核素显像识别存活心肌的临床应用进展

存活心肌的判断对冠心病患者治疗方案的选择及预后十分重要。^201Tl再注射法、硝酸甘油介入的静息^99Tc^m-sestamibi法增强了心肌灌注核素体层显像对存活心肌的检测能力，门控SPECT技术能在评估心肌灌注的同时计算LVEF(左心室射血分数)、局部室壁运动和局部室壁增厚率，具有符合线路的SPECT可以进行心肌代谢显像及灌注显像，其对存活心肌的检测能力可能接近于PET，而检查费用可大大降低。     

核素显像识别存活心肌的临床应用进展

存活心肌的判断对冠心病患者治疗方案的选择及预后十分重要。201Tl再注射法、硝酸甘油介入的静息99Tcm-sestamibi法增强了心肌灌注核素体层显像对存活心肌的检测能力,门控SPECT技术能在评估心肌灌注的同时计算LVEF(左心室射血分数)、局部室壁运动和局部室壁增厚率,具有符合线路的SPECT可以进行心肌代谢显像及灌注显像,其对存活心肌的检测能力可能接近于PET,而检查费用可大大降低。     

中国核心脏病学三十年回顾

核心脏病学是一门新兴的学科,中国的核心脏病学从20世纪80年代早期兴起,经历了由发展到逐渐成熟的阶段.目前全国已有近200家医院开展核素心肌显像,检测心肌存活,测定心功能以及进行体外检测等,成为心血管疾病无创性检查的重要方法之一.核心脏病学在30年的发展中其内容发生了重大的变化,由上世纪80年代初期的y相机模拟影像进入到目前数字化三维断层显像（SPECT,PET/CT） 由定性诊断发展到定量诊断 由早期功能影像进入到目前的分子影像,由心肌灌注显像（myocardial perfusion imaging,MPI）到目前的心肌代谢显像、心脏受体显像和细胞凋亡显像等,这充分展现了中国核心脏病学发展历程.     

心肌活力测定的研究进展

心肌灌注显像的定量分析、门控心肌灌注显像、18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)+99Tcm甲氧基异丁基异腈(99Tcm-MIBI)双核素同时采集(DISA)、介入心动图和核磁共振显像(MRI)技术的进展提高了对心肌活力的认识,介入心动图、心肌灌注显像、心肌代谢显像的结合应用提高了心肌活力测定的准确性。心肌活力测定可确定能得益于冠状动脉再血管化治疗的患者,并可预测术后左室射血分数的增加和心力衰竭症状的改善。     

对核素显像估价心肌存活的再认识

心肌SPECT显像,除常规₂₀₁Tl、_99mTc-MIBI、₁₂₃I-IPPA和BMIPP外,还可进行₁₈F-FDGSPECT心肌代谢显像;心肌PET显像在血流、代谢的基础上,还能对示踪剂如:₁₃NH、₁₁C-acetate等进行体内药代动力学定量研究.这些均提高了存活、坏死心肌鉴别的准确性,从而提高冠状动脉成形术、冠状动脉搭桥术治疗的有效率、成功率.     

心肌活力测定的研究进展

心肌灌注显像的定量分析、门控心肌灌注显像、^18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）＋^90Tc^m-甲氧基异丁基异腈（^99Tc-m-MIBI）双核素同时采集（DISA）、介入心动图和核磁共振显像（MRI）技术的进展提高了对心肌活力的认识，介入心动图、心肌灌注显像、心肌代谢显像的结合应用提高了心肌活力测定的准确性。心肌活力测定可确定能得益于冠状动脉再血管化治疗的患者，并可预测术后左室射血分数的增加和心力衰竭症状的改善。     

中国核心脏病学三十年回顾

核心脏病学是一门新兴的学科,中国的核心脏病学从20世纪80年代早期兴起,经历了由发展到逐渐成熟的阶段.目前全国已有近200家医院开展核素心肌显像,检测心肌存活,测定心功能以及进行体外检测等,成为心血管疾病无创性检查的重要方法之一.核心脏病学在30年的发展中其内容发生了重大的变化,由上世纪80年代初期的y相机模拟影像进入到目前数字化三维断层显像(SPECT,PET/CT);由定性诊断发展到定量诊断;由早期功能影像进入到目前的分子影像,由心肌灌注显像(myocardial perfusion imaging,MPI)到目前的心肌代谢显像、心脏受体显像和细胞凋亡显像等,这充分展现了中国核心脏病学发展历程.     

利用CZT SPECT进行心脏 99Tc m-MIBI/ 123I-MIBG双核素显像的可行性研究

目的:探讨利用碲-锌-镉(CZT)SPECT行 99Tc m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(MIBI)/ 123I-间碘苄胍(MIBG)双核素显像的可行性。 方法:利用A、B、C 3种心脏模型分别模拟正常心肌模型、 99Tc m/ 123I匹配心肌、...     

心脏显像剂的现状及进展

对心脏显像剂在心血池显像,心肌灌注显像、心肌代谢显像中的应用现状和进展作了综述,并介绍了分子核心脏病学显像中的展望。认为深入开展心脏显像剂的开发和利用对核心脏病学的研究具有重要意义。     

PET/CT正电子心肌灌注显像剂的研究进展

正电子发射型计算机体层摄影术/计算机辅助断层(positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT)作为一种代谢/解剖于一身的高级显像手段,可以从分子水平无创地定量显示人体内的生理、生化过程。核心脏病学已成为放射性核素显像中一门独立的医学分支学科。早在20世纪70年代,PET显像已先后用于心肌血流灌注、心肌葡萄糖代谢、脂肪酸代谢及心脏受体功能等研究[1]。在国外,     

Practice and future aspects of nuclear cardiology

The field of nuclear cardiology has demonstrated sustained growth in recent years owing to its increasingly recognized value for clinical applications and patient management. Computer advances in this field have allowed the technology of ECG-gated SPECT to become a routine part of nuclear cardiology. In our laboratory, myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function during stress (bicycle exercise or dobutamine infusion) were analyzed in a single examination by means of gated SPECT. This procedure has the potential to provide comprehensive information with which to evaluate patients with ischemic heart disease. 123I-BMIPP is a branched-chain free fatty acid, and its distribution could provide useful information about metabolic function in patients with ischemic heart disease (including minor infarction). The solid-state gamma camera 2020 tc Imager is now commercially available and has been clinically applied. The lightweight and compact design of the camera allows mobility of the unit between departments and floors. This technique would be useful for assessing left ventricular function under emergency conditions. In this paper, the techniques of examinations are described, and potential assessments are addressed. We look forward to further advances in nuclear cardiology for the accurate diagnosis and management of patients with various cardiac diseases.     

Progress in nuclear cardiology: new imaging beyond perfusion and function

The rapid development of nuclear medicine instruments and the widespread availability of new radiopharmaceutical agents has created a new era of nuclear cardiology. This review will introduce new techniques beyond perfusion and function that have recently become available in Japan. Tc-99m perfusion imaging agents provide excellent myocardial perfusion images that may enhance diagnostic accuracy in the study of coronary artery disease. In addition, greater photon flux from the tracer permits simultaneous assessment of regional perfusion and function with the use of first-pass angiography or ECG-gated acquisition. In addition, Tc-99m perfusion agents are available for acute patients in emergency departments. When the tracer is administrated at both the acute and subacute phases of myocardial infarction, perfusion SPECT imaging permits accurate estimates of areas at risk and salvaged myocardium. Nuclear cardiology has progressed toward biochemical imaging in vivo. Positron emission tomography (PET) enables metabolic assessment in vivo. Preserved FDG uptake indicates ischemic but viable myocardium that is likely to improve regional dysfunction after revascularization. While FDG-PET is available only in a limited number of facilities, FDG-SPECT using ultrahigh energy collimators and branched fatty acid analog I-123 BMIPP SPECT offer potential for metabolic imaging in routine clinical settings. Less uptake of BMIPP than thallium is often observed in the ischemic myocardium and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Such a perfusion-metabolic mismatch as that in FDG-PET seems to be similarly observed in BMIPP SPECT. Severe ischemia is identified as reduced BMIPP uptake at rest despite normal or normalized perfusion, suggesting a significant role of BMIPP in ischemic memory imaging. I-123 MIBG uptake in the myocardium reflects adrenergic neuronal function in vivo. In the study of coronary artery disease, neuronal denervation is often observed around the infarcted myocardium and post-ischemic region as well. More importantly, reduced MIBG uptake in these patients can assess the severity of congestive heart failure. In addition, the improvement in MIBG can be seen in relation to improved patient condition following medical treatment. These new techniques will provide insights into new pathological states in ischemic heart disease and a variety of myocardial disorders. Nuclear cardiology plays an important role in selecting optimal treatments for these patients.     

The role of nuclear imaging in the management of the first total artificial heart recipient

On December 2, 1982, a permanent total artificial heart was implanted into the chest of a 61-year-old man with a progressive and irreversible cardiomyopathy. During the ensuing four-month hospitalization, a number of nuclear medicine procedures were obtained to assist in patient management. These procedures included gated cardiac radionuclide ventriculography, an I-123 iodoamphetamine scan for cerebral perfusion, and In-111 labeled leukocyte imaging. These radionuclide studies demonstrate the advantages of being able to monitor physiologic changes noninvasively and illustrate a potential role for nuclear cardiology in managing patients with a total artificial heart.     

Evaluation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT versus cardiac MRI

It is stated that cardiac MRI imaging can provide accurate estimation of left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT for assessment of LV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and EF, using cardiac MRI as the reference methods/(methodology). Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT images were analyzed with two different quantification software, QGS and 4D-MSPECT. Thirty-four consecutive patients were studied. Myocardial perfusion SPECT and cardiac MRI had excellent intra/interobserver reproducibility. Correlation between the results of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT and cardiac MRI were high for EDV and EF. However, ESV and EDV were significantly underestimated by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT compared to cardiac MRI. Moreover, gated myocardial perfusion SPECT overestimated EF for small heart. One reason for the difference in volumes and EF is the delineation of the endocardial border. Cardiac MRI has higher spatial resolution. We should understand the differences of volumes and EF as determined by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT and cardiac MRI.     

Traditional and novel methods to assess and prevent chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction noninvasively

The field of cardio-oncology is challenged to address an ever greater spectrum of cardiotoxicity associated with combination chemotherapy, greater dose intensity, extremes of age, and enhanced patient survival which exposes more protracted risk of developing congestive heart failure (CHF). Recent reports of chemotherapy-induced hypertension as a common adverse effect of angiogenesis inhibitors and immunosuppressants clarify the need for routine blood pressure (BP) monitoring and guideline-based management of hypertension as an integral strategy to preserve LV function. Serial monitoring of radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in adults and echocardiography in children continues to provide outcome based, cost-effective prevention of CHF in high risk patients receiving chemotherapy. To optimize treatment and monitoring strategies to eliminate late-onset LV dysfunction and CHF, traditional and novel candidate methods for assessment of chemotherapy-induced LV dysfunction are reviewed. These include serial assessment of LV volume indices by gated SPECT ERNA and gated SPECT MPI, 3D echocardiography and contrast 2D echocardiography; longitudinal strain imaging, diastolic functional parameters, ¹²³I-MIBG, ¹¹¹In-Antimyosin antibody imaging, and ^99mTc-Annexin V apoptosis imaging, biomarkers including troponins and BNP; genetic markers, and both functional and tissue characterization techniques with T1 weighted and T2 weighted images with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). In our quest to optimize strategies for long-term cancer survival and prevention of CHF for patients receiving chemotherapy, rigorous modality and guideline-specific clinical outcome trials are required. A new multi-modality monitoring approach is proposed, which integrates evidence-based strengths of CMR, echocardiography, ERNA, biomarkers, and BP management for surveillance and validation of cardiotoxicity and prevention of clinical heart failure in patients receiving a broad spectrum of cancer therapies.     

The combined use of Gated Cardiac Blood Pool Scanning and Myocardial Imaging with Postassium-43 in the Evaluation of Patients with Myocardial infarction.

Fourteen patients with transmural myocardial infarction were studied by gated cardiac blood pool scanning (to determine regional ventricular function) and 43-K myocardial imaging (to determine the regional distribution of myocardial perfusion). An akinetic area on the gated scan and an area of decreased tracer concentration on the 43-K image were detected. The area of reduced 43-K concentration averaged 33.5% of the left ventricular circumference which correlated (r = 0.74, p less than 0.01) with the area of infarction determined by the zone of akinesis, 34.2% of left ventricular circumference. The extent of akinesis and left ventricular ejection fraction were significantly different in those patients with left ventricular failure than in those without failure.     

Assessment of cardiac function and myocardial metabolism by nuclear medicine]

Simultaneous assessment of myocardial perfusion and cardiac function came to be possible by 99mTc myocardial perfusion agents. We can use ECG-gated SPECT and first pass radionuclide angiocardiography for it. ECG-gated SPECT made it possible to assess wall motion using wall thickening and QGS (quantitative gated SPECT) analysis, which are useful in various clinical situations. First pass radionuclide angiocardiography gives good assessment of cardiac function during stress, and supports the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. On the other hand, the assessment of myocardial metabolism is another specific feature of nuclear cardiology. 123I-BMIPP SPECT is applicable to various cardiac diseases such as ischemic heart disease, and 18F-FDG PET has been considered as the gold standard of myocardial viability. Recently, gamma camera for 18F-FDG imaging has been developed, which may make FDG imaging more popular.     

EANM/ESC guidelines for radionuclide imaging of cardiac function

Radionuclide imaging of cardiac function represents a number of well-validated techniques for accurate determination of right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and LV volumes. These first European guidelines give recommendations for how and when to use first-pass and equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography, gated myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, gated PET, and studies with non-imaging devices for the evaluation of cardiac function. The items covered are presented in 11 sections: clinical indications, radiopharmaceuticals and dosimetry, study acquisition, RV EF, LV EF, LV volumes, LV regional function, LV diastolic function, reports and image display and reference values from the literature of RVEF, LVEF and LV volumes. If specific recommendations given cannot be based on evidence from original, scientific studies, referral is given to “prevailing or general consensus”. The guidelines are designed to assist in the practice of referral to, performance, interpretation and reporting of nuclear cardiology studies for the evaluation of cardiac performance.     

Molecular imaging in nuclear cardiology

State-of-the-art techniques have been used to measure key aspects of cardiovascular pathophysiology from the birth of radionuclide cardiovascular imaging. However, during the last 30 years, there have been few innovative imaging advances to further our understanding of the complex physiologic processes. Molecular imaging now offers an array of tools to develop advanced diagnostic approaches and therapies for patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure. For example, the enhanced understanding of the pathophysiology of atheroma makes it possible to identify vulnerable plaque based on its metabolic signature or the presence of excessive apoptosis. Because the metabolic and apoptotic signals are large, it is likely that even small lesions will be visible. Of the many approaches that are being developed, 2 tracers appear most likely to be tested in the near future: (1) [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose, to determine macrophage metabolism; and (2) radiolabeled annexin, to measure apoptosis of the inflammatory cells. Using existing techniques such as perfusion imaging, appropriate patients can be selected for treatment with novel therapies, such as stem cell transplantation or vascular gene therapy. Using positron tomography in place of single photon imaging adds the capability for the measurement of absolute perfusion and perfusion reserve to the information on regional perfusion. Flow reserve detects global decreases in perfusion and refines the determination of lesion severity available from perfusion imaging.     

123I-mIBG Scintigraphy to predict risk for adverse cardiac outcomes in heart failure patients: Design of two prospective multicenter international trials

Background  ADMIRE-HF (AdreView Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) consists of two identical prospective open-label, multicenter, phase 3 studies (MBG311 and MBG312) evaluating the prognostic usefulness of ¹²³I-mIBG scintigraphy for identifying subjects with heart failure who will experience a major adverse cardiac event. Methods  Subjects with NYHA class II and III heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% were eligible for the trials. Subjects underwent planar and SPECT ¹²³I-mIBG myocardial imaging, as well as echocardiography and gated SPECT ^99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging. Subjects are then monitored on a regular basis for 2 years. Time to first occurrence of one of the following—NYHA class progression; potentially life-threatening arrhythmic event (including ICD discharge); or cardiac death, as verified by an independent adjudication panel—will be analyzed in comparison to quantitative parameters derived from ¹²³I-mIBG imaging. The primary efficacy analysis will employ the heart/mediastinum ratio on 4-hour delayed planar imaging, while secondary efficacy analyses will examine quantitative results from both planar and SPECT ¹²³I-mIBG images, as well as from ^99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT and echocardiography. Conclusion  The results of the ADMIRE-HF trials will provide prospective validation of the potential role of ¹²³I-mIBG scintigraphy in assessing prognosis and developing management strategies for patients with heart failure. Funding Source: GE Healthcare.