锥束CT评价下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态研究

目的:用锥束CT扫描评估下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态。方法:收集305例锥束CT影像,分别记录病人的性别、牙位、牙根和根管的数目和形态,采用Vertucci分类法对根管构型进行分类描述。结果:在受检样本中,47.21%的下颌第二恒磨牙为融合根,C形根和C型根管的检出率均为41.64%。在两个根的下颌第二恒磨牙中,66.03%近中根管是Ⅳ型,92.31%的远中根管是I型。左、右侧下颌第二恒磨牙C形牙根和C型根管的发生率没有统计学差异(P>0.05),男性和女性的C形牙根和C型根管的发生率也没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:中国西部人群中,下颌第二恒磨牙通常为双根或融合根,C形牙根和C型根管的发生率均较高。     

青少年下颌第一恒磨牙牙根及根管的锥形束 CT 研究

目的:应用锥形束CT(CBCT)分析青少年下颌第一恒磨牙牙根及根管形态。方法:收集2012-07~12拍摄CBCT的183例12~16岁青少年患者的366颗下颌第一恒磨牙的锥形束CT影像资料,记录患者年龄、性别、观察牙位及牙根数目、根管数目及根管形态,利用SPSS 19.0软件统计分析下颌第一恒磨牙牙根及根管数目的性别差异和左右侧差异。结果:纳入研究的366颗下颌第一恒磨牙中,近中单根者365颗,远中单根者282颗(77.05%),双根者83颗(22.68%),1颗牙为C形根。近中单根双根管者356颗(97.27%),单根一根管者9颗(2.46%);远中单根一根管者229颗(62.57%),单根双根管者53颗(14.48%),双根各一根管者83颗(22.68%);C形根3根管者1颗(0.27%)。牙根及根管数目在男女之间与左右侧之间差异均无统计学意义。结论:下颌第一恒磨牙以双根居多,牙根变异主要发生在远中根,远中舌根的发生率较高;性别间与左右侧牙之间无明显差异。     

辽宁地区汉族人下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管数目的锥形束CT研究

目的：利用锥形束CT（CBCT）扫描评估辽宁地区汉族人下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管数目的情况。方法：调取于我院口腔科行CBCT扫描患者的图像资料,统计分析下颌第二恒磨牙牙根和根管数目的情况。结果：在900例下颌第二恒磨牙中,双根的发生率为51．22％,其中82％的近中根内为双根管,100％的远中根内为单根管;三根的发生率为2．18％;融合根的发生率为46．6％,其中完全融合的锥形根占5．71％,不完全融合的C形根（C型根管）占40．89％,C型根管发生率在男女性别间差异无统计学意义（p〉0．05）,以双侧对称性分布较多,单侧发生率以右侧为多。结论：在辽宁地区汉族人中,下颌第二恒磨牙以双根或融合根居多,c形根（C型根管）的发生率较高。     

应用锥形束CT研究下颌第二磨牙根管数目和构型

目的采用锥形束CT（cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT）观察下颌第二磨牙根管数目及构型,为根管治疗提供影像学参考。方法随机调取700颗下颌第二磨牙的CBCT资料,统计下颌第二磨牙牙根数目、根管数目和构型,以及C型根管的发生率。结果下颌第二磨牙c形牙根的发生率为36．O％;2根牙的根管构型：61．1％近中根管为Ⅳ型,96．1％远中根管为I型;C形根管在根管口及根尖1／3处类型变化多。结论下颌第二磨牙牙根和根管解剖形态多样,CBCT清晰的三维影像能为根管治疗提供参考。     

老年人下颌磨牙牙根及根管的锥形束CT研究

目的：利用锥形束CT观察分析老年人下颌磨牙的牙根、根管数目和形态。方法：选择能够配合检查,并在扫描过程中头部保持静止状况的老年人,对其牙齿进行锥形束CT扫描,对扫描图像进行三维重建和选择不同方向的断层观察记录下颌磨牙的牙根和根管。结果：锤形束CT检查老年人166例,下颌磨牙共532颗。下颌磨牙近中根均为单根,远中双根仅发生于下颌第一磨牙,而C形根则仅发生于第二磨牙。近中根以两根管为主在下颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别占有95．26％和50．38％;远中根以一根管为主在第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别占有64．60％和56．97％,C形根管的发生率为22．48％。结论：下颌磨牙牙根和根管的变化主要发生在第一磨牙的远中根和第二磨牙的C形根及C形根管。     

锥形束CT在下颌第二磨牙C形根管系统应用的研究

目的　采用锥形束CT（简称CBCT）研究下颌第二磨牙C形根管的解剖形态,为根管治疗提供更加直观的影像学依据。方法　使用CBCT观察441例患者双侧下颌第二磨牙,统计C形根管的发生率以及根管形态。结果　C形根管的发生率为41.72%,C形根管类型变化多样,C形根管的发生率在性别、年龄间无统计学差异。结论　C形根管在下颌第二磨牙有很高的发生率,并且解剖形态有较大差异,CBCT在诊断C形根管方面具有重要作用。     

下颌第二磨牙根形态与根管形态的研究

目的：探索成人下颌第二磨牙根形态、根管形态及两者的相关性。方法：将96颗成人下颌第二磨牙用透明法显示其根管空间形态,在解剖显微镜下观察根管数目、形态与该牙根形之间的相关关系。结果：该牙的根形最常见为双根和融合根,融合根形达42%且其根管有4种分型,双根形的近中根31%为双根管。结论：下颌第二磨牙的根管形态较复杂,根之外形与根管形态、数目间有关联。     

西北地区中国人下颌第一恒磨牙牙根根管数目的锥束CT研究

目的:利用锥形束CT(CBCT)观察分析西北地区中国人下颌第一恒磨牙牙根和根管数目及其变异情况,以期为临床治疗提供参考。方法:随机调取来我院放射科行CBCT检查的病人图像资料,统计分析下颌第一恒磨牙牙根和根管数目及其分布情况。结果:共获取800例病人1 600个下颌第一恒磨牙CBCT图像数据。下颌第一恒磨牙2个牙根的发生率为72.69%(1163/1600),其中2根2管的发生率3.27%,2根3管的发生率73.00%,2根4管的发生率23.73%;3个牙根的发生率为27.31%(437/1 600),其中3根3管的发生率4.12%,3根4管的发生率95.88%。下颌第一恒磨牙远中舌根的个体发生率为33.75%(270/800)。男女性别间发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。下颌第一恒磨牙远舌根双侧对称性的发生率61.85%(167/270),且右侧高于左侧,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:下颌第一恒磨牙牙根和根管数目以及解剖形态存在多样性,CBCT影像可为临床根管治疗术提供可靠的依据。     

离体下颌前磨牙牙根和根管形态的锥形束CT研究

利用锥形束CT对190个离体下颌前磨牙进行扫描并选择不同方向的断层观察,按Vertucci’s分类法对根管系统进行记录。锥形束CT可以清晰显示其牙根和根管系统形态:下颌第一前磨牙根管系统变异较大,双根管率为22.8%。根管形态分别为Ⅰ型77.14%,Ⅱ型6.67%,Ⅳ型2.86%,Ⅴ型13.33%;下颌第一前磨牙的根面沟发生率较高(47/105),且此类型的下颌第一前磨牙常有双根管;下颌第二前磨牙的根管均为Ⅰ型单根管。     

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目的观察下颌第二磨牙牙根、牙根不同部位根管数目及形态,为根管治疗提供依据。方法选取2006年1月至2008年4月首都医科大学附属北京中医医院口腔科门诊中因各种原因拔除的下颌第二磨牙166颗,观察牙根数目及形态后,将牙根切为根上1/3,根中1/3和根尖1/3。观察不同部位的根管数目及形态。结果下颌第二磨牙单根12颗(7.2),双根101颗(60.8),其中近中根1-1型根管48颗(47.5),2-1型30颗(29.7),1-2型18颗(17.8),2-2型5颗(5)。远中根1-1型根管88颗(87.1),2-1型2颗(2.0),1-2型4颗(4.0),2-2型7颗(6.9)。C形根53颗(32.0),其中只有26颗具有C形根管(49)。166颗患牙中C形根管的总检出率为15.7。结论下颌第二磨牙牙根及根管数目、形态变异较多,C形根管的存在给根管治疗带来困难,不利于根管的彻底清理和充填。     

Use of cone-beam computed tomography to evaluate root and canal morphology of mandibular first and second molars in Turkish individuals

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of mandibular first and second molars in a Turkish population by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Study design: CBCT images of mandibular first (n = 823) and second molar (n = 925) teeth from 605 Turkish patients were analyzed. The root canal configurations were classified according to the method of Vertucci. Results: The majority of mandibular molars (95.8% of first molars, 85.4% of second molars) had two separate roots; however, three roots were identified in 2.06% of first molars and 3.45% of second molars. C-shaped canals occurred 0.85% of first molars and 4.1% of second molars. Three canals were found in 79.9% of first molars and 72.8% of second molars. Most distal roots had a simple type I configuration, whereas mesial roots had more complex canal systems, with more than one canal. The most common root morphology of first and second molars is the two rooted morphology with three canals. Both the mesial and distal roots showed wide variations in canal anatomy with type IV and type I canal configuration predominating in the mesial and distal roots, respectively. Conclusion: Vertucci type I and IV canal configurations were the most prevalent in the distal and mesial roots, respectively, of both the mandibular first and second permanent molar teeth. Key words:Cone-beam CT, Turkish, mandibular molars, root and canal morphology.     

C-shaped canals in mandibular molars of a Brazilian subpopulation: prevalence and root canal configuration using cone-beam computed tomography

Objectives

To assess C-shaped root canal configuration by identifying its prevalence and each configuration type proportion, according to tooth (mandibular first or second molar) and demographic characteristics in a Brazilian population, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Moreover, it was verified if there is a relationship between root canal configuration observed in two-dimensional reconstructions of CBCT and presence of C-shape.

Methods

Mandibular jaw CBCT scans (184 males and 220 females, aged 15 to 80 years), which presented 1464 mandibular molars (710 first molars and 754 second molars), were assessed. Teeth were evaluated for the presence and type of C-shaped root canals by observing the roots at five levels in CBCT axial reconstructions. Root canal configuration was assessed in panoramic reconstructions. Data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 5%.

Results

Of the 1464 mandibular molars, 125 (8.5%) were classified as C-shaped. This variation was more prevalent in females (n = 107, 85.6%) and in second molars (n = 108, 86.4%). C1 (uninterrupted C-shaped canal) was the most prevalent type of C-shaped configuration (41.76%), while C5 (no canal lumen) was the least prevalent type (0.96%). Single root with single canal in panoramic reconstructions was the most predominant configuration for C-shaped teeth (n = 54, 43.2%). Fused roots presented 17.2 higher odds of being associated with C-shaped root canals than non-fused roots.

Conclusions

C-shaped root canals were more prevalent in mandibular second molars and in females. Additionally, clinicians should bear in mind the greater possibility of C-shaped configuration in mandibular molars with fused roots.

Clinical relevance

Mandibular molars with C-shaped canals present a clinical challenge. A higher C-shaped proportion was noted in radiographic fused root types, which had 17.2 higher odds of presenting such anatomy when compared to radiographic non-fused roots. Root radiographic features may help in diagnosis of complex C-shaped morphologies.

     

Root and root canal morphology of permanent mandibular first and second molars in a Kuwaiti population: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study

AimEndodontic diseases typically affect the mandibular molars. Understanding the complex morphology of the root canal system and its variations is necessary for successful endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology of roots and root canals of mandibular first and second permanent molar teeth in a Kuwaiti population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsCBCT images of 651 mandibular first and second molar teeth were obtained from specialist government dental centers. The age, sex, root canal configuration, and number and type of roots were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed.ResultsThe most common canal configuration in the mandibular first and second molars was type II (65.6% and 54.4%, respectively), with no significant difference seen between the sexes (p = 0.234). The canal configuration was significantly different between the mandibular first and second molars (p < 0.001). Most teeth had two roots (94.5%); split roots were common (92.6%) and the number thereof varied significantly. Radicular grooves were most common on the lingual side (4.9%). C-shaped canals were present in 43 (6.60%) teeth. Additionally, one tooth had a confluent middle mesial canal and nine (1.4%) had radix entomolaris.ConclusionMandibular molars in our Kuwaiti population typically had two split roots with type II and IV canal configurations. The prevalence rates of C-shaped canals, middle mesial canals, and radix entomolaris were remarkably low.     

下颌第二磨牙根管显微镜下根管口分型探讨

目的通过显微镜分析下颌第二磨牙根管口的解剖特点及分型。方法选择患牙髓炎或根尖周炎的下颌第二磨牙653个,根管显微镜下观察并记录根管口形态,对其根管口形态分类计数,计算其出现率。结果下颌第二磨牙单根牙Ⅰ-1型47例(7.20%),Ⅰ-2型65例(9.95%),Ⅰ-3型263例(40.27%),Ⅰ-4型22例(3.37%);C形根管256例(39.21%)。完全C形根管及部分C形根管分别占17.31%、21.90%。结论根管显微镜下可以更好地观察下颌第二磨牙根管口形态,提高C形根管诊断率。根管口形态呈C形根管系统较多,不利于根管的彻底清理和充填。     

锥体束CT对维吾尔族成人下颌第二磨牙C形根管的研究

目的: 通过锥体束CT(cone-beam computed tomogphy,CBCT)成像系统对新疆维吾尔族成人下颌第二磨牙C形根管的发生率及其形态特征进行研究。方法: 选择来我院体检且下颌牙列完整的100名维吾尔族成人,进行CBCT扫描,观察下颌第二磨牙的根管形态。结果: C形根管的发生率为15.0%,C 形根管类型变化多样。结论: C形根管在下颌第二磨牙有较高的发生率,且解剖形态存在较大差异。CBCT在C形根管的诊断方面具有重要作用,可以为维吾尔族成人下颌第二磨牙C形根管的临床诊疗提供依据。     

Root and canal morphology of permanent mandibular molars in a Sudanese population

AIM: To investigate variations in the root canal systems of first and second permanent mandibular molar teeth in a Sudanese population using a clearing technique. METHODOLOGY: Two hundred extracted first and second permanent mandibular molars from three cities in the state of Khartoum were studied. Access cavities were prepared and pulp tissue was removed by immersion in 5% sodium hypochlorite under ultrasonication; Indian ink was then injected into the root canal systems assisted by a vacuum applied apically. The teeth were rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate before evaluation. The following observations were made (i) number of roots and their morphology; (ii) number of root canals per tooth; (iii) number of root canals per root and (iv) root canal configuration. RESULTS: Overall 59% of mandibular first molars had four canals with 3% having a third distolingual root. Seventy-eight per cent of second mandibular molars had two separate flat roots, whilst 10% were C-shaped. The most common canal system configurations were type IV (73%) and type II (14%). Inter-canal communications were more common in the mesial roots. The prevalence of inter-canal communications was 65% in first molars and 49% in second molars. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of Sudanese teeth, 59% of the mandibular first permanent molars had four root canals whilst 10% of the mandibular second molars had C-shaped roots/canals.     

下颌第二恒磨牙C形根管的影像学分析

目的通过比较分析离体下颌第二恒磨牙C形根管的X线片和锥形束CT(CBCT)表现,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法收集我院因牙周病拔除的下颌第二恒磨牙110颗,模拟临床拍摄颊舌向X线片,并进行CBCT扫描。统计C形根管的发生率及其类型。结果 110颗离体下颌第二恒磨牙中,通过X线片诊断为C形根管的46颗(41.81%),通过CBCT影像确诊为C形根管显示66颗(60.00%)。通过CBCT诊断为C形根管的离体牙中,其中Ⅰ类(融合型)26颗,Ⅱ类(对称型)22颗,Ⅲ类(不对称型)18颗。Ⅰ类中,C4截面形态主要在根管下段出现的频率较高,Ⅱ类中,C3在整个根管各段中出现的频率较高。Ⅲ类中,C1和C2主要出现在根管上段。结论具有C形根管的下颌第二磨牙基本可以通过X线片初步诊断,但如需了解其根管的详细信息则要通过CBCT扫描分析。