LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MILD EXERCISE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN ATHLETES AND SEDENTARY SUBJECTS

The long-term effects of acute submaximal exercise on intraocular pressures (IOPs) of right-and left-eyes and recovery times to basement levels of IOP in postexercise periods in sedentary and physically fit subjects were investigated. Twenty-five sedentary and 24 physically fit subjects, ranging in age 17 to 22 years, participated. Intraocular pressures were measured by a pneumotonometer. Measurements were taken in the morning at about nine (at rest) and immediately, 30 min and 2 h after acute submaximal exercise. In sedentary subjects, IOPs of both right- and left-eyes decreased immediate after exercise, but, these decreases in both eyes continued 30 min and 2 h after exercise. In physically fit subjects, IOPs of both right- and left-eyes increased immediate after exercise, but decreased after 30 min exercise compared to basement levels, and this decrease continued 2 h after exercise. Acute submaximal exercise decreased IOPs of right and left eyes over a period 2 h in sedentary and physically fit subjects. IOP reducing after exercise was different between right- and left-eyes in sedentary subjects. These results suggest that exercise can be used in ocular hypertension treatment.     

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND REGULAR EXERCISE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN TURKISH ATHLETE AND SEDENTARIANS

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes that take place in IOP in athletes and people leading sedentary lives subjected to aerobic and anaerobic exercise and how chronic exercise could affect these changes. The study included 20 sportsmen (Group 1), and 20 people leading sedentary lives (Group 2). The intensity of the exercise for both groups was determined according to the Karvonen protocol and executed as an aerobic exercise program involving running on a treadmill for 30 min. Subjects in both groups were subjected to anaerobic exercise according to the Wingate test protocol for 30 s. The intraocular pressure of all subjects before exercise and after aerobic and anaerobic exercise were measured. The IOP before and after exercise aerobic and anaerobic were evaluated by the Willcoxon test whereas the right and left IOP before exercise and after the aerobic and anaerobic exercise programs in both groups were evaluated using the Mann Whitney U test. p values of <.05 were considered significant. Significant differences were found when the pre-exercise and post-aerobic and anaerobic exercise IOPs of the groups were compared (p < .05). Comparison of the post-anaerobic and aerobic exercise revealed a fall in the IOPs of the subjects after the aerobic exercise (p < .01). In this study, exercise was found to lead to a fall in the IOP in both sportsmen and those leading sedentary lives with the fall less apparent under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions. In conclusion, therefore, it can be said that in those with an increased intraocular pressure, regular, moderately intense aerobic exercise rather than short-lived intense exercise could be more useful.     

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM KETAMINE ADMINISTRATION ON VOCALIZATION TO PAW PRESSURE AND ON SPINAL WIND-UP ACTIVITY IN MONOARTHRITIC RATS

The antinociceptive effect of long-lasting ketamine administration (mini-osmotic pump) was studied in monoarthritic rats by using hindpaw pressure testing and wind-up measurement in a C-fiber reflex paradigm. Chronic ketamine induced antinociception in the monoarthritic paw and significantly suppressed mechanical hyperalgesia during the 14-day treatment period. The treatment also reduced C-reflex wind-up in the monoarthritic hindpaw. After pump removal, vocalization thresholds and spinal wind-up scores from the monoarthritic paw returned to control values, while hyperalgesia developed in the normal paw. Results suggest that ketamine upregulates NMDA receptors upon long-term administration, resulting in hyperalgesic response in the normal paw after drug withdrawal.­­     

EFFECT OF ACUTE UNLOADED LEG CYCLING ON SPASTICITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS USING ANTI-SPASTIC MEDICATIONS

This article examines the effect of a bout of unloaded leg cycling on the soleus H-reflex and modified Ashworth scale (MAS) in 6 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) who had spasticity of the leg muscles and were currently taking anti-spastic medications. H-reflex and MAS data were collected before and 10, 30, and 60 min after 20 min of unloaded leg cycling and a control condition. The unloaded leg cycling resulted in concomitant reductions in soleus H-reflex and MAS scores compared with the control condition. This provides a basis for incorporating exercise along with anti-spastic medications into a multifaceted plan for spasticity management in individuals with MS.     

Brief Communication EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL NOSTRIL BREATHING ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE IN RIGHT-HANDED HEALTHY SUBJECTS

The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing (UFNB) on systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate (HR) were studied in 88 male and 41 female right-handed subjects. In men, both the right and left unilateral forced nostril breathings significantly increased the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR, but had no effect on the diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In women, the right UFNB increased, but the left UFNB slightly decreased the SBP and DBP. The results suggested that there may be a nostril laterality affecting the autonomous nervous system differentially.     

EFFECTS OF AROMATHERAPY MASSAGE ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND LIPID PROFILE IN KOREAN CLIMACTERIC WOMEN

This study investigated the effects of aromatherapy massage on the lipid profile and blood pressure in Korean climacteric women. A wait-listed control group, pretest–posttest design was used. The subjects comprised 58 climacteric women: 30 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group. Aromatherapy massage using lavender, rose geranium, rose, and jasmine was given to the experimental group only. Each massage session lasted 30 minutes, and was performed once weekly for two 8-week periods with self abdominal daily massage at home. The intervention produced significant differences in the systolic blood pressure compare to pretreatment and significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressures at posttreatment between the two groups. These results suggest that aromatherapy massage may exert positive effects on blood pressure. However, more objective, clinical measures should be applied in a future study with a randomized placebo-controlled design.     

EFFECTS OF EXTRACT OF GINKGO BILOBA ON INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE,CEREBRAL PERFUSION PRESSURE,AND CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN A RAT MODEL OF SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE

The purpose of this study was to investigate in effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) on cerebral blood perfusion in a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) rat model. SAH lead to an increase in intracranial pressure and decrease in cranial perfusion pressure and regional cerebral blood flow in all groups. However, the intracranial pressure increases in EGb groups were less than that of the vehicle group (p < .01), whereas the reduction in cranial perfusion pressure and regional cerebral blood flow in the EGb group was less than that of the vehicle and SAH groups (p < .01). It was concluded that EGb attenuates the increase in intracranial pressure and reduction in cerebral blood perfusion after SAH.     

微量注射L—精氨酸及L—NMMA至延髓头端腹外侧区对血压,心率的影响

微量注射一氧化氮（NO）前体L-精氨酸至用乌拉坦和氯醛糖混合麻醉的雄性SD大鼠的延髓头端腹外侧区（rVLM），可引起血压（BP）和心率（HR）的快速明显下降．电刺激中脑中央导水管周围灰质背侧部（dPAG）诱发的防御性升压反应受到明显抑制。相反，微量注射NO合成抑制剂L-NG-单甲基-L-精氨酸（L—NMMA）至rVLM，则引起BP和HR的快速明显升高，电刺激dPAG诱发的防御性升压反应明显增强。结果提示，NO参与rVLM神经元调节心血管活动的信息传递过程，并在其中起抑制性作用。     

THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONING SUGGESTS ADAPTATION IN PROCOAGULANT AND FIBRINOLYTIC POTENTIAL

Acute exercise evokes a transient increase in procoagulant activity. We evaluated the effect of physical conditioning on the activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Two groups of subjects of different aerobic endurance levels (athletes and controls with maximal oxygen uptake (VO_{2 max}) 68,4 and 52,6 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, respectively), were tested at rest and after standardized exercise at 80 % of their individual VO_{2 max}. There was a significant increase in prothrombinfragment 1+2 (F1+2) level among controls in response to standardized exercise (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference in the level of F1+2 between athletes and controls at rest or in response to exercise was demonstrated. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen level at rest was significantly lower in athletes compared to controls (p<0.03). A significant increase was found in the tPA level after standardized exercise in both groups (p<0.02), which was lower in athletes compared to controls (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between athletes and controls in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT) levels at rest. Athletes had a significantly lower PAI-1 level than controls after exercise (p<0.05). In conclusion, the present study suggests an increased activation of the coagulation system in response to exercise in controls only. It also suggests adaptive changes in fibrinolytic potential induced by physical conditioning, as demonstrated by the lower level of tPA at rest and the lower levels of tPA and PAI-1 after exercise in athletes compared to controls. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd     

谷氨酸对急性脑缺血再灌注大鼠皮层乙酰胆碱活性影响的在体动态电化学研究

为了研究脑缺血时兴奋性氨基酸与胆碱能神经的关系,采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭（ＣＣＡＯ）的脑缺血动物模型,用乙酰胆碱离子选择性微电极（ＡＣｈ－ＩＳＭｓ）检测皮层ＡＣｈ释放量,观察脑缺血再灌注时谷氨酸对大鼠皮层ＡＣｈ释放量的影响。结果表明：１０－１ｍｏｌ／ＬＧｌｕ对ＡＣｈ－ＩＳＭｓ无干扰作用,在生理状态下不能显著地促进皮层ＡＣｈ的释放,但可使脑缺血３ｍｉｎ时皮层ＡＣｈ释放量较未加Ｇｌｕ组增加５８．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）,再灌注后皮层ＡＣｈ活性恢复减慢。结果提示：Ｇｌｕ协同ＡＣｈ释放的效应在脑缺血时明显放大,推测Ｇｌｕ和ＡＣｈ可能在缺血性脑损伤中有放大的协同作用。     

急性高血糖对大鼠背根神经节神经元罗丹明荧光强度的影响(英文)

用激光共聚焦技术在急性分离的大鼠背根神经节（DRG）神经元上观察了施加高糖溶液后罗丹明-123（Rhodamine－123）荧光强度的变化，从而推测高血糖对线粒体膜电位的作用及能量代谢的影响。对40个小DRG细胞的观察表明，罗丹明-123荧光强度在细胞的周边最高，而细胞核区的荧光强度最低。当在DRG细胞的培养液（人工脑脊液，ACSF）中滴加30mmol／L的D-葡萄糖溶液后，大部分细胞（8／9）荧光强度迅速降低，在100～400s内，平均降低21．2％±5．4％～22．8％±4．7％。而同体积的ACSF对荧光强度无明显影响（n＝7）。滴加葡萄糖后的罗丹明-123荧光强度变化曲线同滴加ACSF后的曲线相比有显著差异（p＜0．05）。说明急性高血糖可引起初级传入神经元的能且代谢降低。     

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE-INDUCED FATIGUE WITH AND WITHOUT HYDRATION ON STATIC POSTURAL CONTROL IN ADULT HUMAN SUBJECTS

Postural instability can be the result of various factors, including fatigue. Although it is well known that exercise-induced fatigue may be responsible for a decrease in performance, its effects on postural control, as well as those of hydration, have been relatively little explored. This study evaluated the effects of fatigue, with and without rehydration, on postural control in 10 healthy subjects who regularly practice sports activities. All subjects were submitted to three types of ergocycle exercises: maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) and submaximal exercises in no-hydrated and hydrated conditions at a power corresponding to approximately 60% of the Vo2max of each subject. Static posturographic tests were performed immediately before (control) and after exercises. The postural control performance decreased from the best to the worst: control, hydration, dehydration, and Vo2max. Fast Fourier transformation of the center of foot pressure showed three patterns of amplitude spectral density, with an increase of spectral amplitude for dehydration, more important for Vo2max conditions. Spectral amplitudes for control and hydration conditions were relatively similar. This hierarchy suggests that fatigue mainly alters muscular effectors and sensory inputs, such as proprioception, resulting in poor postural regulation. Moreover, fluid ingestion could be responsible for the preservation of muscular functions and of sensory afferences accurately regulating postural control.     

ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION AND LOW BLOOD PRESSURE IN ORGANIC DEMENTIA: A STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND RELATED CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Objective. To determine the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension (OH), low blood pressure and dizziness, falls and fractures in patients with organic dementia. Design. We prospectively studied 151 patients, assessing the prevalence of OH, hypertension, heart disorders, diabetes mellitus and the use of medication possibly associated with OH. Setting. The patients were admitted to our psychogeriatric clinic as part of routine clinical investigation of their dementia. Patients. Forty-six patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 28 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and 77 patients with vascular dementia (VaD) were investigated. Main outcome measure. Due to the paucity of information about the prevalence of OH in organic dementia, this study is mainly explorative in nature, thus preventing explicit hypothesis formulation. However, clinical impressions indicated a higher prevalence of OH in organic dementia than normally seen in healthy elderly. Results. OH/low blood pressure was present in 39–52% of the patients. The majority reached their maximum systolic decrease within 5 minutes of standing, but in 20–30% the maximum blood pressure drop occurred after 5 minutes or later. In 38%, the systolic blood pressure drop was more than 40 mmHg. Hypertension and heart disease was found only in AD and VaD, with no difference between those with and without OH/low blood pressure. Falls and fractures were common in orthostatic and hypotensive patients, with an incidence of more than 50% in AD and VaD. Conclusions. The results support our clinical impressions that OH and low blood pressure is common and an important factor in organic dementia. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EFFECT OF ERYTHROCYTES AND PROSTACYCLIN PRODUCTION IN THE EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE AND SORBITOL ON PLATELET ACTIVATION IN HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD IN VITRO

We analyzed the in vitro effects of sorbitol and fructose on platelet function. Sorbitol and fructose increased platelet aggregation induced with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen in whole blood, but had no effect in platelet-rich plasma. The concentration that increased basal aggregation by 50% with ADP as the inducer was 12.89 ± 1.55 mmol/L for fructose, and 18.99 ± 2.01 mmol/L for sorbitol. When collagen was the inducer, these concentrations were 15.02 ± 0.98 mmol/L for fructose, and 12.94 ± 1.57 mmol/L for sorbitol. Both sugars increased, in a concentration-dependent way, the proaggregatory effect of erythrocytes, and erythrocyte uptake of adenosine. Time to uptake of 50% adenosine was 2.1 ± 0.3 min in control samples, 0.14 ± 0.01 min in the presence of fructose, and 0.23 ± 0.03 min with sorbitol. Both sugars reduced vascular prostacyclin synthesis, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 26.48 ± 1.97 mmol/L for fructose, and 39.53 ± 2.81 mmol/L for sorbitol. Both sugars also increased arterial lipid peroxidation by 30% (sorbitol) and 23% (fructose). We conclude that these two sugars enhance platelet function and disrupt the thromboxane/prostacyclin ratio. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd     

腺苷对大鼠背根节神经元膜电位及动作电位的影响

在离体灌流的大鼠背根神经节（ＤＲＧ）－脊髓标本上，用微电极进行了胞内记录。在１５７个神经元中，依神经纤维的传导速度将神经元分为Ａ类和Ｃ类，其中Ａ类７５个，Ｃ类８２个。当浴槽中滴加０．５×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的２－氯腺苷（ＣＡＤＯ）后，６６．７％（１０／１５）的Ｃ类细胞发生了去极化；而只有３３．３％（４／１２）的Ａ类细胞发生了去极化，且其去极幅值及持续时间均小于Ｃ类细胞的效应。先加入２．５×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的８－苯茶碱（８—ＰＴ），再给予ＣＡＤＯ，８５．７％（６／７）的Ｃ类细胞的静息电位无变化，只有１４．３％（１／７）的Ｃ类细胞出现了暂短的去极化效应。另外，给予ＣＡＤＯ后，５８．３％（７／１２）的Ｃ类细胞动作电位幅值减少，有些细胞伴有膜的去极化；但Ａ类细胞的动作电位幅度末见明显变化。结果表明：腺苷主要引起ＤＲＧ中Ｃ类细胞去极化，并减小其动作电位。     

雌二醇对老年雌性大鼠下丘脑雌激素受体表达和β—内啡肽的影响

探讨小剂量雌激素对老年雌性大鼠下丘脑雌激素受体（ER）表达及β-内啡肽肚（β-EP）的影响。建立自然衰老的18月龄雌性大鼠模型，用放射配体结合法检测ER，用Northernblot分析ERmRNA的改变，用放射免疫分析法检测β-EP含量。结果表明：雌激素对ER和ERmRNA呈显著的负向调节作用，ER表达被抑制；β-EP水平明显提高。雌激素的这些作用与其剂量之间并非简单的线性关系。提示：外源性雌激素对体内的神经内分泌平衡有多种影响，在进行雌激素替代治疗时应尽可能选择小剂量。     

THE EFFECT OF OCTREOTIDE ON KAINATE-INDUCED WET DOG SHAKES AND SEIZURE ACTIVITY IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS

Systemic kainic acid (KA) administration to rats triggers wet dog shakes (WDS) followed by epileptic seizures. Although WDS are often associated with the occurrence of seizures, we have recently shown that following nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibition, the number of WDS decreased; subsequently the onset of seizure activity was shortened, and the number of convulsions was increased. Somatostatin (SS), whose release appears to be controlled by NO, inhibits seizure activity. There are sex differences in seizure susceptibility as well as in SS and NO activities in brain. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of octreotide (OC), a stable SS analogue, on KA-induced WDS and seizures in rats, with emphasis on possible sex differences. WDS and seizures were induced by KA in male and female (proestrus) Sprague Dawley rats; OC or saline was injected 30 min before KA and the behavior was monitored for 120 min after KA. Octreotide increased the number of WDS and decreased the number of convulsions; this effect was more pronounced in males. Onset of KA-induced seizure ac tivity was earlier in females than males; however, there was no effect of OC on seizure latency. Seizure activity started after the termination of WDS. These results show OC has opposite effects on WDS and convulsions, in that it stimulates the former and inhibits the latter. These results support our previous findings that WDS and seizure activity involve separate mechanisms and suggest that WDS may have an inhibitory effect on limbic seizures.     

Brief Communication: NO EFFECT OF LONG-TERM VALPROATE THERAPY ON THYROID AND PARATHYROID FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN

In this study, we studied serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, thyroid hormones (total thyroxine, free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone), parathyroid hormone, and osteocalcine levels in children with epilepsy who had been receiving long-term valproate (VPA) therapy in order to determine whether there was any effect of VPA therapy on these hormones. The study included 31 patients with epilepsy receiving VPA and 22 healthy age-matched controls. The age ranged from 15 months to 16 years and 18 months to 17 years in the study and control group, respectively. The duration of VPA use was between 12 months and 5 years (1.93 &#45 1.90 years). When comparing the results, we did not find any significant difference in any of the parameters, including serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcine, and thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels, between the study and control group. We suggest that VPA can safely be used with regard to thyroid and parathyroid dysfunction in childhood epilepsy.     

Mg~(2 )对小鼠学习记忆的影响及其与海马CA_3区和大脑皮层突触界面结构的相关性

采用行为测试和亚微结构定量分析相结合的方法，研究了Ｍｇ２＋对小鼠分辨学习和记忆巩固的影响，同时测定了海马ＣＡ３区及大脑皮层突触界面结构参数的变化。实验结果表明：慢性给予Ｍｇ２＋后，血浆及海马内Ｍｇ２＋含量有一定程度的升高，小鼠分辨学习能力显著下降，记忆巩固受到破坏，并且海马ＣＡ３区及大脑皮层的突触后致密物质（ｐｏｓｔ—ｓｙｎａｐｔｉｃｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ，ＰＳＤ）显著变薄，同时，皮层突触活性区长度亦显著缩短。以上结果提示，脑内Ｍｇ２＋水平过高造成的学习记忆过程损伤可能与其改变ＰＳＤ厚度和突触活性区长度密切相关。