

Between 1981 and 1986, 16 patients with brain abscesses underwent computed tomography (CT) guided stereotactic aspiration with (n = 5) or without (n = 11), catheter drainage. Infectious sources were found in 11 patients; 6 patients had concomitant immune suppression. Bacterial or mixed toxoplasmic-fungal or toxoplasmic-viral abscesses were diagnosed in 14 patients. After prolonged antimicrobial treatment, follow-up clinical and radiological evaluations confirmed abscess resolution in 12 patients. The abscess size was smaller in four patients, three of whom died 30-60 days after surgery due to overwhelming systemic opportunistic infections. One patient with a tuberculous brain abscess continued to exhibit gradual abscess regression one year after beginning three-drug antituberculous therapy. No surgical mortality occurred but two patients required evacuation of post-operative intracerebral haematomas that resulted from over-vigorous abscess aspiration. CT stereotactic drainage is a safe and effective technique to diagnose and treat brain abscesses and is mandatory for small or deep-seated lesions. Empirical therapy of suspected brain abscesses is rarely warranted in the era of CT stereotactic surgery.     

Stereotactic drainage of brain abscesses

Between 1981 and 1986, 16 patients with brain abscesses underwent computed tomography (CT) guided stereotactic aspiration with (n = 5) or without (n = 11), catheter drainage. Infectious sources were found in 11 patients; 6 patients had concomitant immune suppression. Bacterial or mixed toxoplasmic-fungal or toxoplasmic-viral abscesses were diagnosed in 14 patients. After prolonged antimicrobial treatment, follow-up clinical and radiological evaluations confirmed abscess resolution in 12 patients. The abscess size was smaller in four patients, three of whom died 30-60 days after surgery due to overwhelming systemic opportunistic infections. One patient with a tuberculous brain abscess continued to exhibit gradual abscess regression one year after beginning three-drug antituberculous therapy. No surgical mortality occurred but two patients required evacuation of post-operative intracerebral haematomas that resulted from over-vigorous abscess aspiration. CT stereotactic drainage is a safe and effective technique to diagnose and treat brain abscesses and is mandatory for small or deep-seated lesions. Empirical therapy of suspected brain abscesses is rarely warranted in the era of CT stereotactic surgery.     

氢质子磁共振波谱和术中磁共振导航在颅内病变无框架活检的初步应用

目的 探讨氢质子磁共振波谱(proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy,1H-MRS)联合术中磁共振(intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging,iMRI)导航在颅内病变穿刺活检的应用.方法 使用兼具有1H-MRS功能的1.5 T术中磁共振系统,并配有导航计算机成像系统.26例颅内病变患者,先使用1H-MRS分析病灶组织生化及代谢情况,然后在iMRI导航引导下根据病变不同部位代谢情况对病变相应区域进行穿刺活检.结果 26例患者穿刺成功,25例病变组织获得组织病理学诊断.所有病例术中及术后均未出现明显并发症如严重出血、新发神经功能障碍等.结论 1H-MRS分析能提供病变的代谢信息,并帮助确定最佳活检取材点,iMRI导航能精确定位,并在术中明确取材位置和排除出血等并发症,1H-MRS联合iMRI导航在颅内病变活检是一种精准、有效、安全的技术.     

超声导航辅助显微神经外科手术(附29例分析)

目的 探讨术中超声导航在显微神经外科手术中的应用价值。方法对29例神经外科显微手术中采用实时超声影像引导病变定位。指引手术路径选择，并动态了解病变位置的变化情况、手术切除程度。蛛网膜囊肿6例，脑膜瘤1例，动静脉畸形2例，胶质瘤2例，转移瘤5例，脑内血肿8例。椎管内神经纤维瘤4例，脑脓肿1例。结果所有病变均得到全切，术后病人恢复良好，神经功能保存完好，无额外的神经功能损害和手术并发症。结论术中超声导航操作简便，定位准确，能够实现实时影像导航；与显微神经外科配合能够有效起到降低手术副损伤，提高手术精度的作用。     

Conservative treatment of brain abscesses

The authors present 6 patients with brain abscesses treated conservatively. There were multiple brain abscesses in 4 patients. The patients were in good general condition without marked symptoms of high intracranial pressure. The conservative treatment lasted 4 to 11 weeks under CT control and careful observation of clinical status. 5 patients were cured, 4 of them without any neurological deficit and 1--with visual field defect after bilateral brain abscesses in occipital lobes. 1 patient died in spite of drainage of the biggest of multiple abscesses. The authors confirmed the value of conservative treatment in selected cases of brain abscess, specially in multiple brain abscesses. The early beginning of such treatment seems to be specially important.     

Use of computerized tomography in nonsurgical management of brain abscess.

Two patients with hematogenous brain abscesses demonstrated by computerized tomographic (CT) scans were successfully treated without surgical intervention. The first patient had congenital cyanotic heart disease and multiple brain abscesses complicated by presumed rupture into the ventricles. By the time these clinical diagnoses were established, she had shown substantial improvement after antibiotic therapy alone. The second patient with bronchiectasis had a single abscess in the dominant hemisphere. Medical management was successful. Subsequent CT scans in both patients provided reassurance that clinical improvement was accompanied by anatomical healing. The use of noninvasive diagnostic techniques should encourage the formulation of new criteria for the management of cerebral abscess in carefully evaluated and closely observed patients.     

Neuroimaging and functional navigation as potential tools to reduce the incidence of surgical complications of lateral ventricular meningiomas

Objective

Post-operative complications are common following treatment for meningiomas in the lateral ventricles because it is unavoidable to disrupt the integrity of the brain during surgery. This study discusses our experience with strategies for reducing these complications.

Method

Twenty-seven cases of lateral ventricular meningiomas treated surgically were summarized. The surgical corridors of 11 patients were selected according to the traditional anatomical markers. Navigation technologies including neuronavigation, ultrasonography, neuro-endoscopy, fMRI and intraoperative brain mapping were used in the other 16 patients. The post-operative Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) of patients with or without navigation were compared at 1 week and 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results

Except for one patient who died from postoperative intracerebral hemorrhage, most of the preoperative disorders improved after surgery. Although only 4 out of 27 cases suffered from permanent complications of visual field defect or epilepsy, novel postoperative complications were found in 8 of 11 patients without navigation but in only 5 of 16 patients with navigation. The post-operative KPS of patients with navigation were better than those without navigation at 1 week and 3 months after surgery.

Conclusion

The use of neuroimaging and functional navigation technologies may effectively lower the incidence of postoperative complications.