中医治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病研究的策略与实践

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种具有不完全可逆气流受限为特征的肺部疾病,多呈进行性发展,通常与有害气体及有害颗粒物等对肺部造成的异常炎症反应密切有关,主要症状为反复咳痰、咳嗽,常伴有进行性呼吸困难,病程长、易反复、迁延难愈为特点。目前西医对其病因研究仍不十分清楚,并且在其治疗上尚无特效的方法及药物,主要以对症治疗为主。中医药在其治疗方面具有明显的优势。慢性阻塞性肺疾病归属中医学"肺胀"、"痰饮"、"喘证"、"哮证"、"肺痿"等范畴。文本主要探讨中医治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病研究。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病与自身免疫

慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种与肺部对香烟烟雾等有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关的慢性疾病.近来研究显示慢性阻塞性肺疾病存在自身免疫成分.抗内皮细胞抗体、抗弹性蛋白抗体可导致肺气肿;吸烟和微生物感染可通过多种途径介导自身免疫性肺组织损伤;CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞上调不足可促进自身免疫反应性淋巴细胞介导的肺部炎症持续进展.探讨自身免疫在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的作用,为其发病机制、诊断和治疗提供新思路.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期药物治疗的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种具有气流受限特征的可以预防和治疗的疾病,气流受限不完全可逆、呈进行性发展,与肺部对香烟烟雾等有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关.COPD主要累及肺脏,但也可引起全身(或称肺外)的不良效应.本文将近年来COPD稳定期的药物治疗进展综述如下.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病治疗新进展

近年来慢性阻塞性肺疾病发病率与死亡率呈上升趋势。本介绍了慢性阻塞性肺疾病的概念、病理生理、治疗等方面的研究进展。治疗包括：氧疗、药物、康复、手术等。     

大环内酯类药物治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病现状及启示

慢性阻塞性肺疾病( 简称慢阻肺) 主要与烟草烟雾等有害气体及有害颗粒的慢性炎症反应增强有关,如何早 期、有效地抗炎治疗是目前慢阻肺治疗的难点。现有的抗炎方法不能满足临床需求,亟待新的抗炎药物和治疗靶点。 大环内酯类药物作为抗炎药物已应用于多种气道慢性炎症性疾病,且目前在慢阻肺的应用研究有很大进展,有希望 成为今后慢阻肺的有效抗炎治疗药物之一。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期病原学特点及治疗对策的研究

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者病原学特点及耐药情况,为临床治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者提供对策,更好的合理选用抗生素.方法 采用回顾性的研究方法,分析本院2008年3月至2010年3月因慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期入院患者病原学特点,常用药物的耐药性以及治疗对策.结果 慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者细菌感...     

噻托溴铵治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种不完全可逆的气流受限为特征的疾病,是世界上第二大非传染性疾病,每年引起270多万人死亡,其病因与肺部对有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关[1].药物仍是目前治疗COPD的主要手段(主要应用支气管扩张药物改善气流受限、缓解气促等对症治疗).笔者应用肺功能仪分析探讨噻托溴铵对COPD患者的治疗效果.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病中糖皮质激素抵抗的分子机制研究进展

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种以持续气流受限为特征的可以预防和治疗的疾病,其气流受限多呈进行性发展,与气道和肺组织对烟草烟雾等有害气体或有害颗粒的慢性炎性反应增强有关。糖皮质激素作为主要的抗炎药物,广泛地应用于COPD患者治疗中,但仍不能有效的控制炎症反应,甚至对一部分COPD患者是无效的,所以需要更有效的抗炎药物及联合治疗。在很多细胞类型中,肺部炎症及其释放的促炎症细胞因子影响糖皮质激素受体(GR)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC) 2和表面活性蛋     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重与急性心肌梗死关系的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病和冠心病均是严重危害人类健康的常见病、多发病,二者病死率均较高。近期研究表明,慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者急性心肌梗死发生风险明显升高。本文主要综述了慢性阻塞性肺疾病并急性心肌梗死的流行病学、慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重引发急性心肌梗死的可能机制及其诊断、治疗等,以探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重与急性心肌梗死的关系,提高临床慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重并急性心肌梗死的认识及诊治水平。     

重视慢性阻塞性肺疾病的合并症

根据2011年慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球防治创议（global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease,GOLD）,慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD）是一种可预防和治疗的常见疾病。该病以持续性、不完全可逆的气流受限为特征,通常呈进行性发展,并与气道和肺对有害颗粒或气体产生的慢性炎症反应增强有关,急性加重与合并症的发生影响病情的严重程度。     

Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en Archivos de Bronconeumología en el año 2009

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to be a disease of special importance due to its great social impact arising from its high prevalence, its high morbidity and mortality and the high health costs it incurs. This has led to a great number of articles on different aspects associated with COPD each year. There is increasingly greater emphasis made of the systemic repercussions of the diseases and its comorbidity. In that same sense, tools are being sought to be able to make a more accurate prognosis of the diseases and assess other different aspects of lung function. Some standards on the quality of healthcare in COPD have also been published during this year, as well as some recommendations of the care of these patients in the advanced phase. An attempt is made in this article to summarise the more outstanding COPD articles published in Archivos de Bronconeumología during the past year.     

维生素D在慢性阻塞性肺疾病防治中作用的研究进展

维生素D缺乏和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)均为世界公认的健康问题。慢阻肺是全球范围内第4大死因,其发病率和死亡率逐年上升。近年来,大量动物实验研究和临床观察研究均表明维生素D缺乏与慢阻肺相关。本文对维生素D在慢阻肺中的作用进行综述,旨在为慢阻肺的防治提供参考。     

COPD合并肺癌的发病机制与治疗进展

COPD是老年人呼吸系统多发疾病,与吸烟有着密切关系。近年来,COPD 的发病率仍在不断地上升,现已位居全球人口死亡原因的第4位,据 WHO 预测,到2030年将升至第3位。肺癌是危害人类健康的常见恶性肿瘤之一,是癌症死亡的首位原因,其发病率与病死率也逐年上升,目前已占全球癌症的12%以上。多年来,人们将COPD和肺癌作为2个独立的疾病进行研究。已有研究显示,在原有COPD基础上肺癌发病率比一般人群高2.76倍,COPD被视为独立于吸烟之外可以导致肺癌的另一项危险因素。本文将对两者的发病机制和治疗进展作一简要综述。     

Selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors in chronic obstructive lung disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is usually progressive. In addition, an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases can be seen throughout the airways, parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. So far, anti-inflammatory medications (eg, inhaled corticosteroids) have failed to show a major effect on the decline of lung function in COPD patients. Novel anti-inflammatory therapies such as selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are in clinical development. Their potential role in the management of COPD is described in this review. RECENT FINDINGS: Some of the selective PDE4 inhibitors have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on cells commonly linked to airway inflammation in COPD, such as neutrophils. While these agents seem to offer only a modest improvement in lung function compared with other bronchodilators, their anti-inflammatory effects appear to provide some substantial benefits in reducing exacerbations and improving health-related quality of life. SUMMARY: Based on the available data, the second generation of selective PDE4 inhibitors will likely provide additional therapeutic options for the management of COPD. These agents may become an important tool in the treatment of this disease, since they target three important components of COPD: airway obstruction, inflammation, and structural changes.     

2. Advances in pharmacotherapy for COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in the world. In 1999, COPD ranked sixth among the most common causes of death and twelfth as a worldwide burden of disease. It has been estimated that by the year 2020 COPD will be the third leading cause of death and fifth as a worldwide burden of disease. Thus, COPD is a major medical problem and there is evidence that it is increasing throughout the world. Despite recognition of COPD as an important international health problem, COPD has been neglected among common diseases, with little investment in research on its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Recently, global and Japanese guidelines for COPD have been published. These guidelines seem to be useful to improve the underdiagnosis and undertreatment of COPD. In this review, I describe briefly the current recommendation for pharmacological therapy of stable COPD according to the global and Japanese guidelines for COPD.     

Comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Comorbidities such as cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, and psychological disorders are commonly reported in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but with great variability in reported prevalence. Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for many of these comorbidities as well as for COPD, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the relationship between COPD and these comorbidities. However, recent large epidemiologic studies have confirmed the independent detrimental effects of these comorbidities on patients with COPD. On the other hand, many of these comorbidities are now considered to be part of the commonly prevalent nonpulmonary sequelae of COPD that are relevant not only to the understanding of the real burden of COPD but also to the development of effective management strategies.     

Treatments for anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a literature review

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious contemporary health issue. Psychological co-morbidities such as anxiety and depression are common in COPD. Current evidence for treatment options to reduce anxiety and depression in patients with COPD was examined. There is evidence available for the efficacy of pharmacological treatments, cognitive behavioural therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, relaxation therapy and palliative care in COPD. Therapeutic modalities that have not been proven effective in decreasing anxiety and depression in COPD, but which have theoretical potential among patients, include interpersonal psychotherapy, self-management programmes, more extensive disease management programmes, supportive therapy and self-help groups. Besides pulmonary rehabilitation that is only available for a small percentage of patients, management guidelines make scant reference to other options for the treatment of mental health problems. The quantity and quality of research on mental health treatments in COPD have historically been insufficient to support their inclusion in COPD treatment guidelines. In this review, recommendations regarding assessment, treatment and future research in this important field were made.     

Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an increasing burden throughout the world. COPD-related mortality is probably underestimated because of the difficulties associated with identifying the precise cause of death. Respiratory failure is considered the major cause of death in advanced COPD. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and lung cancer are also major causes and, in mild-to-moderate COPD, are the leading causes of mortality. The links between COPD and these conditions are not fully understood. However, a link through the inflammation pathway has been suggested, as persistent low-grade pulmonary and systemic inflammation, both known risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cancer, are present in COPD independent of cigarette smoking. Lung-specific measurements, such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)), predict mortality in COPD and in the general population. However, composite tools, such as health-status measurements (e.g. St George's Respiratory Questionnaire) and the BODE index, which incorporates Body mass index, lung function (airflow Obstruction), Dyspnoea and Exercise capacity, predict mortality better than FEV(1) alone. These multidimensional tools may be more valuable because, unlike predictive approaches based on single parameters, they can reflect the range of comorbidities and the complexity of underlying mechanisms associated with COPD. The current paper reviews the role of comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality, the putative underlying pathogenic link between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and comorbid conditions (i.e. inflammation), and the tools used to predict chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality.     

Clinical use of exhaled biomarkers in COPD

Exhaled breath analysis holds great promise as a diagnostic and investigative tool in COPD and is a new and rapidly expanding field of research in pulmonary disease. Generally speaking, exhaled breath analysis focuses on two areas: measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and the detection of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). ENO measurement may not be as useful in COPD as in other pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, due to the lower levels of ENO found in COPD, although this is an area of ongoing research. Analysis of EBC for proinflammatory biomarkers is an area of great promise but its true value will not be realized until methods of collecting and analyzing EBC have been standardized. Once this is done, biomarkers detected in EBC may assist in the diagnosis of COPD, identification of preclinical disease, phenotyping of COPD patients, evaluation of response to therapies and defining the prognosis of individual patients. Identification of novel inflammatory mediators in EBC may cast new light on the pathogenesis of COPD and identify new therapeutic targets, which are badly needed in this disease.