宣传贯彻《农药剂型名称及代码》国家标准

1前言 近十年来,我国农药工业发展迅速,农药剂型也发展较快,研制、开发并引进了不少农药新剂型,丰富我国农药市场.发达国家和联合国粮农组织都对农药剂型进行了系统规范,并确定了各种剂型名称及代码,而我国现行的法律、法规和标准都未对农药剂型命名进行规范,也未对其进行系统分类.     

3种溴虫腈制剂对小鼠淋巴细胞DNA的损伤作用

[目的]对溴虫腈农药的普通制剂、纳米制剂、纳米功能化制剂进行遗传毒性研究,为纳米农药制剂的开发应用提供参考依据。[方法]每个受试物分4.84、9.68、19.36mg/kg3个剂量组及1个对照组,每组6只动物,雌雄各半。一次性腹腔注射给药,24h后,用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测3种制剂对小鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤作用。采用CASP软件分析彗星图像,得出彗星头部和尾部DNA百分含量、彗星尾长、尾矩和Olive尾矩5个指标。[结果]在上述剂量条件下,3种制剂处理组检出DNA损伤的指标与对照组之间差异显著(P<0.01),DNA的损伤程度符合剂量-效应关系。在相同剂量条件下,纳米制剂、纳米功能化制剂与普通制剂间表现出极显著性差异(P<0.01),而纳米制剂与纳米功能化制剂的检测指标间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]溴虫腈具有遗传毒性,同一剂量条件下纳米制剂和纳米功能化制剂的遗传毒性要明显小于普通制剂的遗传毒性。     

我国卫生用农药剂型的现状及展望

本文分析与探讨了我国卫生用农药的剂型现状和发展方向。卫生用农药剂型在《农药剂型名称及代码》国家标准(GB/T 19378-2017)中经优化整合,增加空间驱避和挥散制剂类别,现主要有40多种卫生用农药剂型,占标准中剂型总数的66%以上。境内外的新剂型和新产品可开阔视野、得到启迪。环境友好型剂型是发展方向,要关注开发新剂型的原则和注意事项。     

植物源物质与害虫的防治

40年代以来化学农药纷纷替代植物农药,使植物源农药的研究一度陷入低谷。如今化学农药给环境带来危害以及抗性的迅速发展加上研制新品种的难度加大,使我们重新认识到植物天然产物对当今害虫防治的重要性,尤其是一些天然植物农药具有高效、低毒、选择性高、不易产生抗性等优点。     

植物源蚊虫驱避剂的研究与应用

植物源蚊虫驱避剂安全、环保,近年来在蚊虫防治领域越来越受到重视。结合长期从事植物源农药的研发经验,本文综述了植物源蚊虫驱避剂的研发、应用、推广等方面的现状,分析了管理中存在的问题,并展望了植物源蚊虫驱避剂的发展前景。     

植物源蚊虫驱避剂的研究进展

疟疾、黄热病、登革热和寨卡病毒病等蚊媒疾病一直是全世界人民生命和健康的严重威胁。驱避剂的使用能降低蚊虫叮咬,避免和控制蚊媒疾病的发生和流行。植物源驱避剂具有安全和环保的特点。本文介绍了植物源物质对蚊虫的活性和蚊虫驱避剂剂型方面的研究进展,并展望了植物源蚊虫驱避剂的研究与应用。     

植物粗提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的生物活性

目的筛选对淡色库蚊有生物活性的植物资源,为植物源农药的开发研制提供理论依据。方法分别利用水、乙醇和丙酮3种溶剂提取植物的有效成分,测定不同溶剂植物粗提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的生物活性,挑选12种效果好的植物,进一步研究其乙醇提取物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀效果。结果 55种供试植物中有43种植物对淡色库蚊幼虫有生物活性,12种植物的乙醇提取物24 h对淡色库蚊幼虫的LC50〈3 mg/ml,其中7种植物的LC50〈1mg/ml。结论自然界中对淡色库蚊有生物活性的植物种类多,为植物源农药的开发研制提供了资源。     

农药新剂型──缓释微胶囊应用现状及其所致农药中毒

农药新剂型──缓释微胶囊应用现状及其所致农药中毒河南省安阳市职业病防治所（东风路，４５５０００）刘玮河南省安阳市林药厂彭运卿微胶囊制剂是农药缓释剂之一，是一种具有比较恒定释放速率的控制释放剂型。在我国，微囊化农药还是一种比较新的剂型。农药微囊化即是利...     

许昌市郊蔬菜中农药施用状况的调查

近年来由农药残留引发的食物中毒全国各地都有报道 ,并呈上升趋势 ,严重危害了人民的健康和我国农业的发展 ,为掌握我市蔬菜中农药的施用情况 ,为今后监督管理和政府决策提供依据 ,进行了许昌市郊蔬菜中农药施用状况的调查。现将调查结果报告如下。1　对象与方法调查对象为许昌市、区及郊区 4乡的农林局、植保站、供销社等农药的销售单位共计 15家 ,调查 1998～ 2 0 0 0年农药销售的数量、种类、剂型及使用方法。对农作物自产自销的农户调查 4 30户 ,以问卷形式调查其如何使用农药。从市区3个大型蔬菜批发市场、 15个蔬菜零售市场、 8家宾馆…     

农药剂型名称及代码国家标准（GB／T19378-2003）

20 0 3- 1 1 - 1 0发布　　　　　2 0 0 4 - 0 4 - 0 1实验1　范围本标准规定了农药产品的剂型名称、代码。本标准适用于农药的原药和制剂。2　农药剂型名称及代码(表1 )表1　农药剂型名称及代码章条号剂型名称剂型英文名称代码说　　明2 .1　　　　　原药和母药2 .1 .1原药technicalmaterialTC在制造过程中得到有效成分及杂质组成的最终产品,不能含有可见的外来物质和任何添加物,必要时可加入少量的稳定剂。2 .1 .2母药technicalconcentrateTK在制造过程中得到有效成份及杂质组成的最终产品,也可能含有少量必需的添加物和稀释剂,仅用于配…     

Acute and chronic toxicity of pesticide formulations (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and permethrin) to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea

Freshwater mussels are among the most imperiled faunal groups in North America; approximately 67% of the nearly 300 native freshwater mussel species (family Unionidae) are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Despite evidence that glochidia and juvenile life stages are highly sensitive to some chemical contaminants, the effects of pesticides on early life stages of unionid mussels are largely unknown. In the United States, pesticide registration is based on toxicity data of the active ingredient, not formulations as they are sold and applied. Some pesticide formulations, however, are more toxic than their active ingredient (technical-grade pesticide) alone because of the presence of surfactants, adjuvants, or other ingredients in the formulation. The objective of the present study was to compare the toxicity of active ingredients of several current-use pesticides (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and permethrin) to the toxicity of pesticide formulations to glochidia and juvenile life stages of a freshwater mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea). The atrazine formulation (Aatrex) was more toxic than technical-grade atrazine in chronic tests with juvenile L. siliquoidea. For other pesticides, acute and chronic toxicity of technical-grade pesticides were similar to the toxicity of pesticide formulations. Median effective concentrations for chlorpyrifos were 0.43 mg/L for glochidia at 48 h, 0.25 mg/L for juveniles at 96 h, and 0.06 mg/L for juveniles at 21 d. Atrazine and permethrin as well as their formulations did not cause significant acute toxicity in glochidia or juveniles at exposure concentrations approaching water-solubility limits. Additional research is needed on other pesticides with different modes of action, on the role of different routes of exposure, and with other species of unionid mussels to evaluate similarities of toxic response.     

Pesticide Use and Self-Reported Health Symptoms Among Rice Farmers in Zanzibar

The agrarian population in low- and middle-income countries suffers from a number of adverse health effects due to pesticide exposure. In Zanzibar, the government subsidizes pesticides to enhance local rice production. The objectives of this study were to assess Zanzibar smallholder rice farmers’ pesticide use and self-reported health symptoms in relation to pesticide exposure, training, and use of protective measures and to raise awareness for future local policy formulation. An exploratory cross-sectional interviewer-administered study was conducted among 99 rice farmers. Participants were selected based on convenience sampling and stratified by expected exposure category. The study participants reported using pesticides in World Health Organization (WHO) Class II. Of pesticide users, 61% reported one or more symptoms of possible acute pesticide poisoning. Only 50% of pesticide users had received training in safe handling and application of pesticides, but those who had displayed a higher use of protective measures. Farmers who did not use protective measures were more likely to have reported skin irritation and headache, which, together with eye irritation, were the most commonly reported acute symptoms. The main sociodemographic differences between the expected exposure categories of pesticide users and nonusers were in gender and education level. Scaling up of training in safe handling and application of pesticides is needed. Further studies are required to better understand the mechanisms behind the choice to use pesticides or not.     

温室条件下农药使用与女性菜农生殖系统疾病相关性分析

目的探讨大棚种植中农药暴露对女性生殖健康的影响。方法对从事蔬菜大棚种植的女性进行问卷调查,将农药暴露分为低、中、高三个暴露组,对不同农药暴露组之间均衡性检验后分析农药暴露对女性生殖健康的影响。结果低、中、高三个农药暴露组,分别为183、174、212人。除孕期并发症以外,不同农药暴露组女性月经功能异常状况、妇科疾病、不良妊娠结局、性功能状况的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且与农药的相关系数分别为0.49、0.31、0.13、0.16。结论长期农药暴露对女性生殖健康具有影响,其中对女性月经功能状况、妇科疾病、不良妊娠结局、性功能状况等的影响最为明显。     

A personal air sampler for pesticides

A sampling train consisting of a 13-mm filter followed by a tube containing Chromosorb 102 was developed for measurement of personal exposure to pesticides. Recoveries from cellulose ester filters and Chromosorb 102 for thirteen pesticides were generally 90% or greater. Side-by-side sampling in a pesticide formulation plant with midget impingers and 37-mm filters demonstrated that the trains, impingers and filters gave similar results.     

Genetic, enzymatic and developmental alterations observed in Caiman latirostris exposed in ovo to pesticide formulations and mixtures in an experiment simulating environmental exposure

In South America, economic interests in last years have produced a constant increase in transgenic soybean cropping, with the corresponding rise in pesticide formulated products. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pesticides formulations and mixtures on a South American caiman, Caiman latirostris, after in ovo exposure. We conducted a field-like experiment which simulates the environmental exposure that a caiman nest can receive in neighbouring croplands habitats. Experimental groups were Control group, Treatment 1: sprayed with a glyphosate herbicide formulation, and Treatment 2: sprayed with a pesticide mixture of glyphosate, endosulfan and cypermethrin formulations. Results demonstrated genotoxicity, enzymatic and metabolic alterations, as well as growth delay in caimans exposed in ovo to Treatments 1 and 2, showing a higher toxicity for the mixture. Integral evaluation through biomarkers of different biological meaning is highly informative as early indicators of contamination with pesticides and mixtures in this wildlife species.     

Permeation resistance of glove materials to agricultural pesticides.

The toxicities of many agricultural pesticides require that hand protection be used by persons who mix, load, and apply these products, as specified on the label and material safety data sheet. Selection of gloves for formulations that contain organic solvents is particularly problematic because a solvent that permeates the glove can carry with it the active ingredient of the pesticide formulation. With a test method that measures the simultaneous permeation of the carrier solvent(s) and active ingredient(s), in particular those active ingredients that have low solubility in water and low volatility, over 100 permeation tests (in triplicate) with approximately 20 pesticide formulations were conducted with 13 different glove materials. These results are summarized and generalizations are presented within the perspective of the large base of permeation data for neat chemicals and another large permeation study with pesticides. Key among the findings is that the carrier solvent generally permeates first and at a much higher rate than the active ingredient. Furthermore, the permeation behavior of formulations containing solvents generally mirrored that of neat carrier solvents alone. Thus, insight into the selection of the most appropriate glove material for a given pesticide formulation can be gained from permeation data for neat chemicals. For the types of solvents that may be present in pesticide formulations, preferred materials include nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, and plastic film laminates. Natural rubber and polyvinyl chloride materials generally are not recommended.     

The effect of tobacco consumption on blood cholinesterase levels among workers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides

This is a cross-sectional study of workers in the pesticide industry, engaged in the formulation and packaging of organophosphorus compounds. A detailed history was taken of all study participants. Investigations carried out were the measurement of haemoglobin levels and estimation of whole blood cholinesterase levels. The prevalence of tobacco consumption in the industry is 76.09%. The mean age of employees was 42.8 years and the mean duration of service was 16.6 years. The study concludes that tobacco consumption increases the risk of toxicity due to organophosphorus pesticides, as indicated by a decrease in the blood cholinesterase levels. In this study, the age of employees and duration of service in the pesticide industry played no role in increasing the risk of toxic effects when exposed to organophosphorus pesticides.     

Nonagricultural and residential exposures to pesticides

Epidemiologic studies and risk assessments conducted to assess the chronic effects of pesticides are limited by inadequate measurements of pesticide exposures, and surrogates for these data are frequently used. In this paper, pesticide use and absorbed dose previously measured in residential and occupational settings are used to evaluate the hypothesis that there is a relationship between pesticide use and exposure. For homeowner applicators of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and chlorpyrifos, exposures were poorly correlated with the amount of herbicide used (r2 = 0.01 to 0.40); however, exposures from a granular product were consistently less than those with liquid formulation. For professional landscape applicators, exposure over 14 days and 7 days of use was poorly correlated with the amount of 2,4-D sprayed (r2 = 0.17 and 0.21, respectively). However, inclusion of the type of spray nozzle used and the use of gloves while spraying in the model explained increased predictability and explained 68% of the variation.     

Distribution of Pesticide Residues Within Homes in Central New York State

Residues for 17 pesticides were analyzed in 41 households in central New York State that represented farm, rural, and urban houses. Samples were taken in both summer and winter of 2000–2001 from the same households from four locations; family room carpet; adjacent smooth floor; flat tabletop surface; and settled dust collected in a Petri dish on a tabletop. Pesticide residues were analyzed to identity factors that influence both the transport into and the redistribution of pesticides in the indoor environment. Differences were observed between the various pesticides and pesticide classifications relative to location within and between households as well as by season. Variations in the pesticide residues were related to a number of factors. Higher residues were observed in the farm households, particularly in summer, with the highest amount observed for chloropyrifos in carpet (33 μg/m²). For many pesticides, the frequency of detection and the amount of residues were higher in summer, which relates to usage patterns in agriculture and horticulture; however, larger amounts of insecticides such as mecoprop, resmethrin, and tetramethrin were found on flat surfaces in winter, indicating household use and possible redistribution within the home. Distribution patterns suggest that routines within a household may cause high variation in residues; these practices include indoor pets and treatment for fleas and ticks, use of termiticides, and fastidiousness of occupants. Frequency of pesticide detection was highest in carpet for both summer and winter for all households, indicating that carpets hold pesticides over time. Adsorbent fibrous materials such as textiles hold pesticides by macro- and micro-occlusion in their complex structures. Amounts of pesticide residue were higher in carpets than on smooth floors, particularly for rural farm households where the farmer was a certified pesticide applicator. The maximum amount of pesticide residue on a smooth floor surface was 13.6 μg/m² malathion while the maxima on wiped surfaces and in settled dust were 1.8 μg/m² 2, 4 D and 3 μg/m² pendimethalin, respectively. Physical properties of individual pesticides such as vapor pressure influenced the distribution of the pesticide within the households. Evidence of volatilization of pesticides and redeposition on surfaces was observed, indicating that this is a mechanism for contamination of surfaces in addition to adsorption on airborne particles and tracking. High residues in winter are evidence that closure of households in winter that reduces ventilation results in redistribution of pesticides within households.