A risk prediction model of urinary tract infections for patients with neurogenic bladder

Abstract

Objectives: To develop a nomogram to evaluate the risk of urinary tract infections (UTI) in patients with neurogenic bladder (NGB)

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 337 patients with NGB admitted to three hospitals. Collected data included clinical symptoms, patients’ general characteristics, laboratory examinations and imaging findings. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to develop the risk prediction nomogram of UTIs for NGB patients. C index was used for the internal and external validation of that model.

Results: The occurrence of UTIs was 45.7% (154 of 337), 52.6% (102 of 194), and 36.4% (52 of 143) in the overall, training and validation data sets, respectively. The prediction nomogram was developed with 5 prognostic factors which included white blood cell (WBC) in blood, Leukocyte (LEU) in urine, Urinary pH, length of stay and urination mode. The nomogram presented good discrimination with a C-index value of 0.921 (95% confidence interval: 0.87396???0.96804) and good calibration. The C-index values of the interval validation and external validation were 0.8905541 and 0.817, respectively. The results of decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated that the model was clinically useful.

Conclusions: The prediction nomogram we developed is a simple and accurate tool for early prediction of UTIs in patients with NGB. This tool can assess risk of UTIs early, allowing for timely initiation of appropriate preventive measures.     

Survey of spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies using the Web of Science

OBJECTIVE:To identify global trends in research on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder, through a bibliometric analysis using the Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL:We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder using the Web of Science.Data retrieval was performed using key words"spinal cord injury","spinal injury","neurogenic bladder","neuropathic bladder","neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction","neurogenic voiding dysfunction","neurogenic urination disorder"and "neurogenic vesicourethral dysfunction". SELECTION CRITERIA:Inclusion criteria:(a)published peer-reviewed articles on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder indexed in the Web of Science;(b)type of articles:original research articles and reviews;(c)year of publication:no limitation.Exclusion criteria:(a)articles that required manual searching or telephone access;(b)Corrected papers and book chapters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:(1)Annual publication output;(2)distribution according to journals; (3)distribution according to subject areas;(4)distribution according to country;(5)distribution according to institution;and(6)top cited publications. RESULTS:There were 646 research articles addressing spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder in the Web of Science.Research on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder was found in the Science Citation Index-Expanded as of 1946.The United States,Ireland and Switzerland were the three major countries contributing to studies in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder in the 1970s.However,in the 1990s,the United States,the United Kingdom,the Netherlands,Germany and Japan published more papers on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder than Switzerland,and Ireland fell off the top ten countries list.In this century,the United States ranks first in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies,followed by France,the United Kingdom,Germany,Switzerland and Japan.Subject categories including urology, nephrology and clinical neurology,as well as rehabilitation,are represented in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies. CONCLUSION:From our analysis of the literature and research trends,we conclude that spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder is a hot topic that will continue to generate considerable research interest in the future.     

Analysis of the upper urinary tract function in multiple sclerosis patients

Aims –  The objective of this study was to analyse the upper urinary tract (UT) function in a group of consecutive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, who had not previously been treated by urologist.
Materials and methods –  Ninety-two MS patients suffering from lower UT dysfunction were included in the study. The group of patients consisted of 69 women and 23 men. The average Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score in our group was 4.29 (0–8.5). Functional examination of the kidneys using assessment of creatinine clearance and morphological examination of the kidneys using ultrasound was performed in all patients. Analysis of the upper UT function is presented.
Results –  The average serum creatinine clearance in our group was 132.84 ml/min/1.73 m² (46.8–510). Lower levels than normal were found in three patients (3.3%). Abnormal ultrasound findings were recorded in five patients (5.4%). The creatinine clearance was correlated with the clinical subtype of MS, the severity expressed by EDSS, the urodynamic parameters, the duration of the disease, the duration of the symptoms of lower UT and the EDSS score. We did not find a statistically significant correlation for any of these parameters.
Conclusions –  Our results suggest that impairment of the upper UT function is exceptional in MS patients.     

Tanshinone ⅡA improves functional recovery in spinal cord injury-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction

Tanshinone ⅡA, extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, exerts neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. This study intravenously injected tanshinone ⅡA 20 mg/kg into rat models of spinal cord injury for 7 consecutive days. Results showed that tanshinone ⅡA could reduce the inflammation, edema as well as compensatory thickening of the bladder tissue, improve urodynamic parameters, attenuate secondary injury, and promote spinal cord regeneration. The number of hypertrophic and apoptotic dorsal root ganglion(L_6–S_1) cells was less after treatment with tanshinone ⅡA. The effects of tanshinone ⅡA were similar to intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone. These findings suggested that tanshinone ⅡA improved functional recovery after spinal cord injury-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction by remodeling the spinal pathway involved in lower urinary tract control.     

Long-term anodal block stimulation at sacral anterior roots promoted recovery of neurogenic bladder function in a rabbit model of complete spinal cord injury

A complete spinal cord injury model was established in experimental rabbits using the spinal cord clip compression method.Urodynamic examination was performed 2 weeks later to determine neurogenic bladder status.The rabbits were treated with anodal block stimulation at sacral anterior roots for 4 weeks.Electrical stimulation of sacral anterior roots improved urodynamic parameters of neurogenic bladder in rabbit models of complete spinal cord injury,effectively promoted urinary function,and relieved urinary retention.Immunohistochemistry results showed that a balance was achieved among expression of muscarinic receptor subunits M2,M3,ATP-gated ion channel P2X3 receptors,and β2-adrenergic receptor,and nerve growth factor expression decreased.These results suggested that long-term sacral anterior root stimulation of anodal block could be used to treat neurogenic bladder in a rabbit model of complete spinal cord injury.     

构建体神经-内脏神经反射弧治疗脊髓脊膜膨出患者膀胱直肠功能障碍

目的探讨构建“体神经-内脏神经”反射弧治疗脊柱裂脊髓脊膜膨出患者大小便功能障碍的疗效。方法对4例脊髓脊膜膨出大小便功能障碍患者,行左侧L5前根近端与S3前根远端吻合,术前与术后8￣18个月行尿流动力学比较。结果4例均获得1年以上随访。3例高反射型患者于术后10￣12个月恢复可控性排尿,充盈性尿失禁消失,剩余尿逐渐减至(18±13)mL;1例无反射型患者于术后8个月获得控尿和自主排尿功能,尿失禁消失,排尿间期逐渐延长至2￣3h,逼尿肌压由1.29kPa增加至2.98kPa。4例患者在获得膀胱可控功能的同时,直肠肛门括约肌功能也转为基本正常,下肢功能损伤较小。结论建立人工体神经-内脏神经反射弧能有效地修复脊髓脊膜膨出所致的膀胱直肠功能障碍。     

Pneumonia and urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke: a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial.

The third most common stroke complication is infection. We studied the rates of aspiration pneumonia and urinary tract infection (UTI), their risk factors and their effect on outcome in the 1455 Glycine Antagonist (Gavestinel) in Neuroprotection (GAIN) International patients with ischaemic stroke. Forward stepwise logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modelling identified baseline factors that predicted events and the independent effect of events up to day 7 on poor stroke outcome at 3 months in patients alive at day 7, after correcting for prognostic factors. Higher baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and age, male gender, history of diabetes and stroke subtype predicted pneumonia, which occurred in 13.6% of patients. Female gender and higher baseline NIHSS and age predicted UTI, which occurred in 17.2% of patients. Pneumonia was associated with poor outcome by mortality (hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.3), Barthel index (<60) (odds ratio, 3.8; 2.2-6.7), NIHSS (4.9; 1.7-14) and Rankin scale (>/=2) (3.4; 1.4-8.3). UTI was associated with Barthel index (1.9; 1.2-2.9), NIHSS (2.2; 1.2-4.0) and Rankin scale (3.1; 1.6-4.9). Pneumonia and UTI are independently associated with stroke poor outcome. Patients with identified risk factors must be closely monitored for infection.     

Efficacy of desmopressin in patients with multiple sclerosis suffering from bladder dysfunction: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: The current review evaluates the safety and efficacy of desmopressin in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who suffer from both daytime and nocturnal voiding frequency and from incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was carried out looking for studies published between 1990 and 2003 which evaluated desmopressin in MS patients with bladder dysfunction. RESULTS: The grand total mean effect sizes show the following estimates of clinical relevant differences: desmopressin has a moderate effect on the number of voids during the day or during the night over a period of 6 h after taking the drug. A large effect associated with the use of desmopressin was detected by the mean difference in urine volume (ml) in 6 h. A small effect was detected in the mean 24-h urine volume. Serum sodium levels were combined with plasma osmolality in some studies and were found to be not significantly affected by desmopressin treatment.     

非HIV人群中结核性脑膜炎和隐球菌性脑膜炎鉴别诊断列线图模型的开发和验证

目的研究和开发针对非人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)人群中结核性脑膜炎和隐球菌性脑膜炎鉴别诊断的列线图模型,并对模型进行验证。方法回顾性收集西京医院神经内科收治的292名结核性脑膜和隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的临床资料,根据入院时间将240名患者纳入训练组,52名患者纳入验证组。对训练组患者进行单因素和多因素分析,筛选鉴别两种脑膜炎的差异因子。利用R软件构建鉴别诊断列线图模型,并对模型进行验证。在训练组和验证组中绘制ROC曲线和校准曲线对模型进行评价。结果单因素和多因素分析后发现,患者年龄、发热、自身免疫性疾病、脑脊液初压、脑脊液白细胞计数、脑脊液糖含量是鉴别结核性脑膜炎与隐球菌性脑膜炎的差异因子(P0.05)。模型灵敏度为80%,特异度为76.47%。列线图模型ROC曲线下面积在训练组和验证组中分别为0.853和0.897,模型区分度和校准度较好。结论在非HIV人群中结核性脑膜炎与隐球菌性脑膜炎的鉴别诊断列线图模型,对于基层医院进行脑膜炎的早期诊断和治疗具有一定的临床应用价值。[国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2021, 48(2):103-109]     

高原地区急性脑梗死患者静脉溶栓后出血转化的因素分析及列线图预测模型构建

目的 通过分析高原地区急性脑梗死(ACI)患者静脉溶栓后出血转化(HT)发生的影响因素,建立并评估个体化预测高原地区ACI患者静脉溶栓后HT发生风险的列线图模型。方法 选取2018年5月至2020年3月该院收治的ACI并进行重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗的患者162例为研究对象,并根据静脉溶栓治疗后是否发生HT将其分为HT组（34例）和非HT组（128例）。采用Logistic回归模型,分析ACI患者静脉溶栓后HT发生的影响因素。应用R语言(R 3.6.3)中的rms程序包绘制预测ACI患者静脉溶栓后HT发生风险的列线图模型。采用研究对象工作特征曲线(ROC)、校准曲线及Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估列线图模型进行验证。结果 Logistic回归模型显示,ACI患者静脉溶栓后HT的发生与糖尿病、脑梗死面积、发病至溶栓时间、NIHSS评分、血小板及D-二聚体密切相关(P<0.05)。ROC结果显示,预测ACI患者静脉溶栓后HT发生风险的AUC(95%CI)为0.831(0.727~0.935)。校准曲线为斜率接近为1的直线,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验χ²=9.761,P=0.282。结论 该研究基于糖尿病、脑梗死面积、发病至溶栓时间、NIHSS评分、血小板、D-二聚体这6项影响因素构建的预测高原地区ACI患者静脉溶栓后HT发生风险的列线图模型,具有良好的区分度与准确度。     

The association between personality traits and treatment outcomes in Korean patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH): a preliminary study

Objective

We investigated the association between personality traits and treatment outcomes in male Korean patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH).

Method

We evaluated the personality traits and the severity of LUTS/BPH symptoms at baseline using the Korean versions of the 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-K) and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), respectively. The IPSS was re-administered following a 12-week routine treatment regime, and we examined the relationship between treatment outcome and personality traits.

Results

Of the 176 patients initially screened, 101 agreed to participate in the study. Of those, 93 (92.1%) completed the 12-week trial and the BFI-K. Neuroticism was associated with a significantly worse treatment response, whereas extraversion was associated with a significantly better treatment response, and openness was associated with a high responder rate. Agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness were associated with improved week-12 IPSS total scores; however, the results were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

We found an association between treatment response and personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion and openness in patients with LUTS/BPH. However, further studies with larger samples and an improved design are needed to support our findings.     

组织细胞坏死性淋巴结炎患者神经系统损害风险的分类树模型构建

目的 探讨组织细胞坏死性淋巴结炎(HNL)患者神经系统损害的临床特征，并建立分类树风险预测模型。方法 回顾性分析2018年4月至2021年3月在该院确诊为HNL的127例患者的临床资料，依据是否出现神经损害情况将其分为损害组（54例）和无损害组（73例）。分析HNL患者的临床特征、实验室检查结果和神经系统损害的危险因素。应用分类树模型构建HNL患者神经系统损害的风险预测模型，并利用增益图、索引图、错分概率及受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价该模型的临床应用价值。结果 两组患者在发热、颅内压增高、淋巴结肿大、外周血（白细胞数和淋巴细胞数）、脑脊液（葡萄糖、白细胞数、蛋白质和氯化物）等比较 ，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，患者颅内压升高、脑脊液葡萄糖值升高、脑脊液白细胞数增多、脑脊液氯化物值升高为HNL患者神经系统损害的危险因素。建立的分类树模型共3层，9个节点，共筛选出4个解释变量，其中脑脊液中氯化物值升高是最重要的影响因素。增益图、索引图及Risk值均显示该分类树模型具有较高的预测价值。ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.886，临界值为0.636时预测患者神经损害的敏感度为88.27%，特异度为97.30%。结论 患者颅内压升高、脑脊液葡萄糖值升高、脑脊液白细胞数增多、脑脊液氯化物值升高为HNL患者是否出现神经系统损害的危险因素。 分类树预测模型具有较高的预测效果，可为临床降低HNL患者神经系统损害风险提供依据。     

Behavior therapy for urinary frequency in a patient with neurogenic bladder: A case report

A 32-year-old female with a seven year history of multiple sclerosis, was hospitalized due to an exacerbation of symptoms, and complained of a high frequency of urination and occasional urinary incontinence. A urologic consult was obtained, and the patient was diagnosed as having neurogenic (spastic) bladder, resulting in a reflexive voiding whenever the accumulation of urine in the bladder reacher 100 mls. A behavioral management program using feedback and goal-setting was implemented. Whenever she voided, the patient recorded the time of day, and measured the amount by using a graduated urinal. Following a 5-day baseline the patient and experimenter, on a daily basis, established a goal specifying a minimum waiting period between voidings, even when waiting might result in incontinence. Feedback on average duration between voidings was given daily. After 13 days of treatment, the duration between voidings had increased from a baseline of 58 min to 130 min and the average amount of urine had increased from 95 ml to 160 ml. At three and six month follow-ups, the patient reported that she was able to maintain treatment gains without difficulty; however, she had been unable to increase the time between voidings beyond approximately two hours.     

交通性脑积水脑室-腹腔分流术后迟发性颅内出血发生风险的列线图预测模型构建与评估

目的探讨交通性脑积水（CHP）脑室-腹腔分流（VPS）术后迟发性颅内出血（DICH）发生的危险因素,构建预测术后DICH发生的列线图模型,并对模型的预测效果予以评估。 方法选取淮安市第二人民医院神经外科自2016年2月至2021年8月行VPS术的307例CHP患者为研究对象进行病例对照研究,根据术后是否发生DICH分为DICH组（49例）和对照组（258例）。收集所有患者的基本资料（包括年龄、性别、原发病、是否合并基础疾病、既往颅脑手术史、抗凝药使用史、有无颅骨缺损等）及治疗信息（穿刺侧别、1周内调节分流阀门）行单因素分析,通过多因素Logistic回归分析确定术后CHP的危险因素,并通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线和校准曲线评估列线图模型的预测能力。另选取104例行VPS术的CHP患者为验证集,并对列线图模型做外部验证。 结果DICH组年龄、既往颅脑手术史比例、颅骨缺损比例、1周内调节分流阀门比例明显较对照组高（P<0.05）;Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、既往颅脑手术史、颅骨缺损、1周内调节分流阀门是CHP患者VPS术后DICH发生的主要危险因素（P<0.05）;ROC曲线分析结果显示,构建的CHP患者VPS术后DICH发生的列线图预测模型具有较好的区分度[曲线下面积（AUC）为0.858,95%CI：0.804~0.913]和精准度（拟合优度HL检验χ²=7.831,P=0.396）;104例行VPS术的CHP患者中16例发生DICH,发生率为15.38%,外部验证中AUC为0.792（95%CI：0.729~0.855）,校准曲线拟合优度HL检验（χ²=8.319,P=0.351）,提示精准度较高。 结论基于年龄、既往颅脑手术史、颅骨缺损、1周内调节分流阀门4项危险因素构建的CHP患者VPS术后DICH发生的列线图模型具有较高的预测效能。     

Risk factors for Drug‐resistant Epilepsy (DRE) and a nomogram model to predict DRE development in post‐traumatic epilepsy patients

ObjectivesTo identify factors affecting the development of drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE), and establish a reliable nomogram to predict DRE development in post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE) patients.MethodsThis study conducted a retrospective clinical analysis in patients with PTE who visited the Epilepsy Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital from January 2013 to December 2018. All participants were followed up for at least 3 years, and the development of DRE was assessed. Data from January 2013 to December 2017 were used as development dataset for model building. Those independent predictors of DRE were included in the final multivariable logistic regression, and a derived nomogram was built. Data from January 2018 to December 2018 were used as validation dataset for internal validation.ResultsComplete clinical information was available for 2830 PTE patients (development dataset: 2023; validation dataset: 807), of which 21.06% (n = 596) developed DRE. Among all parameters of interest including gender, age at PTE, family history, severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), single or multiple injuries, lesion location, post‐TBI treatments, acute seizures, PTE latency, seizure type, status epilepticus (SE), and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings, four predictors showed independent effect on DRE, they were age at PTE, seizure type, SE, and EEG findings. A model incorporating these four variables was created, and a nomogram to calculate the probability of DRE using the coefficients of the model was developed. The C‐index of the predictive model and the validation was 0.662 and 0.690, respectively. The goodness‐of‐fit test indicated good calibration for model development and validation (p = 0.272, 0.572).ConclusionsThe proposed nomogram achieved significant potential for clinical utility in the prediction of DRE among PTE patients. The risk of DRE for individual PTE patients can be estimated by using this nomogram, and identified high‐risk patients might benefit from non‐pharmacological therapies at an early stage.