The role of non-invasive home mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring prolonged weaning

Background and objective: Patients with COPD who require prolonged weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation show poor long‐term survival. Whether non‐invasive home mechanical ventilation (HMV) has a beneficial effect after prolonged weaning has not yet been clearly determined. Methods: Patients with COPD who required prolonged weaning and were admitted to a specialized weaning centre between January 2002 and February 2008 were enrolled in the study. Long‐term survival and prognostic factors, including the role of non‐invasive HMV, were evaluated. Results: Of 117 patients (87 men, 30 women; mean age 69.5 ± 9.5 years) included in the study, weaning from invasive ventilation was achieved in 82 patients (70.1%). Successful weaning was associated with better survival 1 year after discharge from hospital (hazard ratio (HR) 2.24, 95% CI: 1.16–4.31; P = 0.016). Among the 82 patients who were successfully weaned, non‐invasive HMV was initiated in 39 (47.6%) due to persistent chronic ventilatory failure. Initiation of HMV was associated with a higher rate of survival to 1 year as compared with patients who did not receive ventilatory support (84.2% vs 54.3%; HR 3.68, 95% CI: 1.43–9.43; P = 0.007). In addition, younger age and higher PaO₂, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit at discharge were associated with better survival. In an adjusted multivariate analysis, initiation of non‐invasive HMV after successful weaning remained an independent prognostic factor for survival to 1 year (HR 3.63, 95% CI: 1.23–10.75; P = 0.019). Conclusions: These findings suggest that based on the potential for improvement in long‐term survival, non‐invasive HMV should be considered in patients with severe COPD and persistent chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure after prolonged weaning.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者撤机方式的探讨

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发呼吸衰竭患者无创通气撤机方式是否改善预后。方法选择COPD并发急性高碳酸血症呼吸衰竭插管上机患者51例,在插管机械通气24~48 h后,尝试T型管自主呼吸试验,若失败则对比两种撤机方式:①拔管后通过口鼻面罩接无创通气(治疗组n=26例);②不拔管,经气管插管给予PSV方式通气(对照组n=25例)。观察并比较两组患者动脉血气、机械通气时间、住ICU时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎及60 d生存率。结果住院时所有患者均有严重高碳酸血症呼吸衰竭,治疗组n=26:pH 7.21±0.06;PaCO2(95.4±18.9)mm Hg;对照组n=25:pH 7.21±0.07,PaCO2(93.7±17.7)mm Hg(P均>0.1),两组患者临床特征类似。治疗组平均机械通气时间(10.8±3.87)d,而对照组为(9±3.4)d(P>0.05);治疗组住ICU时间比对照组短(P<0.05),住院费用明显低于对照组(P<0.001),呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),但60 d生存率两组无差异。结论无创通气可缩短住ICU时间,减少住院花费,降低VAP发生率。但对60 d生存率无影响。     

纤支镜联合无创通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气撤离中的作用

目的 探讨纤支镜支气管灌洗联合无创通气在COPD机械通气患者中的价值.方法 对2007年1月～2011年1月因呼吸衰竭需机械通气的ICU的57例AECOPD患者,随机分组,采用不同的治疗方法观察分析.对照组常规机械通气,解痉、平喘,加强抗感染等处理,达到撤机指证后进行自主呼吸试验(SBT),失败者拔管后辅以无创通气;治疗组在常规治疗的同时予纤支镜吸痰、支气管灌洗,SBT成功和失败患者拔管后均辅以无创通气,观察两组有创通气时间、SBT通过率、再插管及30天的死亡情况.结果 治疗组明显提高SBT成功率和减少再插管率,但在有创通气时间和30天死亡率两者无显著差异.结论 纤支镜辅以无创通气能提高COPD机械通气患者SBT的成功率,降低拔管后的再插管率.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病有创机械通气量化脱机参数模型的建立

目的 建立针对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的有创机械通气量化脱机参数模型.方法 对已有的64例患者有创机械通气过程中的各项自主呼吸试验参数及附加参数计算均数,采用非参数估计ROC曲线法界定参数的阈值,两分类Logistic回归法得出优似比(OR值),以OR值作为系数,ROC曲线法界定评分的阈值.结果 各参数的阴性阈值范围及OR值分别为MV≥8.5L,8.0;f≥20次/min,8.0;P:F≤220,6.0;HR≥90次/min,6.0;年龄≥65岁,5.0;pH≥7.46,5.0;FiO2≥40％,4.5; PaO2≤70 mm Hg,4.0;舒张压≤75 mm Hg,4.0;SaO2≤95％,4.0;Vt≥0.360 L,4.0; RSBI≥54次·min -1·L-1,3.0;收缩压≥125 mm Hg,1.5;PaCO2≤40 mm Hg,1.0.以45分为评分阈值,诊断COPD患者成功脱机拔管结果的诊断符合率为96.2％.结论 COPD患者有创机械通气量化脱机参数模型,可将脱机拔管诊断符合率提高到96.2％.期待进一步临床研究证实.     

雾化吸入布地奈德对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭机械通气的影响

目的 观察雾化吸入布地奈德在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期的治疗作用.方法 将2009年11月至2011年1月COPD合并呼吸衰竭需要机械通气治疗的住院患者随机分为三组:对照组给予雾化沙丁胺醇(2ml,Q6h)和异丙托溴铵(0.5mg,q.i.d.);甲泼尼龙组在沙丁胺醇和异丙托溴铵(剂量及用法同对照组)治疗基础上加用甲泼尼龙静脉注射,40mg/d,使用5d停药;布地奈德组在沙丁胺醇和异丙托溴铵(剂量及用法同对照组)治疗基础上加用布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入(2mg,Q8h),使用5d后停用.分别记录上机1h、上机72h、上机5d、上机7d痰IL-8水平、TNF-α水平、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平、随机血糖水平.结果 共有48例符合本研究标准,其中对照组15例、甲泼尼龙组17例、布奈德组16例.上机72h甲泼尼龙组和布地奈德组痰IL-8、TNF-α、CRP水平与本组上机1h比较明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而对照组直到上机5d,痰IL-8、TNF-α、CRP水平才较本组上机1h明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);上机7d,甲泼尼龙组和布地奈德组痰IL-8、TNF-α、CRP水平均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在上机72h、上机5d、上机7d,甲泼尼龙组和布地奈德组痰IL-8、TNF-α、CRP水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).上机7d,甲泼尼龙组随机血糖水平较对照组及布地奈德组明显升高,三组比较差异有统计学意义(F=18.2,P=0.025).结论 在COPD急性加重期,应用布地奈德雾化吸入治疗具有与全身应用糖皮质激素相似的治疗效果,而布地奈德全身不良反应少,使用更加安全.     

支气管肺泡灌洗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者中的应用

目的 探讨支气管肺泡灌洗治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者的临床价值.方法 将我院收治的94例慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者随机分为治疗组(48例)和对照组(46例).对治疗组患者进行支气管肺泡灌洗,观察灌洗后临床疗效、血气分析和呼吸力学指标变化.结果 治疗组患者灌洗后临床症状改善,PaO2上升,PaCO2下降,气道平均压...     

小潮气量对慢性阻塞性肺病机械通气的影响

目的探讨小潮气量对慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)机械通气的影响。方法将2010年10月~2012年10月入住我院的100例COPD患者按照抽签法随机地均分为对照组与观察组,分别给予常规潮气量通气与小潮气量通气治疗,比较两组机械通气前后动脉血气指标、静脉血中细胞因子变化、以及随访结果。结果两组患者在接受治疗后,相关指标均得到了一定的改善,观察组患者的治疗效果明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论小潮气量通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病患者,动脉血气指标、静脉血中细胞因子、预后随访结果均出现明显变化,患者肺功能状况明显改善,应加强推广并应用。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病2种肺康复策略的疗效比较

目的:比较2种不同的肺康复干预策略对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者BODE指数评分、焦虑抑郁及日常生活活动能力的改善及脱落率。方法:采用随机、对照的方法将155例稳定期COPD患者分为3组,肺康复干预Ⅰ组给予康复宣教、有氧呼吸操及体能训练;肺康复干预Ⅱ组仅给予康复宣教及有氧呼吸操,对照组不给予肺康复干预,为期20周。比较康复前后3组患者BODE指数、焦虑抑郁及日常生活活动能力评分及脱落的差异。结果:经过20周的肺康复干预,肺康复干预Ⅰ、Ⅱ组较对照组在焦虑抑郁评分、6 min步行距离、呼吸困难程度评分均明显改善(P<0.01),但脱落率明显高于其他2组(P     

不同撤机方式在COPD机械通气患者的临床观察

目的:观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期接受有创机械通气患者采用2种撤机决策(临床医生经验与自主呼吸试验)的临床疗效。方法:将94例COPD急性加重期且需要有创机械通气的患者,按照PaCO2水平应用分层随机化法分为自主呼吸试验(SBT)组和临床医生经验(DED)组各47例,2组均给予常规基础治疗。每日对2组患者进行撤机筛选试验,完成筛选试验的SBT组患者行SBT后实施撤机;完成筛选试验的DED组患者,由科室呼吸治疗小组根据临床经验决定是否撤机。观察病死率、住ICU时间、有创机械通气时间、脱机成功率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、2次插管率、SBT组SBT终止原因等。结果:SBT组患者住ICU时间、有创机械通气时间、病死率及VAP发生率均明显高于DED组患者(均P<0.05)。DED组患者脱机成功率显著高于SBT组(P<0.05)。DED组患者2次插管率略高于SBT组患者,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:SBT有可能导致撤机延迟,增加有创机械通气时间,应重视COPD加重期有创机械通气撤机决策中医生临床经验的重要性,提高撤机成功率。     

Predictors of weaning outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Several threshold values for predicting weaning outcome from mechanical ventilation have been proposed. These values, however, have been obtained in nonhomogeneous patient populations. The aim of the present study was to determine the threshold values in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and compare them to those reported for nonhomogeneous patient populations. The initial weaning trial included 81 COPD patients. Fifty-three of them underwent a successful weaning trial, whereas 28 failed it. The latter were enrolled into the present investigation, and were restudied during a subsequent successful trial. The weaning indices used were those reported in the literature. The threshold values obtained were within 10% of those reported for a nonhomogeneous patients population only for tidal volume and effective compliance. The classification error was <20% for maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), occluded inspiratory pressure swing (deltaPI)/MIP, rapid and shallow breathing (respiratory frequency/tidal volume), and compliance, rate, oxygenation, pressure index (CROP), whereas the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was >0.9 only for deltaPI/MIP and CROP. In conclusion, the threshold values obtained in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who failed the first weaning attempt differed from those previously reported. Although a gold standard weaning index is not available for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, the occluded inspiratory pressure swing/ maximal inspiratory pressure and compliance, rate, oxygenation, pressure index may be candidates for such a role.     

Haemophilus influenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers

RATIONALE: Airway infection with Haemophilus influenzae causes airway inflammation, and isolation of new strains of this bacteria is associated with increased risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether strains of H. influenzae associated with exacerbations cause more inflammation than strains that colonize the airways of patients with COPD. METHODS: Exacerbation strains of H. influenzae were isolated from patients during exacerbation of clinical symptoms with subsequent development of a homologous serum antibody response and were compared with colonization strains that were not associated with symptom worsening or an antibody response. Bacterial strains were compared using an in vivo mouse model of airway infection and in vitro cell culture model of bacterial adherence and defense gene and signaling pathway activation in primary human airway epithelial cells. RESULTS: H. influenzae associated with exacerbations caused more airway neutrophil recruitment compared with colonization strains in the mouse model of airway bacterial infection. Furthermore, exacerbation strains adhered to epithelial cells in significantly higher numbers and induced more interleukin-8 release after interaction with airway epithelial cells. This effect was likely mediated by increased activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that H. influenzae strains isolated from patients during COPD exacerbations often induce more airway inflammation and likely have differences in virulence compared with colonizing strains. These findings support the concept that bacteria infecting the airway during COPD exacerbations mediate increased airway inflammation and contribute to decreased airway function.     

Comparison of non-invasive mechanical ventilation with helmet or face mask in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the frequent causes of acute respiratory failure. In our study, we aimed to compare helmet with face mask in noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) on patients who had acute respiratory failure because of exacerbation of COPD in intensive care unit (ICU). Thirty patients, taken into ICU for exacerbation of COPD, were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups as face mask group (Group Y) and helmet group (Group H). Appropriate mechanical ventilation settings were recorded after the starting period and NIMV was applied to patients continuously for two hours with these settings. Respiratory frequency (f), blood gas (PaO(2), PaCO(2), PH) and PaO(2)/FiO(2) values and hemodynamic data of all patients were recorded periodically. Compliance of patients were evaluated with patient tolerance scale (PTS). Duration of stay of the patients in ICU and complications were also noted. Demographic characteristics of patients, mechanical ventilator settings and hemodynamic data of the patients in the two groups were found to be similar (p>0.05). Frequency values measured during NIMV are also similar at all measurement times (p>0.05). It was determined that there was a remarkable decrease in respiratory frequency, in both groups after the application of NIMV (p< 0.001). There was no difference with respect to PaO(2), PH and PaO(2)/FiO(2) values at all measurement times, between groups (p> 0.05). PaCO(2) values in the beginning were similar in both groups but PaCO(2) measured at other measurement times for group H were statistically higher compared to the other group (p< 0.05). PTC score measured at during NIMV in group H were remarkably higher (p< 0.05). Helmet developed as an alternative to face mask has a better patient tolerance and accordingly in increases success rate in NIMV. But it must be keeping mind that the decrease in PaCO(2) value is slow with helmet.     

探讨浅快呼吸指数指导COPD患者撤机的临床价值

目的评价浅快呼吸指数（rapid-shallow-breathing index,RSBI）作为COPD患者撤机的临床价值。方法呼吸重症监护病房的20例机械通气的COPD患者,均通过了1h的自主呼吸实验（spontaneous breathing trial,SBT）。记录两个时期的RS-BI：SBT前、SBT1h。同时记录年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ（acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ）评分、撤机前的动脉血气分析。结果 16例COPD患者成功撤机,4例患者撤机失败。在成功和失败两组间年龄、性别、APACHEⅡ评分无明显差异（P〉0.05）,PaCO2（partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood）有明显差异（P〈0.05）。以RSBI≤105bpm/L为标准预测撤机成功的灵敏度和特异度分别为：SBT前RSBI93.8%、10%;SBT1h的RSBI93.8%、45.5%。SBT1h的RSBI与PaCO2联合预测撤机成功的灵敏度为89.5%,特异度为78%。结论 SBT1h的RSBI预测COPD患者成功撤机的准确性高于SBT前,其与PaCO2联合评价将提高预测撤机成功的准确性。     

A chronic disease management programme can reduce days in hospital for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: A steady increase in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) admissions was addressed by enhancing primary care to provide intensive chronic disease management. AIM: To compare the effect of a disease management programme, including a COPD management guideline, a patient-specific care plan and collaboration between patients, general practitioners, practice nurses, hospital physicians and nurse specialists with conventional care, on hospital admissions and quality of life. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-five patients with a clinical diagnosis of moderate to severe COPD were identified from hospital admission data and general practice records. General practices were randomized to either conventional care (CON), or the intervention (INT). Pre- and post-study assessment included spirometry, Shuttle Walk Test, Short Form-36, and the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ). Admission data were compared for 12 months prior to and during the trial. RESULTS: For respiratory conditions, mean hospital bed days per patient per year for the INT group were reduced from 2.8 to 1.1, whereas those for the CON group increased from 3.5 to 4.0 (group difference, P = 0.030) The INT group also showed an improvement for two dimensions of the CRQ, fatigue (P = 0.010) and mastery (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: A chronic disease management programme for COPD patients that incorporated a variety of interventions, including pulmonary rehabilitation and implemented by primary care, reduced admissions and hospital bed days. Key elements were patient participation and information sharing among healthcare providers.     

Improvement in ventilation-perfusion relationships by almitrine in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during mechanical ventilation

Although the respiratory stimulant effects of almitrine bismesylate (AB) via an action on the peripheral chemoreceptors have been demonstrated, the mechanism of its intrapulmonary action has not yet been elucidated. In order to abolish the stimulation of ventilation, observed in studies on spontaneously breathing patients, an investigation of patients suffering from severe COPD under constant mechanical ventilation, with FIO2 = 0.21, during the weaning period was carried out. Eighteen patients were randomly divided into 2 groups (9 receiving 1.5 mg/kg AB and 9 receiving placebo). The ventilatory and hemodynamic variables, blood and alveolar gases, and the VA/Q ratio distributions using the multiple inert gas technique were collected before treatment with drug or placebo, as well as 90 and 180 min afterwards. The PaO2 was found to be raised 90 min after AB administration (+57 +/- 3.9 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and remained above the baseline value at 180 min (+5.4 +/- 4.6 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Compared with those in the placebo group, these increases were significant (p less than 0.01). A slight decrease in PaCO2 but similar in the 2 groups was observed despite constant ventilation. The hemodynamic data were the same for the 2 groups. The changes in overall criteria of the distributions (mean VA/Q and SD) were small. The main finding was a decrease in the percentage of the perfusion flowing through the true shunt and the underventilated areas after AB treatment. In the control group, the blood flow percentage in the true shunt and low VA/Q units was either stable or increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)