乌鲁木齐市超重/肥胖孕妇的膳食摄入量与妊娠结局研究

目的探讨超重/肥胖孕妇膳食摄入量情况,妊娠并发症,妊娠结局的特点,为超重/肥胖孕妇妊娠保健工作提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析从2014年10月—2016年2月在新疆乌鲁木齐市某家医院分娩并具有完整产科资料的230例单胎初产妇,按孕前体质指数(BMI)分为体重正常组(18≤BMI24)130例、超重/肥胖组(BMI≥24)100例;采用食物频率法和24 h膳食回顾法详细记录2组孕妇在孕32周~分娩期间(孕晚期)任意1天所摄入的各种食物品种及数量。数据用营养计算器软件进行分析和评价,最后对2组孕妇妊娠结局进行比较。结果 2组孕妇身高,分娩孕周差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但2组孕妇年龄,孕前体重,孕期增重差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);超重/肥胖组孕妇每日膳食摄入量中能量、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、叶酸、锌等摄入量均高于体重正常组摄入量,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。超重/肥胖组妊娠期糖尿病、剖宫产、巨大儿发生率明显高于体重正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孕前保持正常体重,进一步加强对孕妇的营养教育,定期监测孕妇体重增长情况是保障良好妊娠结局的重要措施。     

孕前体质量指数对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩方式和新生儿体重的影响

目的分析孕前体质量指数(BMI)对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇分娩方式和新生儿体重的影响,为孕妇体质量管理提供参考依据。方法选取2015年1月-2016年1月于天津市第一医院进行产前检查及顺利分娩的GDM孕妇124例,对孕妇临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据孕妇孕前BMI将其分为体重过低组、体重正常组、体重超重组及肥胖组,比较并分析各组孕妇的分娩方式及新生儿体重。结果肥胖组剖宫产率为81.25%,显著高于体重过低组、体重正常组、体重超重组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。体重过低组顺产率为43.75%,显著高于体重正常组、体重超重组、肥胖组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肥胖组低体重儿发生率明显高于体重过低组、体重正常组、体重超重组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肥胖组巨大儿发生率明显高于体重过低组、体重正常组、体重超重组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 GDM孕妇的分娩方式及新生儿体重均与孕妇孕前BMI有一定关系。孕妇孕前BMI≥28会增加剖宫产率及巨大儿发生率,对新生儿健康产生一定影响。因此,为改善GDM孕妇的妊娠结局,降低母婴并发症的发生率,临床应对孕前BMI过高的孕妇给予积极治疗,将BMI控制在正常范围内。     

双胎孕妇孕前超重肥胖对孕期体重指数的影响

目的分析双胎妊娠孕妇孕前与孕期体重指数(BMI)的关系,研究孕前正常体重和超重肥胖孕妇妊娠期BMI的变化特点。方法 2013年6月-2016年6月在某三级甲等医院产科检查和分娩的141例双胎妊娠孕妇,根据初诊BMI分为低体重组(BMI 18. 5)、正常体重组(18. 5≤BMI≤23. 9)和超重肥胖组(BMI≥24),运用方差分析和简单线性回归方法,分析比较正常体重和超重肥胖两组孕妇孕期BMI变化情况。结果超重肥胖组孕妇的孕期BMI增长值高于正常体重组(F=4. 874,P 0. 05);较之超重肥胖组,正常体重组孕妇BMIP95、P90、P85、P10变化幅度较大(P 0. 05)。结论孕前BMI不同的双胎孕妇孕期增重差异有统计学意义,超重肥胖孕妇孕期BMI变化小于正常体重的孕妇。     

学龄前超重、肥胖儿童家庭膳食结构分析

【目的】了解学龄前超重、肥胖儿童家庭膳食情况,分析其家庭膳食结构和营养,提出合理膳食建议。【方法】以市区两所幼儿园3~6岁超重、肥胖儿童90例为对象,随机抽取同年龄正常体重儿童66例为对照组,进行4 d家庭膳食调查,使用儿童青少年营养评估软件系统进行运算,对观察组和对照组各项膳食结构进行比较和分析。【结果】超重或肥胖儿能量摄入量、蛋白质摄入量和脂肪摄入量高于体型正常儿,而碳水化合物摄入量则低于体型正常儿;超重或肥胖儿谷类提供的能量低于正常体型儿,优质蛋白质摄入量高于正常体型儿。【结论】超重及肥胖儿童家庭膳食营养配餐不合理,家庭膳食中应适当减少动物性食品,合理增加谷类、薯类、豆类食品和绿色蔬菜、水果是降低超重或肥胖儿童体重,预防儿童肥胖的重要方法。     

孕期营养状况与妊娠结局的相关性研究

目的:探讨孕期营养状况与妊娠结局的相关性。方法:对在该院行正常产前检查的600例正常孕妇进行营养知识、态度及行为的问卷调查,并通过动态检测孕早期(20周前)、孕中期(26～27周)、孕晚期(35～36周)各类营养素指标,探讨其与妊娠结局的关系。结果:孕妇文化程度与营养知识、态度及行为呈正相关(P<0.01);孕妇BMI异常是新生儿出生体重异常的危险因素(P<0.01),孕妇BMI越高,新生儿出生体重异常的危险越大,未发现其他因素与新生儿出生体重的相关性;孕期铁蛋白水平与产后出血量呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:应加大对孕妇孕期营养知识的宣传教育,改善孕期膳食营养结构。孕前及孕期合理控制体重对减少异常体重儿的出生及妊娠并发症的发生具有重要意义。     

孕前体重指数与妊娠期糖尿病发生风险及妊娠结局的相关性研究

目的分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者孕前体重指数(BMI)与妊娠期糖尿病发生风险及妊娠结局的相关性。方法择取围生期孕产妇420例,调查孕前BMI、妊娠期糖尿病及妊娠结局。结果超重和肥胖孕妇发生GDM的风险显著增高;超重、肥胖孕妇的剖宫产率、早产率、巨大儿发生率高于体重正常孕妇;肥胖孕妇孕期体重增加水平、孕期BMI指数增加水平较体重正常孕妇低;超重孕妇新生儿血糖水平均较体重正常孕妇低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孕前BMI与GDM患者糖化血红蛋白和胰岛素抵抗呈正相关,孕前高BMI是GDM的独立危险因素。     

孕期饮食指导对母儿影响的研究

目的:了解孕期饮食指导对母儿的影响。方法:将931例孕妇随机分为指导组和对照组,对指导组进行饮食指导;随访两组孕妇的血清学指标,评价孕妇营养状况,并追访母儿妊娠结局。结果:指导组蛋白质、钙、铁、维生素B2和维生素C的摄入量高于对照组,钠的摄入量低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01);指导组血红蛋白、甘油三脂、钙、铁、镁的水平高于对照组(P<0.05),空腹血糖水平低于对照组;指导组新生儿平均体重高于对照组,其妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压疾病、贫血及胎膜早破、足月低体重儿、胎儿宫内发育迟缓及巨大儿的发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:合理的营养指导可以改善孕妇营养状况,促进胎儿健康发育,并减少孕期母儿并发症。     

超重和肥胖对妊娠期糖尿病围产结局的影响

目的探讨超重和肥胖与妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠结局的关系。方法 2010年1月～2011年12月在我院门诊产检确诊为妊娠期糖尿病患者,根据孕前体重指数(Body Mass Index BMI,kg/m2)分为:正常体重组(BMI 18.5～24.9)、超重组(BMI 25.0～29.9)、肥胖组(BMI≥30)。使用饮食控制或胰岛素治疗控制血糖水平。观察其妊娠并发症及妊娠结局。结果 604例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中BMI正常体重241例(占39.90%),超重211例(占34.93%),肥胖152例(占25.17%)。超重与肥胖妊娠期糖尿病孕妇经辅助生育技术后妊娠,高龄产妇,巨大儿与急诊剖宫产的发生率显著高于正常组;肥胖组胎膜早破与子痫前期发生率,剖宫产率显著高于超重组及正常组;肥胖组顺产率显著低于正常组,肥胖组早产胎膜早破率显著高于正常组。结论妊娠前肥胖和超重可增加妊娠期糖尿病孕妇不良妊娠结局的风险。加强健康教育,适度控制孕前体重,可预防妊娠期糖尿病并发症,改善妊娠结局。     

孕妇膳食营养与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的:探讨孕妇膳食营养与新生儿出生体重的关系。方法:随机抽取孕晚期妇女352例(城市180例,农村172例),采用24h回顾法进行膳食调查,进行膳食营养评价,并对孕妇产前、产后以及新生儿进行必要体格检查。结果:①孕妇能量和各营养素摄入情况:除蛋白质、烟酸、VitB2以外,其他各营养素都基本接近于参考摄入量值;VitA、VitB2、钙、铁、锌的摄入量城乡差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。②新生儿出生体重情况:平均出生体重为3458g,男婴和女婴、城市和农村地区差异皆无统计学意义。巨大儿发生率10.80%,农村高于城市。低出生体重儿发生率3.41%,城乡差异无统计学意义。③孕期营养因素与新生儿出生体重的相关分析:除VitA、VitC、钙和铁以外,其他各营养素与新生儿出生体重皆呈正相关关系。总能量、碳水化合物和锌的摄入量与巨大儿发生率显示正相关关系,而VitA、VitB2、钙、铁则显示负相关关系。适量增加总能量和蛋白质摄入量可以减小低出生体重儿的发生概率。结论:农村孕妇部分维生素和必需微量元素的摄取量不够理想,为减少农村巨大儿发生率,建议孕妇在孕期应适量摄取碳水化合物和锌等物质,控制机体能量的摄入,适量增加VitA、VitB2、钙、铁等维生素和必需微量元素的摄入量。     

孕期营养对妊娠结局的影响及降低妊娠多种疾病的效果研究

目的 探讨孕期营养对妊娠结局的影响及降低妊娠多种疾病的临床应用效果。方法 选取2017年1月-2018年12月期间在该院产科进行分娩的168例孕妇为研究对象,随机分为干预组(85例)和对照组(83例)。对照组孕妇给予常规孕期教育,干预组孕妇给予孕期营养干预方案,并分别对两组产妇孕期体质量控制情况、产妇分娩方式、产妇新生儿结局及产妇妊娠相关疾病发生情况进行比较和分析。结果 干预组正常体质和超重体质孕妇体质量增加量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组孕妇剖宫产率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组孕妇顺产率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组出现巨大儿和低体质量儿的比率及新生儿体质量明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组新生儿Apgar评分明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组发生贫血、高血压、糖尿病的比率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 孕期营养干预对于初产妇营养状况的改善、母婴健康的好转以及围生期并发症的降低均具有积极的现实意义。     

孕期营养评价及干预措施对妊娠结局的影响

目的:了解厦门市孕妇孕期营养状况,分析日常饮食对体内营养素的影响,评价营养干预措施的效果,为制定合理的孕期膳食计划提供科学依据。方法:2006年1月～2008年8月间,在厦门市妇幼保健院营养科接受营养咨询的孕妇571例,分别在孕20周前、孕26～27周、孕35～36周进行3次前3天的膳食调查,同时检测体内营养素水平,探讨日常饮食与体内营养素变化的关系,评价孕期营养。随机选取同一时期在本院分娩、孕20周前正常者,但未接受孕期营养指导的产妇254例,作为对照组。追踪随访两组孕妇的妊娠结局,评价营养干预措施的效果。结果:①两组孕妇在日常膳食中,脂肪摄入占总能量的比例均达营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)的要求,88.3%的孕妇摄入过高,超过了RNI的要求。孕中、后期,孕妇钙、铁的摄入不足,尤其是孕末期,钙、铁摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占29.8%及8.5%。孕中、晚期,锌、维生素C、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占40.9%、36.2%、44.8%、22.7%、45.9%。②孕期同时增加补充铁及维生素C,能较好地延缓血清铁蛋白浓度下降的趋势(P0.05),增加维生素B2的摄入是孕期胆固醇水平升高的保护因素(P0.05),而脂肪摄入过高,则是危险因素(P0.05)。③孕期能量摄入水平控制在1900～2600kCal/d,蛋白质摄入水平控制在70～115g/d时,新生儿出生体重异常的发生比例最低。④孕期接受过营养知识健康教育和指导的孕妇,其孕期营养相关并发症发生率、剖宫产率、新生儿出生体重异常率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:厦门市孕妇膳食结构有待于进一步改进,建议孕妇注重蛋白质、各类矿物质和维生素补充,减少脂肪摄入,能量与蛋白质摄入应在适宜范围内。同时大力提倡孕期营养咨询与指导,要加大孕期营养知识健康教育力度,普及营养知识,提高孕妇营养知识水平,改善妊娠结局。     

Interaction of body mass index and attempt to lose weight in a national sample of US adults: association with reported food and nutrient intake,and biomarkers

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the interaction between body mass index (BMI) and attempting to lose weight for reporting of: (1) macro- and micronutrient intake; (2) intake of low-nutrient-density foods; and (3) serum biomarkers of dietary exposure and cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS: Dietary, anthropometric and biochemical data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), n=13 095. Multiple regression methods were used to examine the independent associations of BMI, trying to lose weight, or the interaction of BMI-trying to lose weight with reported intakes of energy, nutrients, percentage energy from low-nutrient-density foods (sweeteners, baked and dairy desserts, visible fats and salty snacks), and serum concentrations of vitamins, carotenoids and lipids. RESULTS: BMI was an independent positive predictor (P<0.05) of percentage of energy from fat, saturated fat, but a negative predictor of the ratio of reported energy intake to estimated expenditure for basal needs (EI/BEE), percentage of energy from carbohydrate and alcohol (men only), and serum concentrations of folate, vitamin C, vitamin E and most carotenoids in both men and women. Trying to lose weight was a negative predictor (P<0.05) of EI/BEE, intake of energy, and energy density, but not micronutrient intake. Higher mean serum ascorbate, vitamin E, lutein/zeaxanthin, and other carotenoids (men only) concentrations were associated with trying to lose weight (P<0.05) in both men and women. Few adverse BMI-trying to lose weight interaction effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS: There was little evidence of increased nutritional risk in those reportedly trying to lose weight irrespective of weight status.     

1993-2009年沈阳市成人膳食结构和营养状况变迁分析

目的通过监测和分析1993-2009年沈阳市成人居民在1993-2009年的食物消费、营养素摄入及健康状况等数据,了解沈阳市成人居民膳食结构与营养状况的变迁。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在沈阳市两个城市居委会和两个郊区进行膳食结构与营养状况调查。结果城市成人的植物性食物和动物性食物消费量均为下降趋势,而郊区均上升,城市脂肪供能比到2009年达到23.4%,郊区糖类摄入量到2009年达到70.1%,引起超重和肥胖人口所占比例提高,成人钙摄入不足的状况无显著改善,城市和郊区的维生素A、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入量明显不足,男性和女性其超重/肥胖率均呈现出波动增长的趋势,且男性超重/肥胖率增长幅度明显高于女性。结论沈阳市下一步的营养工作重点应放在调整营养不平衡上,提高豆类和奶类等富含钙质的健康食物的消费,降低富含脂肪的肉类和油类的消费;加大富含维生素A、维生素B1和维生素B2的食物的消费;扩大对成人超重/肥胖率的监测范围,做到及早进行合理饮食宣传和干预控制,防止慢性病范围进一步扩大。     

Dietary Micronutrient Status and Relation between Micronutrient Intakes and Overweight and Obesity among Non-Pregnant and Non-Lactating Women Aged 18 to 49 in China

Women between the ages of 18 and 49 are women of reproductive age, for whom physical health and nutritional status are closely related to successful pregnancy, good pregnancy outcomes and the nurturing of the next generation. Overweight and obesity have become important nutrition and health problems of women aged 18–49 years in China. In social life, non-pregnant and non-lactating Chinese women aged 18–49 are the most vulnerable and neglected group. At present, there are no research data on their dietary micronutrient intake, and the relationship between dietary micronutrient intake and overweight and obesity in China. However, non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 18–49 are the best window of opportunity to implement strategies, correct nutrition and improve physical health. It remains to be explored whether their overweight and obesity are related to inadequate dietary micronutrient intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary micronutrient intake in non-pregnant and non-lactating Chinese women aged 18–49 years, and to analyze the relationship between dietary micronutrient intake and overweight and obesity. Data were obtained from 2015 China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS 2015). In CACDNS 2015, 12,872 women aged 18 to 49 years (excluding pregnant women and lactating mothers) were surveyed for a three-day 24 h dietary recall and a three-day household weighing of edible oil and condiments. The average daily dietary intake of micronutrients was calculated according to the Chinese food composition table. In 2015, the median intake of vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin C and folate in non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 18–49 years in China was 267.0 μg RE/day, 0.7 mg/day, 0.6 mg/day, 63.5 mg/day and 121.0 μg/day, respectively. The median mean intake of vitamin A, niacin, calcium and zinc in overweight/obese group was lower than that in non-overweight/obese group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin A intake (Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 0.785, 95% CI: 0.702~0.878; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.766, 95% CI: 0.679~0.865), niacin intake (Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 0.801, 95% CI: 0.715–0.898; Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 0.632, 95% CI: 0.554~0.721; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.662, 95% CI: 0.568~0.772), Zinc intake (Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 0.786, 95% CI: 0.662~0.932) were a protective factor for overweight/obesity in women, while vitamin B₂ intake (Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 1.256, 95% CI: 1.120~1.408; Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 1.416, 95% CI: 1.240~1.617; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.515, 95% CI: 1.293–1.776), vitamin E intake (Q2 vs. Q1: OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.006–0.235; Q3 vs. Q1: OR = 1.162, 95% CI: 1.048~0.288; Q4 vs. Q1: OR = 1.234, 95% CI: 1.112–1.371) was a risk factor for overweight/obesity in females. The intakes of most dietary micronutrients in non-pregnant and non-lactating women aged 18–49 in China were low. The intakes of dietary vitamin A, niacin and zinc were negatively correlated with the risk of overweight/obesity, while the intakes of vitamin B₂ and vitamin E were positively correlated with the risk of overweight/obesity.     

山东省孕妇营养知识和饮食行为城乡差别研究

目的:了解山东省孕妇的营养知识、饮食行为及影响因素。方法:采用分层抽样的方法,自行设计问卷,对山东省5个地区500名城乡孕妇营养知识及饮食行为进行调查。结果:调查对象营养知识平均为(7.17±1.74)分,及格率为44.00%。多元线性回归分析显示:居住在城市、文化程度高、家庭月收入高、参加孕妇学校学习是营养知识得分高的有利因素。城市孕妇牛奶和鸡蛋的摄入频率、有意摄取富含铁和钙的食物频率高于农村孕妇(P<0.05);农村孕妇"经常"食用腌制食物的比例高于城市孕妇(P<0.05)。结论:孕妇的营养知识水平较低,正确饮食行为有待提高,应建立和健全城乡孕妇的健康教育机构,指导她们科学合理的安排营养膳食。     

福州市哺乳期妇女膳食营养调查研究

摘要:目的　了解福州乳母的膳食营养状况,为相关健康指导及策略的实施提供基线资料。方法　采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取福州市的仓山区,随机抽取3个街道,每街道抽取两岁以下儿童的母亲80名,共240名,对其进行膳食问卷调查。统计分析各类食物的平均摄入量,三大产能营养素日均摄入量以及部分微量元素的日均摄入量,并与标准的RNI/AI值进行比较。结果　产褥期妇女粮谷薯类、蔬菜和水果的摄入量低于本地非产褥期乳母及中山产褥期妇女,而豆类、坚果和乳类的摄入量高于本地非产褥期乳母及中山产褥期妇女,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。产褥期妇女能量、蛋白质、脂肪、胆固醇的摄入高于非产褥期乳母,而碳水化合物、膳食纤维、摄入量低于非产褥期乳母,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。产褥期妇女的钙、维生素A、维生素B6、叶酸及维生素C摄入量低于非产褥期乳母,而锌、维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酸及维生素E的摄入高于非产褥期乳母,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　福州市仓山地区哺乳期妇女膳食结构有待改善。     

子痫妇女胎盘瘦素与神经肽Y水平测定及其意义

目的:检测子痫各期妇女胎盘瘦素与神经肽Y的水平,观察二者之间的关系及探讨在子痫发病中的作用。方法:用免疫组化法检测49例子痫各期妇女(其中轻度子痫前期17例,重度子痫前期18例,子痫14例)及40例正常妊娠妇女胎盘瘦素与神经肽Y的水平,观察二者之间及与血压的相关关系。结果:①子痫妇女组胎盘瘦素水平明显高于正常妊娠妇女组,差异有高度显著性(P<0.01),而子痫妇女组中子痫期妇女胎盘瘦素水平又显著高于轻、重度子痫前期妇女组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。②子痫妇女组胎盘神经肽Y水平明显高于正常妊娠妇女组,差异有高度显著性(P<0.01),而子痫妇女组中子痫期妇女胎盘神经肽Y水平又显著高于轻、重度子痫前期妇女组,差异有高度显著性(P<0.01)。③子痫妇女组胎盘瘦素水平与胎盘神经肽Y水平呈高度正相关性(r=0.753,P<0.01)。④子痫妇女组胎盘瘦素水平与收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.313、0.412、0.402,P均<0.05。结论:胎盘瘦素与神经肽Y水平在子痫妇女组明显升高,胎盘瘦素与神经肽Y水平升高可能是子痫发病的重要机制。     

天津市孤独症谱系障碍儿童膳食营养状况

  目的  调查分析天津市孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的膳食营养素摄入量和营养状况,为ASD儿童制定科学有效的营养干预措施提供依据。  方法  采用3 d 24h膳食回顾法调查天津市某特殊教育学校90名3~9岁ASD儿童24种膳食营养素的摄入情况,并对儿童进行体格测量。  结果  ASD儿童中超重肥胖儿童共31名,占34.4%;3名消瘦者占3.3%;1名生长迟缓者占1.1%。各年龄组ASD儿童维生素A、维生素B₁、维生素D、维生素B₆、叶酸、钙和碘的平均摄入量均低于推荐摄入量标准,铜、磷和锌的摄入量均高于推荐摄入量标准,其中有超过10%的ASD儿童铜和镁的摄入量超过可耐受最高摄入量。能量、脂肪、维生素A摄入情况构成在正常、超重、肥胖组差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为9.24,10.03,P值均 <0.05)。  结论  孤独症谱系障碍儿童超重、肥胖率较高,营养素缺乏与过量的现象同时存在,建议采取个性化的饮食营养干预方案。     

227例孕妇膳食调查及维生素营养状况的分析

目的 了解孕妇膳食摄入情况及维生素的营养状况，并提出合理建议，以利于胎儿生长发育。方法 以湖南省长沙市224名孕妇为调查对象，测定了不同孕龄孕妇的血清维生素，并对孕妇的膳食摄入进行调查分析。结果 孕妇膳食三大产热营养素的热能供给比例适宜，但钙、硫胺素、核黄素的摄入量较低；孕妇血清维生素E水平随妊娠进展明显上升，叶酸水平则下降，在孕晚期尤为明显；血清维生素C低于正常值者占40％。结论 叶酸、维生素C、维生素B2为孕妇易缺乏的维生素。     

The comparison in daily intake of nutrients, dietary habits and body composition of female college students by body mass index

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the body composition, dietary habits, daily intake of nutrients and clinical blood indices in female college students by body mass index of normal weight, overweight and obese. The subjects of this research were 141 respondents of a survey carried out on students, and subjects were given 60 minutes to answer questionnaires, by recording their own answers. The average heights and weights of subjects by BMI were 162.17 cm, 52.73 kg in normal weight group, 162.35 cm, 62.22 kg in overweight group and 161.72 cm, 69.82 kg in obesity group, respectively. As for the survey daily of meals, starving breakfast and kind of snacks of subjects were significantly different among the groups by BMI. In animal protein food intakes, meat intake was the highest ''every day'' food consumed by subjects, and there was a significant difference in distribution of BMI among subjects. Fruits, and greenish and yellow vegetables intakes were the highest ''every day'' foods indicated by the normal weight group. Consumption of carbonated beverages and juices showed a significant difference among groups by BMI. The average of total-cholesterol was the overweight group was the higher value. There was a significant difference in diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure among the groups by BMI. Average daily calories intake levels were insufficient and the intake ratio of carbohydrates, protein, and fat was the normal weight group 68:17:15, the overweight group 64:18:18 and the obese group 73:14:13. Results of the daily vitamin intake analyses displayed riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, and folic acid levels lower than the RI levels. Fe intake was the normal weight group 81%, overweight group 76%, obese group 59% of the RI level. Therefore, it is necessary for college students to establish regular meals, good quality snacks and consuming more vitamin and mineral nutritions for optimal health conditions.