熊去氧胆酸联合异甘草酸镁治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的近期疗效观察及护理

目的观察原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者采用异甘草酸镁与熊去氧胆酸联合进行治疗的近期效果,并探讨其护理干预措施。方法随机抽取我院2011~2013年收治的42例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者,根据患者治疗意愿,分成观察组与对照组,对照组采用熊去氧胆酸治疗,观察组采用异甘草酸镁与熊去氧胆酸联合治疗,两组患者均采用针对性的护理措施进行干预。结果观察组总有效率为84.7%,对照组总有效率为66.7%,观察组总有效率显著优于对照组(P0.05);观察组完成治疗后γ-GGT、ALP、AST、ALT、TBIL等临床指标改变情况与对照组相比,改变较为明显,组间数据对比具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者采用熊去氧胆酸与异甘草酸镁药物联合进行治疗,获得治疗效果较为明显,使患者的肝功能生化指标得到明显改善,值得临床推广。     

熊去氧胆酸单药治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化肝炎重叠综合征的临床研究

目的观察熊去氧胆酸单药治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化-自身免疫性肝炎(PBC-AIH)重叠综合征的疗效。方法选取80例PBC-AIH重叠综合征患者,随机分为观察组与对照组,各40例。观察组单用熊去氧胆酸治疗,对照组采取熊去氧胆酸联合免疫抑制剂。比较两组治疗前、治疗6个月、12个月的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、天门冬氨酸基转移酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)水平、AST、ALT、Ig G、ALP、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)应答率及不良反应总发生率。结果观察组与对照组治疗6个月、12个月后的ALP、GGT、AST、TBIL均低于该组治疗前(P0.05),两组治疗后6个月、12个月后的ALP、GGT、AST、TBIL的组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的AST、ALT、IgG、ALP、GGT应答率分别为47.50%、52.50%、80.00%、77.50%、50.00%,与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组不良反应总发生率为7.50%,低于对照组25.00%(P0.05)。结论熊去氧胆酸单药治疗PBC-AIH重叠综合征可有效改善患者AST、ALT、Ig G、ALP、GGT等肝脏生物化学指标,疗效满意且不良反应少,具有较大临床应用价值。     

安络化纤丸联合熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化疗效观察

目的观察安络化纤丸联合熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者的疗效。方法随机将64例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者分为治疗组32例和对照组32例。对照组32例给予甘草酸二胺肠溶胶囊、熊去氧胆酸胶囊(UDCA)治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用安络化纤丸,疗程均为三个月。观察治疗前后患者临床症状、体征的变化以及肝功能、肝纤维化、肝脾影像学变化。结果两组患者在治疗过程中均未出现明显不良反应。两组疗效相比,治疗组有效率90.6%,明显高于对照组68.8%(P=0.024);治疗后血清ALT、AST、ALP、GGT水平相比,治疗组较对照组显著减低(a P=0.082,*P=0.0008,#P=0.037);治疗后肝脾影像学变化,治疗组较对照组有显著改善(a P=0.021);结论安络化纤丸与熊去氧胆酸胶囊联合治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化临床效果明显、不良反应少,可以改善患者临床不适、体征、肝功能、肝纤维化及临床肝脏影像学指标。     

熊去氧胆酸对原发性胆汁淤积型肝硬化患者的疗效及对肝功酶谱的影响

[目的]观察熊去氧胆酸对原发性胆汁淤积型肝硬化(PBC)患者的疗效及对肝功酶谱的影响。[方法]纳入研究的54例PBC患者给予熊去氧胆酸口服治疗,用法为:0.25g/次,3次/d,治疗6个月;观察治疗前、后疗效及治疗1个月、3个月、6个月时丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)变化。[结果]①治疗前患者黄疸、瘙痒、乏力发生率分别为44.44%、46.30%、59.25%;治疗后上述症状发生率分别为16.67%、12.96%、20.37%,与治疗前比较显著改善(χ~2=9.818、14.388、17.040,均P0.05)。②治疗1个月肝功酶谱即有明显改善,ALT、AST、ALP、GGT、TBA、TBIL、DBIL指标均较治疗前改善明显(均P0.05);治疗3个月后肝功酶谱仍在持续改善,各指标与治疗前及治疗1个月时较比较均差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗6个月,GGT、ALP仍有明显改善,与治疗3个月时比较均差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但其余指标改善幅度降低,与3个月时比较均差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③采用熊去氧胆酸治疗未见明显不良反应。[结论]熊去氧胆酸治疗PBC,能显著改善患者临床症状,并能持续、有效改善患者的肝功酶谱指标,有助于延缓疾病进展。     

早期原发性胆汁性肝硬化诊治探讨

目的分析原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者的临床特征和熊去氧胆酸的治疗效果。方法分析24例早期原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者的临床特征、生化指标、免疫学指标及对熊去氧胆酸的治疗反应。结果本组患者男性2例,女性22例,平均年龄52.6岁;3例合并干燥综合征,1例合并类风湿性关节炎,1例合并桥本甲状腺炎;AKP为520.6±264.9U/L、GGT为452.6±252.3U/L,ALT为130.5±79.8U/L、AST为148.5±56.3 U/L,TBIL为58.1±17.4μmol/L,GLB为34.5±9.4g/L;血清AMA阳性23例（95.8%）,AMA-M2亚型阳性22例（91.7%）,仅AMA-M2阳性1例（4.2%）,16例（66.7%）同时有ANA阳性;熊去氧胆酸治疗12周ALT、AST、AKP明显下降（P〈0.05）,治疗48周ALT、AST、AKP、GGT、TBIL明显下降（P〈0.01）。结论早期诊断原发性胆汁性肝硬化是治疗的关键,熊去氧胆酸能够改善生化指标和临床症状。     

熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的疗效分析

目的评价熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的疗效。方法18例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者口服UDCA 10~15mg.kg-1.d-1,服药时间均2年以上。于服药后1、3、6、12、18、24个月时分别复查肝功能。服药前及服药后12个月和24个月时行快速肝穿刺法取肝组织常规行病理检查。结果18例患者主要表现为GGT及ALP的升高,AST、ALT均轻至中度升高。UDCA治疗PBC所有患者的生化指标均有明显改善,其中以ALT和AST下降迅速,在3个月后明显下降,6个月时基本恢复正常,而GGT和ALP则下降缓慢,ALP于12个月后恢复正常,24个月后仍有大部分病人GGT仍未恢复正常。12例肝活检患者12个月后共有5例肝组织学病理变化得到改善。结论UDCA能显著改善PBC患者的肝功能变化,长期应用UDCA治疗可延缓肝脏组织学进展。     

滋水涵木利胆方联合熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗原发性胆汁性胆管炎临床研究

目的:观察滋水涵木利胆方联合熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗原发性胆汁性胆管炎的临床疗效。方法:重庆市中医院肝病科门诊就医的原发性胆汁性胆管炎患者76例,随机分为试验组与对照组,试验组患者采用滋水涵木利胆方联合熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗,对照组患者单用熊去氧胆酸胶囊,疗程24周,比较2组患者治疗前后中医证候评分、生化指标、肝纤维化、免疫球蛋白IgM、血清胆固醇水平。结果:治疗24周时,与对照组比较,试验组患者中医证候积分明显降低、生化指标(ALT、GGT、ALP)显著改善、肝纤维化指标(HA、CIV)明显下降、血清IgM和总胆固醇水平显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:滋水涵木利胆方联合熊去氧胆酸胶囊治疗原发性胆汁性胆管炎患者,其疗效优于单用熊去氧胆酸胶囊,可在临床推广应用。     

加味茵陈蒿汤联合熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床研究

目的:观察加味茵陈蒿汤联合熊去氧胆酸治疗30例原发性胆汁性肝硬化临床分期为早中期患者的临床疗效。方法:60例患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各30例。两组均给予基础治疗,对照组患者同时口服熊去氧胆酸胶囊15～20mg.kg-1.d-1;治疗组患者在对照组基础上加服加味茵陈蒿汤,1剂/d,疗程均为24周。观察治疗前后两组患者的临床疗效、肝功能(γ-GT、ALP、ALT、AST、TBil)、免疫指标(IgM、IgG及IgA)的变化。结果:治疗结束时,治疗组26例(86.7%)患者得到完全反应,与对照组19例(63.3%)比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);两组患者治疗后肝功能(γ-GT、ALP、ALT、AST、TBil)均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),治疗组治疗后肝功能下降明显优于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);治疗后两组患者免疫指标IgM、IgG、IgA均较前有所下降,经比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:加味茵陈蒿汤联合熊去氧胆酸治疗原发性胆汁性肝硬化,较单用熊去氧胆酸疗效更好,并能明显改善患者的肝功能。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化41例临床病例分析

目的 分析原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)患者的临床特征,提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析41例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者患者的临床特征、生化指标和组织学特点以及熊去氧胆酸的治疗反应.结果 41例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者中女性与男性之比为9:1,主要临床表现为皮肤瘙痒、乏力、纳差和黄疸,所有患者碱性磷酸酶(ALP)与γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)均明显升高.40例(97.6%)患者的抗线粒体抗体(AMA)及AMA-M2亚型抗体阳性.共有24例患者行肝穿刺病理检查,早期(Ⅰ、Ⅱ期)占83.3%,晚期(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)占16.7%.41例患者经过熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)治疗6月后,生化指标较治疗前均有明显改善.结论 PBC主要累及中年女性,其特征为碱性磷酸酶与γ-谷氨酰转肽酶升高和AMA及M2亚型阳性,熊去氧胆酸治疗能有效改善肝功能.     

熊去氧胆酸与免疫抑制剂联合治疗自身免疫性肝炎合并原发性胆汁性肝硬化的研究

目的研究熊去氧胆酸与免疫抑制剂联合治疗自身免疫性肝炎合并原发性胆汁性肝硬化的临床效果。方法将104例自身免疫性肝炎合并原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者纳入研究对象,以随机数表法分为观察组与对照组,每组52例。对照组患者入院后给予熊去氧胆酸进行治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用泼尼松龙、硫唑嘌呤,两组患者用药6个月后观察临床效果。对比两组治疗前后肝脏生物化学指标:丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天东氨酸转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆红素(TBiL)、球蛋白(GLO)及免疫指标:免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)水平变化,另外统计两组患者治疗期间不良反应发生率。结果观察组治疗后ALT、AST、GGT、ALP、TBiL、GLO水平与治疗前及对照组治疗后对比显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);观察组治疗后IgG、IgM、IgA水平(11. 61±4. 29) g/L、(1. 81±0. 23) g/L、(2. 14±0. 14) g/L与治疗前(22. 15±8. 49) g/L、(3. 44±2. 95) g/L、(3. 22±1. 87) g/L及对照组治疗后(15. 85±6. 40) g/L、(2. 50±0. 84) g/L、(2. 77±0. 48) g/L对比显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);观察组治疗后不良反应总发生率15. 38%与对照组13. 46%对比差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论使用熊去氧胆酸联合免疫抑制剂对自身免疫性肝炎合并原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者进行治疗可有效改善患者肝脏生物化学指标及免疫指标,用药后不良反应较少,安全、可行,值得临床应用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.