EFFECT OF ACUTE SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN ATHLETES AND SEDENTARY SUBJECTS

The existing literature is controversial regarding the relationship between physical fitness and intraocular pressure (IOP). Therefore, the effects of acute submaximal exercise on IOP were compared in athletes and sedentary subjects. Acute exercise increased IOP in male athletes, but had no effect in sedentary men. Also, it decreased IOP in sedentary women, but had no effect in female athletes. Sex and physical fitness both were significant factors influencing the changes in IOP due to exercise. These results suggest that acute dynamic exercise is useful to decrease IOP in sedentary women, but not in male athletes. These results may help glaucoma screeners.     

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MILD EXERCISE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN ATHLETES AND SEDENTARY SUBJECTS

The long-term effects of acute submaximal exercise on intraocular pressures (IOPs) of right-and left-eyes and recovery times to basement levels of IOP in postexercise periods in sedentary and physically fit subjects were investigated. Twenty-five sedentary and 24 physically fit subjects, ranging in age 17 to 22 years, participated. Intraocular pressures were measured by a pneumotonometer. Measurements were taken in the morning at about nine (at rest) and immediately, 30 min and 2 h after acute submaximal exercise. In sedentary subjects, IOPs of both right- and left-eyes decreased immediate after exercise, but, these decreases in both eyes continued 30 min and 2 h after exercise. In physically fit subjects, IOPs of both right- and left-eyes increased immediate after exercise, but decreased after 30 min exercise compared to basement levels, and this decrease continued 2 h after exercise. Acute submaximal exercise decreased IOPs of right and left eyes over a period 2 h in sedentary and physically fit subjects. IOP reducing after exercise was different between right- and left-eyes in sedentary subjects. These results suggest that exercise can be used in ocular hypertension treatment.     

EVALUATION OF EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN HEALTHY TURKISH ADOLESCENTS

In this study, exercise performance was evaluated in 259 healthy adolescents by using some tests. The purpose of the study was to investigate exercise performance and cardiorespiratory capacity in both adolescent boys and girls. The following tests were applied to all children: ball throw with right and left hands, vertical jump, long jump without prior motion, pull up (repetition number), flexibility, and agility (set repetition number) tests. Additionally, heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Applied spirometric tests were as follows: vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiration volume in the first second, ventilation volume, maximum volunteer ventilation and respiration frequency. This study found that heart rate was statistically significantly higher in females than males (p < .05). There was also a statistically significant difference in vital capacity, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second (in both measured and predicted values) between males and females (p < .05). Additionally, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in the 60 and 200 meters races, maximal pull up, maximal sit up, vertical jump, standing long jump, ball throwing with right hand, horizontal bar, and agility between the male and female groups (p < .05). In conclusion, the findings showed that although females were superior in the 60 and 200 meter race, males were superior in agility, horizontal bar, ball throwing with right hand, long jump, and vertical jump.     

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute or habitual exercise on visual evoked potentials (VEP). The study group consisted of 9 female and 7 male volleyball players and the control group contained 9 female and 7 male students who were not involved in any sportive activity. The N75, P100, and N145 latency and amplitudes were measured before and after exercise. Intragroup comparison was made to evaluate the acute effects and intergroup comparison for the chronic effects of exercise. Significant differences were noted between athletes and the sedentary subjects in terms of pre-exercise left-N145 latencies and amplitudes and left -P100 amplitudes. Right-eye N145 latencies of inactive female subjects obtained before and after exercise were also statistically different. The results suggest that acute and habitual exercise affects the VEP responses independent from the body temperature and other physiological parameters. Small sized pre-exercise P100 amplitudes in the athletes can be attributed to the effect of rapid visual-activity-demanding sports on the central nervous system. Visual evoked potentials maybe used as neurophysiological criteria in defining the performance of an athlete.     

EFFECTS OF AROMATHERAPY MASSAGE ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND LIPID PROFILE IN KOREAN CLIMACTERIC WOMEN

This study investigated the effects of aromatherapy massage on the lipid profile and blood pressure in Korean climacteric women. A wait-listed control group, pretest–posttest design was used. The subjects comprised 58 climacteric women: 30 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group. Aromatherapy massage using lavender, rose geranium, rose, and jasmine was given to the experimental group only. Each massage session lasted 30 minutes, and was performed once weekly for two 8-week periods with self abdominal daily massage at home. The intervention produced significant differences in the systolic blood pressure compare to pretreatment and significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressures at posttreatment between the two groups. These results suggest that aromatherapy massage may exert positive effects on blood pressure. However, more objective, clinical measures should be applied in a future study with a randomized placebo-controlled design.     

EFFECTS OF EXTRACT OF GINKGO BILOBA ON INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE,CEREBRAL PERFUSION PRESSURE,AND CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN A RAT MODEL OF SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE

The purpose of this study was to investigate in effect of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) on cerebral blood perfusion in a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) rat model. SAH lead to an increase in intracranial pressure and decrease in cranial perfusion pressure and regional cerebral blood flow in all groups. However, the intracranial pressure increases in EGb groups were less than that of the vehicle group (p < .01), whereas the reduction in cranial perfusion pressure and regional cerebral blood flow in the EGb group was less than that of the vehicle and SAH groups (p < .01). It was concluded that EGb attenuates the increase in intracranial pressure and reduction in cerebral blood perfusion after SAH.     

A DOUBLE-BLIND COMPARISON OF FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE AND FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE SCHIZOPHRENIA

A double-blind comparison of fluphenazine decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in 40 consecutive admissions showed no difference in anti-psychotic effect or extrapyramidal side effects after 56 days. However, the trial identified a different effect of the drugs on mood. Flupenthixol decanoate had an elating effect that was most marked during the week following injection. Fluphenazine decanoate tended to lower mood. The results would suggest that in acute schizophrenia, fluphenazine decanoate would be the more appropriate drug in elated or acutely disturbed patients, but that in patients with a lowered mood or a history of depression, flupenthixol decanoate would be the more appropriate drug. It was emphasised that these mood changes were observed in patients with acute schizophrenia and that extrapolation from these results to maintenance therapy of chronic relapsing schizophrenia should only be made with caution. The results suggest that 40 mg of flupenthixol decanoate is approximately equal to 25 mg of fluphenazine decanoate. Analyses of covariance showed a significant positive correlation between the incidence of extrapyramidal side effects and duration of illness.     

EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND ARTERIAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION ON THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS

The influence of induced changes in arterial blood pressure and pCO₂ on the pressure-volume characteristics of the cerebrospinal fluid space, was evaluated experimentally using dogs. The pressure-volume curve was not appreciably affected by variations in pCO₂. The arterial pressure, on the contrary, was found to be a major determinant of the gradient dP/dV of the steep part of the curve, i.e. the high pressure elastance of the system. Variations in mean arterial pressure in the interval 25-230 mmHg produced approximately a 5-fold change in the elastance. The relationship was nonlinear, with relatively less effect from changes in the arterial blood pressure in the higher pressure range. An interpretation on the mechanics involved is presented.     

LET'S GET PHYSICAL: A CONTEMPORARY REVIEW OF THE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF EXERCISE FOR ANXIETY AND ITS DISORDERS

Research over the past few decades has focused on the therapeutic effects of physical exercise among those affected by mood disorders. Only recently has attention turned to maladaptive and persistent expressions of anxiety, with a growing body of evidence indicating promise for exercise as an effective treatment for some of the anxiety disorders. The current review provides a comprehensive account of contemporary research examining the anxiolytic effects of exercise for anxiety disorders. We synthesize pertinent research regarding the effects of various types of exercise within the different anxiety disorders, consider impact of various types of exercise regimens on anxiety, and examine potential anxiolytic mechanisms responsible for positive mental health gains. We conclude with important considerations for implementing exercise as a treatment for clinically significant anxiety as well as future research directions.     

微量注射L—精氨酸及L—NMMA至延髓头端腹外侧区对血压,心率的影响

微量注射一氧化氮（NO）前体L-精氨酸至用乌拉坦和氯醛糖混合麻醉的雄性SD大鼠的延髓头端腹外侧区（rVLM），可引起血压（BP）和心率（HR）的快速明显下降．电刺激中脑中央导水管周围灰质背侧部（dPAG）诱发的防御性升压反应受到明显抑制。相反，微量注射NO合成抑制剂L-NG-单甲基-L-精氨酸（L—NMMA）至rVLM，则引起BP和HR的快速明显升高，电刺激dPAG诱发的防御性升压反应明显增强。结果提示，NO参与rVLM神经元调节心血管活动的信息传递过程，并在其中起抑制性作用。     

EFFECTS OF L-DOPA AND L-TRYPTOPHAN ON THE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN THE DOG

The effect of L-DOPA and L-tryptophan on the cerebral blood flow was studied in anaesthetized dogs injected intravenously with one or other of the drugs. Cerebral blood flow was measured with the radio-active gas elimination technique with external γ-registration. After L-DOPA there were signs of an increase of the cerebral blood flow followed later by a decrease. The effect of L-tryptophan on the cerebral blood flow in all experiments was a decrease.     

乙酰胆碱及阿托品对大鼠旁巨细胞外侧核神经元自发放电的影响

实验在１７只麻醉、自主呼吸的ＳＤ大鼠上进行，用多管微电极在旁巨细胞外侧核尾侧半（ｃＰＧＣＬ）观察了微电泳乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）及其桔抗剂Ａｔｒｏｐｉｎｅ（阿托品）对神经元自发放电的效应及Ａｔｒｏｐｉｎｅ对ＡＣｈ效应的影响。ＡＣｈ可引起大多数被测神经元（７９．６％）兴奋，少数（２０．４％）无反应；Ａｔｒｏｐｉｎｅ可引起神经元兴奋（占被测神经元数的８％）、抑制（占４８％）或无反应（占４４％）。ＡＣｈ的兴奋效应和Ａｔｒｏｐｉｎｅ的抑制效应呈量效依赖关系。Ａｔｒｏｐｉｎｅ可部分或完全阻断大多数被测试神经元（８０．３％）对ＡＣｈ的兴奋反应。本结果提示ＰＧＣＬ区可能存在着起递质作用的内源性ＡＣｈ，某些神经元存在着Ｍ受体     

Brief Communication EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL NOSTRIL BREATHING ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE IN RIGHT-HANDED HEALTHY SUBJECTS

The effects of unilateral forced nostril breathing (UFNB) on systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate (HR) were studied in 88 male and 41 female right-handed subjects. In men, both the right and left unilateral forced nostril breathings significantly increased the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR, but had no effect on the diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In women, the right UFNB increased, but the left UFNB slightly decreased the SBP and DBP. The results suggested that there may be a nostril laterality affecting the autonomous nervous system differentially.     

THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL CONSUMPTION ON THE LIPID PEROXIDATION AND GLUTATHIONE LEVELS IN THE RIGHT AND LEFT BRAINS OF RATS

The effects of ethanol consumption on the levels of lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the cerebral hemispheres of male rats were investigated. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups: control, 10%, 25%, 35% ethanol-consuming groups, and four groups given vitamin E. The level of lipid peroxidation increased 34.32% (right brain), 35.67% (left brain) in 10% ethanol-consuming rats; 32.05% (right brain), 31.81% (left brain) in 25% ethanol-consuming rats; and 33.45% (right brain), 39.72% (left brain) in 35% ethanol-consuming rats. The GSH level of the right and left brains significantly decreased: 19.39%, 19.56%; 27.58%, 29.34%; 35.34%, 33.22% in rats consuming 10%, 25%, and 35% ethanol, respectively. These effects were partly antagonized by administration of vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day i.p.) to ethanol-consuming rats for 20 days. The results suggested that the cerebral hemispheres of adult rats are susceptible to the oxidative neurotoxic effects of ethanol, which may be blocked by vitamin E     

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM KETAMINE ADMINISTRATION ON VOCALIZATION TO PAW PRESSURE AND ON SPINAL WIND-UP ACTIVITY IN MONOARTHRITIC RATS

The antinociceptive effect of long-lasting ketamine administration (mini-osmotic pump) was studied in monoarthritic rats by using hindpaw pressure testing and wind-up measurement in a C-fiber reflex paradigm. Chronic ketamine induced antinociception in the monoarthritic paw and significantly suppressed mechanical hyperalgesia during the 14-day treatment period. The treatment also reduced C-reflex wind-up in the monoarthritic hindpaw. After pump removal, vocalization thresholds and spinal wind-up scores from the monoarthritic paw returned to control values, while hyperalgesia developed in the normal paw. Results suggest that ketamine upregulates NMDA receptors upon long-term administration, resulting in hyperalgesic response in the normal paw after drug withdrawal.­­