Minimally invasive technology in the management of breast disease

Minimally invasive surgery is gaining popularity around the world because it achieves the same or even superior results when compared to standard surgery but with less morbidity. Minimally invasive breast surgery is a broad concept encompassing new developments in the field of breast surgery that work on this minimally invasive principle. In this regard, breast-conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy are good illustrations of this concept. There are three major areas of progress in the minimally invasive management of breast disease. First, percutaneous excisional devices are now available that can replace the surgical excision of breast mass lesions. Second, various ablative treatments are capable of destroying breast cancers in situ instead of surgical excision. Third, mammary ductoscopy provides a new approach to the investigation of mammary duct pathology. Clinical experience and potential applications of these new technologies are reviewed.     

微创与精准：现代关节外科追求的目标

本期刊出的“关节外科”专题的论著都与关节外科的微创与精准理念有关。“微创”指在不降低治疗效果的前提下尽量做到：缩小手术切口,减少组织损伤,降低对机体和心理的干扰损害。“精准”指诊断准确、手术精细,精确辨别病变组织与正常组织的界限,无多余操作,避免人为损伤。微创与精准二者密切关联、相辅相成。微创是实现精准的手段,精准是微创的前提条件。其目的都是以最小的手术损伤,获得最佳的治疗效果。这正是现代关节外科追求的目标。     

微创旋切术治疗乳腺良性肿瘤患者的疗效及安全性分析

目的 探讨微创旋切术治疗乳腺良性肿瘤患者临床效果及其安全性评价.方法 选自收治的乳腺良性肿瘤患者300例,按照患者手术方式不同分为微创组150例与开放组150例.微创组采用微创旋切术治疗,开放组采用传统开放切除术治疗.比较两组患者手术指征,术后1周应激反应指标水平变化,术后美容效果和并发症,及术后随访1年复发情况.结果 微创组出血量低于开放组,术后瘢痕小于开放组,术后愈合时间优于开放组,手术时间短于开放组,均有统计学差异(P<0.05);微创组血清Cor、E、NE水平术后1周明显低于开放组(P<0.05);微创组优良率(96.67%)高于开放组(68.00%)(P<0.05);微创组术后并发症发生率(8.67%)低于开放组(31.33%)(P<0.05);两组术后随访1年术后复发率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 微创旋切术治疗乳腺良性肿瘤患者临床效果显著,且对患者应激反应影响小,美容效果好,术后并发症少,安全性良好,值得研究.     

肺癌外科手术切口的演变与发展趋势

微创、安全以及无瘤原则,是影响肺癌外科手术切口选择的最重要因素。近年来,随着微创技术的进步,逐步出现了单操作孔电视辅助胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracic surgery, VATS）、单孔VATS、机器人辅助胸腔镜切除术（robotic-assisted thoracoscopic resection, ARTS）、剑突下单孔VATS、双侧同期VATS肺切除术、跨纵隔单侧进胸双侧肺切除术等新兴入路,特别是单孔VATS,目前在国内外开展已呈燎原之势。本文回顾了肺癌手术切口演变趋势,并对近年来,肺癌外科手术切口的发展趋势予以总结。     

食管癌微创外科治疗的发展与现状

食管癌微创外科治疗有望解决传统食管癌手术创伤大,术后生命质量差的问题。随着胸腔镜、腹腔镜等设备和技术的发展以及肿瘤治疗理念的更新,食管癌的微创外科治疗近年来取得了较大进展。     

Minimally invasive treatment of esophageal cancer: laparoscopic staging to robotic esophagectomy

Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures have become commonplace in modern surgical practice. The term minimally invasive surgery has been and continues to be interchangeably applied to describe laparoscopic, laparoscopic-assisted, thoracoscopic, and telesurgical (robotic) procedures. Minimally invasive surgical procedures for the treatment of benign and malignant disorders of the esophagus are being developed, refined, and clinically applied in parallel with the exponential availability of novel technologies and instrumentation. Herein, we review the progression from laparoscopic/thoracoscopic esophagectomy to telesurgical esophagectomy, presently termed minimally invasive esophagectomy, and describe the telesurgical procedure as well as early the clinical outcome experience.     

Minimally invasive approaches for diagnosis and treatment of early-stage breast cancer

Breast cancer management has been evolving toward minimally invasive approaches. Image-guided percutaneous biopsy techniques provide accurate histologic diagnosis without the need for surgical biopsy. Breast conservation therapy has become the treatment standard for early-stage breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a new procedure that can predict axillary lymph node status without the need of axillary lymph node dissection. The next challenge is to treat primary tumors without surgery. For this purpose, several new minimally invasive procedures, including radiofrequency ablation, interstitial laser ablation, focused ultrasound ablation, and cryotherapy, are currently under development and may offer effective tumor management and provide treatment options that are psychologically and cosmetically more acceptable to the patients than are traditional surgical therapies. In this review, we give an overview of minimally invasive approaches for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of early-stage breast cancer.     

Recent advances in colorectal cancer surgery

Recent advances in colorectal cancer surgery have been made in improving the cure rate after surgery, the preservation of postoperative function, and the development of minimally invasive procedures. Indication for wide lymph node dissection in rectal cancer surgery is now limited to a smaller number of cases. Functional outcome is being improved thanks to the introduction of autonomic nerve preserving operations as well as the increasing number of sphincter preserving operations. Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer has been practiced for 7-8 years, and the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure are being clarified. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive surgery for rectal tumors in early stages. The procedure is now overtaking the posterior surgical approach, which is used less and less in recent years. Future goals in colorectal cancer surgery are further improvements in the cure rate and the functional results. Minimally invasive surgery may become the established procedure after a careful assessment of its cure rate compared to the open surgical procedure.     

Robotic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a focus on anatomic resection

Aim: Robotic liver resection (RLR) is a new platform for minimally invasive hepatobiliary surgery. Minimally invasive surgery can confer benefits to patients wi...     

胃癌微创治疗之路

外科手术是目前唯一可能治愈胃癌的手段,但传统的开腹手术通常伴随较高的并发症率和死亡率,还会对患者术后的生活质量产生较大影响。而微创外科技术由于可有效减少手术创伤,加快术后恢复,因此对于医生和患者均具有很大的吸引力,今后或将替代传统的开腹手术。目前,胃癌微创外科技术主要向着两个不同的方向发展,即内镜下肿瘤切除和腹腔镜手术。不久的将来,前哨淋巴结导航技术和机器人手术也将为胃癌治疗提供更多选择。随着各种微创技术的不断发展,胃癌患者术后的生活质量将显著改善。目前,许多有关各种微创技术的高水平临床研究正在进行当中,胃癌微创外科必将在世界范围内广为接受,并快速发展。      

Percutaneous tumor ablation with radiofrequency

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) is a new minimally invasive treatment for localized cancer. Minimally invasive surgical options require less resources, time, recovery, and cost, and often offer reduced morbidity and mortality, compared with more invasive methods. To be useful, image-guided, minimally invasive, local treatments will have to meet those expectations without sacrificing efficacy. METHODS: Image-guided, local cancer treatment relies on the assumption that local disease control may improve survival. Recent developments in ablative techniques are being applied to patients with inoperable, small, or solitary liver tumors, recurrent metachronous hereditary renal cell carcinoma, and neoplasms in the bone, lung, breast, and adrenal gland. RESULTS: Recent refinements in ablation technology enable large tumor volumes to be treated with image-guided needle placement, either percutaneously, laparoscopically, or with open surgery. Local disease control potentially could result in improved survival, or enhanced operability. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus indications in oncology are ill-defined, despite widespread proliferation of the technology. A brief review is presented of the current status of image-guided tumor ablation therapy. More rigorous scientific review, long-term follow-up, and randomized prospective trials are needed to help define the role of RFA in oncology.     

Minimally invasive surgery for thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer

This article will review the emergence of minimally invasive thyroidectomy techniques and their applications to thyroid diseases. Minimally invasive surgical techniques for head and neck surgery have recently attracted interest. Furthermore techniques are divided into the mini-incision open, video-assisted, and complete endoscopic. Factors that determine the best operative approach include tumor size, histology, the presence of enlarged lymph nodes and evidence of local-regional invasion. Indications and contraindications for minimally invasive techniques will be discussed.     

Systematic review analysis of robotic and transanal approaches in TME surgery- A systematic review of the current literature in regard to challenges in rectal cancer surgery

Several patients' and pathological characteristics in rectal surgery can significantly complicate surgical loco regional tumor clearance. The main factors are obesity, short tumor distance from anal verge, bulky tumors, and narrow pelvis, which have been shown to be associated to poor surgical results in open and laparoscopic approaches. Minimally invasive surgery has the potential to reduce perioperative morbidity with equivalent short- and long-term oncological outcomes compared to conventional open approach. Achilles' heel of laparoscopic approaches is conversion to open surgery. High risk for conversion is evident for patients with bulky and low tumors as well as male gender and narrow pelvis. Hence, patient's characteristics represent challenges in rectal cancer surgery especially in minimally invasive approaches. The available surgical techniques increased remarkably with recently developed and implemented improvements of minimally invasive rectal cancer surgery. The controversial discussions about sense and purpose of these novel approaches are still ongoing in the literature.Herein, we evaluate, if latest technical advances like transanal approach or robotic assisted surgery have the potential to overcome known challenges and pitfalls in rectal cancer surgery in demanding surgical cases and highlight the role of current minimally invasive approaches in rectal cancer surgery.     

机器人手术系统在妇科恶性肿瘤中的应用

微创手术是近三十年来外科手术发展的一个里程碑.机器人手术作为微创手术的一个革命性进展,在多学科外科手术领域得到了广泛的应用.其在妇科手术中也得到了迅速推广.与传统腹腔镜相比,达芬奇机器人手术系统具有三维高清视野、可转腕操作器械和直觉式动作控制三大优势,既节省了手术医生的体力,也使手术操作更为精准.现通过回顾近年来一些相关文献对机器人手术系统在恶性肿瘤中的应用做一综述.     

乳导管镜联合麦默通在微创切除乳腺管内微小肿物中的应用

目的：探讨超声引导下乳导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切系统在切除乳腺导管内微小肿物中的应用价值。方法：60例于我科就诊的乳头溢液病例,溢液涂片中见到增生细胞,细胞学1—2级。经乳管镜诊断为乳腺导管内微小肿物的女性患者,在超声引导下行乳导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切术,术后随访3—6个月。结果：60例乳腺导管内微小肿块在乳导管镜及彩超指引下麦默通微创旋切完整切除,病理结果阳性率100％,其中2例为导管内原位癌,1例为浸润性导管癌,其余均为导管内乳头状瘤,术后59例患者无手术疤痕。结论：超声引导下乳腺导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切乳腺导管内微小肿物具有定位准确、病理诊断明确、切除完整率高、创伤小、美观等优点。     

微创食管癌切除术进展

随着食管手术技术的不断发展,很多国外的肿瘤中心相继开展了旨在减少食管癌手术并发症和死亡率的食管微创手术技术。本文综述了微创食管癌手术的概念、手术方式、淋巴结清扫状况、并发症和死亡率,以及术后的生存质量的情况。目前怎样界定小创伤或微创仍然是一个非常困难的事情,也就是说食管微创手术目前还没有一个统一的标准,但是很多的资料表明食管微创外科有着很多的优势。在手术入路方面,越来越多的进行食管微创手术的医生采取了与当前开放Ivor-Lewis 手术相似的方式,并获得了与开放手术相当甚至更好的淋巴结清扫。食管微创手术的术后生存质量的评价好于开放手术。在手术的并发症与死亡率方面与目前的开放手术相同。考虑到食管微创手术目前仍处于起步阶段,随着技术的不断完善,微创手术将获得更好的效果。当今的食管外科正在向着微创、彻底清扫的方向发展,可以预见在不远的将来,食管外科必将加入微创外科行列。      

Does intraductal breast cancer spread in a segmental distribution? An analysis of residual tumour burden following segmental mastectomy using tumour bed biopsies.

INTRODUCTION: Breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer is now routinely used as an alternative to mastectomy. Despite post-operative radiotherapy, early local recurrence of tumour remains a concern. It has been reported that invasive and in-situ ductal carcinoma spread locally through the ductal tree in a segmental distribution, however, there is no consensus as to the best surgical method to maximize tumour clearance whilst leaving a good cosmetic result. AIM: We aimed to measure the effectiveness of segmental mastectomy (excision of tumour plus associated segmental ductal tissue) in the clearance of different tumour types. Bed biopsy of the excision cavity was employed to assess the rate of incomplete excision or the multifocality of certain breast cancers. METHODS: One hundred and one patients with breast cancers underwent segmental mastectomy and cavity bed biopsies. Specimens were assessed for tumour type and completeness of excision. An excision of the cancer was considered incomplete if the margins were involved or if any of the bed biopsies showed residual or multifocal tumour. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients had incomplete tumour excision. Invasive ductal carcinoma was more likely to be completely excised by segmental mastectomy than invasive lobular carcinoma (P<0.05). Incomplete excision was associated with multifocality and the presence of extensive DCIS. The report of clear pathological margins was significantly more likely to be accurate, as measured by negative bed biopsies, in invasive ductal carcinoma when compared to invasive lobular carcinoma (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results support the concept that ductal carcinomas spread locally in a segmental fashion. Patients with invasive ductal carcinomas are more likely to benefit from breast conserving surgery that is tailored to include the associated ductal tissue, in a segmental fashioned excision. Copyright Harcourt Publishers Limited.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for cancer

Minimally invasive surgical approaches were designed to enhance quality of care and improve patient outcome by minimizing postoperative pain, shortening hospital stay, reducing costs, and facilitating early return to work and presurgical lifestyle. The hand-assisted laparoscopic approach for resection of cancer is still in its formative stage, and this review places it in proper perspective within the context of minimally invasive surgery currently being performed for both benign and malignant disease. The review also outlines the potential advantages and disadvantages, techniques, and site-specific procedures of hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for cancer.     

乳腺微创旋切术在乳腺良性微小病灶中的临床应用

目的:探讨Encor微创旋切术在乳腺良性小病灶切除术中的应用价值。方法:2013年1月-2014年6月,379例女性患者,在彩超实时引导下,应用Encor微创旋切系统,完整切除801个乳腺微小病灶,术后病理示:796个为良性病灶,5个为乳腺癌。结果:379例患者均顺利完成了手术,术中疼痛可忍,VAS评分均在3分以下;在≤3个肿块的157例患者中,术中出血、术后血肿、皮下瘀斑发生率分别为4.46%、8.92%和17.20%;在>3个肿块的222例患者中,术中出血、术后血肿、皮下瘀斑发生率分别为10.36%、17.12%和21.17%,差别有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,所有血肿、皮下瘀斑随访3个月均自行吸收消失。术中所有患者无皮肤误切,术后均无感染发生、乳房变形和明显瘢痕形成,患者满意,术后3个月复查彩超,无1例肿物残留。结论:彩超引导下乳腺微小肿块Encor微创旋切术,具有定位准确、切除完整、出血少、瘢痕小、乳房无变形等优点,患者满意度高。     

Breast cancer

Endoscopic breast conserving surgery was developed originally in JAPAN. Minimally invasive technique improved cosmetic shape of breast conserving surgery by reducing the size of scar and changing the position of surgical wounds. In the present time, transaxillary endoscopic partial mastectomy by using special lifting systems, transaxillary total mastectomy by using Co 2 inflation, endoscopic partial mastectomy, by areola approach, and endoscopic axillary lymphnode dissection were performed as standerd procedure. The clinical results were showed that the efficacy of breast conserving operation were equal compared with normal procedure. As indication of breast conserving operation, patients with the tumor, that was within 3 cm, were selected, and the volume of resected specimen were also keep below 30% of total volume of breast as cosmetic indication for prevent metamorphosis of breast. In the case with metamorphosis after operation, some kind of reconstraction will be necessary. Minimally invasive breast surgery was improved cosmesis of breast surgery, and the patients with early breast cancer will take more benefits by using this technique.