应用背阔肌肌皮瓣保留高压电烧伤后肘关节及功能

目的 探索上肢严重高压电烧伤患者保留肘关节及其功能的手术方法。方法 １９８４年以来，设计背阔肌肌皮瓣单极移位修复肘部深度烧伤创面，同时以背阔肌作动力重建屈肘功能，使既往不得不被截除的肘关节得以保留，并恢复功能。结果 运用该方法共治疗８例病人，１０个肢体，移位肌皮瓣全部成活；６个肢体肘部创面甲级愈合，４个肢体经换药后愈合，５个肢体肘关节功能恢复良好，２个肢体经进一步肘关节松解术后，功能亦得以恢复，余     

应用背阔肌肌皮瓣保留高压电烧伤后肘关节及功能

目的探索上肢严重高压电烧伤患者保留肘关节及其功能的手术方法。方法１９８４年以来，设计背阔肌肌皮瓣单极移位修复肘部深度烧伤创面，同时以背阔肌作动力重建屈肘功能，使既往不得不被截除的肘关节得以保留，并恢复功能。结果运用该方法共治疗８例病人，１０个肢体，移位肌皮瓣全部成活；６个肢体肘部创面甲级愈合，４个肢体经换药后愈合；５个肢体肘关节功能恢复良好，２个肢体经进一步肘关节松解术后，功能亦得以恢复，余３个肢体（２例）失访，结果不详。结论该手术方法优点显著，效果良好。     

背阔肌肌皮瓣重建断臂再植肢体屈肘屈指功能

[目的]探讨上臂离断肢体再植术后患者应用改良的背阔肌肌皮瓣移位术,重建屈肘、屈指功能的临床疗效。[方法]2008～2012年,作者对上臂离断再植成活、运动功能无法恢复的患者4例,应用带血管神经蒂的背阔肌肌皮瓣移位重建屈肘、屈指功能同时,取阔筋膜重建肘部滑车结构,二期手术腕关节、拇指掌指关节融合,术后评定重建手术的疗效。[结果]随访8～25个月,术后皮瓣全部成活,4例患者主、被动伸肘均为0°,主动屈肘最大达115°～125°,屈肘时肘部移位的背阔肌无明显弓弦样改变,移植背阔肌肌力达IV级,屈指时2～5指指尖距远侧掌横纹0～3 cm,患侧肩背部功能未见明显异常。[结论]应用改良的背阔肌肌皮瓣移位术是重建上臂离断肢体再植术后屈肘、屈指功能的有效方法。     

背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复严重深度烧伤

目的总结高压电烧伤、热压伤创面适用背阔肌肌皮瓣进行修复的经验。方法26例严重深度烧伤创面,应用背阔肌肌皮瓣移植,其中岛状转位25例,游离移植1例。对上肢广泛电击伤及热压伤创面采用该肌皮瓣与侧胸皮瓣及髂腰部皮瓣联合移植修复,全跟腱坏死应用游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复。结果皮瓣面积最大40cm×20cm,除1例皮瓣尖端坏死2cm,其余全部成活。跟腱的功能恢复满意。结论背阔肌肌皮瓣修复严重深度烧伤是一种理想的方法。     

应用背阔肌肌皮瓣游离移植修复下肢皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨应用背阔肌肌皮瓣游离移植修复下肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对16例下肢广泛的皮肤软组织缺损患者先行清创，然后行吻合血管的背阔肌肌皮瓣游离移植修复创面。结果16例背阔肌肌皮瓣全部成活。其中2例术后出现血管危象，经手术探查吻合血管后成活。14例患者创面I期愈合，2例皮瓣出现浅表坏死，经换药及抗感染治疗后愈合。其中，随访12例患者1个月至2年，皮瓣外形及功能满意。结论背阔肌肌皮瓣具有解剖位置恒定、血管蒂长、口径粗、血运丰富、抗感染能力强等特点，对无法采用局部带蒂肌皮瓣修复下肢皮肤软组织缺损的患者，应用背阔肌肌皮瓣游离移植是一种疗效可靠的治疗方法。     

背阔肌功能恢复后再移位重建屈肘屈指功能

[目的]探讨利用经神经移位修复胸背神经而恢复的背阔肌作为动力肌再移位重建屈肘、屈指功能的疗效。[方法]2000年3月~2003年6月,共有全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者经多组神经移位术后屈肘功能无恢复而背阔肌恢复良好者5例,屈指功能无恢复,背阔肌功能良好者3例,均采用恢复的背阔肌再移位重建屈肘、屈指功能。[结果]术后随访1 a~3 a 6个月,移位背阔肌皮瓣全部成活,肘关节活动度为伸肘10°~25,°屈肘100°以上,肌力达Ⅲ~Ⅳ级。手指可抓握,各指屈距掌纹2 cm左右,肌力达Ⅲ级。[结论]利用经神经移位恢复的背阔肌作为动力肌再移位重建屈肘、屈指功能疗效可靠,因此在治疗全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者时应常规修复胸背神经以恢复背阔肌功能。     

带血管神经蒂的背阔肌皮瓣移位重建肱三头肌功能

本文介绍了带血管神经蒂的背阔肌皮瓣移位重建肱三头肌功能,报告一例造纸厂工人,被机器绞伤致左肘部及上臂后方软组织缺损,肘关节后方及尺桡骨,肱骨中下段骨外露,创面15×11cm,合并感染,经两次清创及换药后一个半月行带蒂背阔肌皮瓣移位,重建     

背阔肌肌皮瓣移植急诊修复肢体软组织缺损

１９９１年４月～１９９４年８月，急诊治疗１０例肢体大面积损伤伴骨骨各、肌腱裸露患者，采用带血管蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移位修复１例，游离背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复６例，游离双侧背阔肌肌皮瓣组合移植修复３例。移植肌皮瓣完全成活６例，远端皮肤部分坏死３例，大部分皮肤坏死１例，但肌瓣均全部成活。有２例发生轻微感染，换药后愈合。介绍了手术方法，讨论了手术适应证及急诊修复创面的优点等。     

按摩护理挽救静脉危象背阔肌皮瓣1例

肌皮神经损伤将导致上肢肱二头肌麻痹，屈肘功能障碍。Schottstead[1]1955年首先报道了用背阔肌移位重建屈肘功能。由于该肌肌腹大，血管神经蒂恒定，切口隐蔽，因此是屈肘功能重建中的首选方法[2]。为了减轻背阔肌移位后上臂切口张力，增加肌肉滑动范围，便于术后血运观察，临床上常将背阔肌带皮瓣形成背阔肌皮瓣转位来恢复肘关节屈曲活动[3]。但由于切取、移位该肌皮瓣时必然累及血管神经蒂组织，术中及术后仍有发生动、静脉危象的可能，严重时导致肌皮瓣坏死和手术失败。1996～2001年，我们对7例晚期臂丛神经损伤修复术后肌皮神经功能无…     

背阔肌岛状皮瓣修复肘部瘢痕挛缩

2000年5月以来，笔者采用背阔肌岛状皮瓣转移修复肘部挛缩瘢痕肘关节切除、松解之创面及重塑肘关节外形，治疗因肘部瘢痕挛缩影响肘关节外形及功能的患者18例。术后皮瓣愈合良好，肘关节功能恢复正常，外观达到整形美学标准，效果满意。     

背阔肌皮瓣在上肢严重组织缺损的临床应用

目的报道应用背阔肌皮瓣修复严重上肢组织缺损的临床效果。方法对2002年3月-2011年9月收治的28例严重上肢组织缺损,同时创面伴有骨质、肌腱外露或骨缺损潜腔形成、骨髓炎者采用背阔肌皮瓣进行修复。急诊修复17例,其中2例修复组织缺损的同时行屈肘功能重建,1例行伸肘功能重建;5例游离移植背阔肌皮瓣填塞死腔治疗前臂骨髓炎。皮瓣供区创面行植皮或直接缝合。结果术后28例皮瓣成活良好,供区植皮成活良好。术后随访6～30个月,皮瓣外形、创面闭合及患肢功能改善满意。其中1例屈肘功能重建术后肌力恢复至M3＋,另1例术后肌力恢复至M3．1例伸肘功能重建术后肌力恢复至M3＋;1例术后出现静脉危象,探查修复后皮瓣坏死约1／4,经扩创植皮后创面闭合：2例于术后1年因皮瓣臃肿行皮瓣修整术。结论背阔肌皮瓣切取方便．对严重上肢组织缺损的创面闭合、骨髓炎的治疗及患肢功能重建疗效满意。     

四肢高压电烧伤创面的早期处理

目的 总结四肢高压电烧伤创面早期治疗的临床经验.方法 选择2003年1月-2010年12月笔者单位收治的四肢高压电烧伤患者54例,其中男50例、女4例,年龄10～56岁;共有97个患肢,其中上肢67个、下肢30个,致伤部位包括腕及前臂、前臂和肘部及上臂、肩腋部、踝足部、小腿、膝周、大腿及腹股沟,共119处.伤后1～10 d手术,创面切开减张,待患者全身情况相对稳定行下述处理.(1)16个肢体(16处受伤部位)行截肢术,其中5个前臂坏死且肘及上臂受损的上肢行前臂截肢(保留肘关节),并用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣修复前臂残端、肘部及上臂创面;1个上臂截肢(保留肩关节)后用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣修复残端.(2)95处受伤部位及早清创后用各种血运丰富的组织瓣覆盖.其中5个腕部电烧伤创面行桡动脉重建3个、静脉重建1个、桡动脉及静脉重建1个,1处肘部肱动脉损伤病例行血管重建.(3)8处受伤部位行植皮手术进行修复.统计本组患者术后创面愈合情况,并随访.结果 本组16个肢体截肢术后切口均愈合.5个行血管重建的腕部电烧伤创面,手部供血和(或)静脉回流得以恢复;1例肱动脉损伤病例行动脉重建后血运良好,避免了截肢.5处受损部位组织瓣移植术后远端坏死,其中2处去除坏死组织后予以缝合,3处清创后植皮,创面均愈合.组织瓣下感染8处,其中腕部5处、肘部1处、踝足部2处,经掀起皮瓣或断蒂时再扩创缝合,创面愈合.其余组织瓣均愈合良好.8处受损部位行植皮术后,部分坏死2处,经补植皮片后愈合;其余6处直接愈合.37例患者随访6~12个月,皮瓣外形及质地良好.结论 早期行肢体切开减张、清创、血管重建以及采用修复重建外科技术,是治疗四肢高压电烧伤创面并重建肢体功能、减少截肢率的合理选择.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the experience of early treatment of high-voltage electric burn wounds in the limbs. Methods Fifty-four patients (50 males and 4 females,aged from 10 to 56 years) with high-voltage electric burn wounds in 97 limbs (67 upper limbs and 30 lower limbs) were hospitalized in our burn wards from January 2003 to December 2010. A total of 119 burn wounds in wrist-forearm,forearm-elbow-upper arm,shoulder-axillary region,ankle-foot,lower leg,around the knee,thigh-inguinal region were treated with incision for decompression within 10 days after burn. Under the premise of relatively stable systemic condition of the patients,certain surgical operations were performed as follows. (1) Sixteen limbs with 16 wounds were amputated,among them forearm amputation was performed for 5 upper limbs with necrosis,with preservation of elbow joints,and the residual wounds of the elbow and upper arm were repaired with pedicled latissimus dorsi musculo-cutaneous flaps;1 upper limb with upper arm amputated,with preservation of shoulder joint,was repaired with pedicled latissimus dorsi musculo-cutaneous flap. (2) Ninety-five wounds were covered with various tissue flaps with abundant blood supply after early debridement,in which 3 brachial arteries,1 vein,1 brachial artery and vein were reconstructed in 5 wrist wounds,artery reconstruction was performed in elbow wound of 1 case with injured brachial artery. (3) Eight wounds were treated with free skin grafting. Wound healing conditions were observed and followed up. Results Wounds in 16 limbs healed after amputation and repair. Blood supply and (or) venous return of hands were restored in 5 wrist wounds after vessel reconstruction. After artery reconstruction,abundant blood supply was observed in 1 case with injured brachial artery and amputation was avoided. Necrosis occurred in distal parts of tissue flaps in 5 wounds after grafting,in which 2 wounds healed after removal of necrotic tissue followed by closure with suture,and 3 wounds healed after debridement and free skin grafting. Tissue flap infection occurred in wrist (5 wounds),elbow (1 wound),ankle-foot (2 wounds),and healed after debridement and suture. The other tissue flaps survived after grafting. Six wounds healed after skin grafting. Partial necrosis occurred in 2 wounds after skin grafting,and they were healed after second skin grafting. Thirty-seven patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months,the skin flaps survived with satisfactory appearance and texture. Conclusions Early extensive compartment release through fasciectomies and escharectomies,early debridement,early vascular grafting,early wound coverage with contemporary reparative and reconstructive surgical techniques are rational options for the treatment of high-voltage electric burns in the limbs.     

前臂骨间背动脉蒂岛状皮瓣创面修复12例疗效分析

目的探讨前臂背侧骨间动脉蒂岛状皮瓣行创面修复的手术方法和效果。方法2001年3月~2006年3月采用该皮瓣修复创面12例,其中逆行皮瓣修复手部创面9例,顺行皮瓣转移修复肘部创面3例。结果皮瓣全部成活,无坏死及感染。术后随访3个月~2年,患肢功能恢复满意。结论前臂骨间背动脉蒂岛状皮瓣修复上肢创面操作简单,疗效可靠,值得推广。     

Versatility of Local Fasciocutaneous Flaps for Coverage of Soft Tissue Defects in Upper Extremity

Appropriate soft tissue coverage is of paramount importance for coverage of bone, joint, tendons, neurovascular structures, and hardware in upper extremity. In this article we have tried to renew the importance and simplicity of using the local fasciocutaneus flaps for coverage of shoulder, elbow and hand joints with showing the techniques in three examples. During a 5 year period,from 2004 to 2009, we have been treating soft tissue defects of the upper extremity over joints and hardware with local fasciocutaneous flaps. During this time we had 50 cases of exposed hardware, 20 over shoulder joint and 30 over olecranon. Also, we had 100 cases of exposed joints,30 over shoulder, 45 over olecranon 10 over wrist and 15 over finger joints. The etiology of exposed joints were 60 cases from burn, 10 from bursitis, 20 from traumatic injuries and the rest from other injuries such as animal bites.In this article we present 3 cases with the technique of operations and their associated figures: one exposed hardware at the shoulder treated by a distally based local fasciocutaneous flap,one exposed elbow joint due to flame burn treated by antecubital flap and the third case exposed bone and joint in the fifth and an example of fourth fingers treated by local fasciocutaneous flap from the same fingers. In these 150 cases we had 6 cases of superficial necrosis of the flaps which healed with supportive therapy. There was no cases of complete necrosis. 27 patients underwent revision of the dog-ear and were completely satisfied with the result. we present our experience of 150 case to prove that local fasciocutaneous flaps are versatile and can be used with good results if properly planned.     

急诊组织瓣移植(位)修复伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损

目的 介绍急诊组织瓣移植或移位一期修复伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损的手术疗效.方法 对10例伴有严重血管损伤的上肢复杂性组织缺损的患者,在修复血管重建肢体血运的同时,根据组织缺损需要采用皮瓣、肌皮瓣、骨皮瓣甚至组织瓣组合移植的方法急诊进行一期修复.其中上臂肱动、静脉长段缺损,合并肱二头肌及上臂内侧大面积皮肤缺损,血管修复后背阔肌皮瓣移位覆盖创面并重建屈肘功能3例;肘部血管损伤合并肘关节周围大面积皮肤撕脱缺损,血管修复后移植胸脐皮瓣覆盖创面2例;前臂尺、桡动脉损伤合并皮肤肌肉缺损,血管修复后移植股前外侧皮瓣覆盖创面3例;前臂尺桡动脉损伤并尺桡骨缺损,血管修复后移植腓骨皮瓣重建尺骨缺损,二期再移植腓骨皮瓣重建桡骨缺损1例;前臂尺、桡动脉损伤合并桡骨及大面积皮肤缺损,血管修复后股前外侧皮瓣加髂骨皮瓣组合移植1例.结果 术后10例患肢及移位组织瓣全部存活.术后随访3～6个月,3例上臂损伤患者,肘关节最大屈曲度为105,屈肘肌力为M_3～M_4地,手功能恢复基本正常;肘及前臂损伤的7例患者,肢体及移植皮瓣完全存活,骨皮瓣和腕部已达骨性愈合,并恢复部分手功能.结论 对严重血管损伤且合并有复杂组织缺损的上肢损伤,急诊在施行血管修复重建肢体血运的同时,采用组织瓣单独或组合移植一期有效覆盖创面,可提高复杂性患肢的成活率,并为二期功能重建术提供良好的软组织条件.     

复合组织移植一期修复上肢创伤后组织严重缺损

目的 探讨上肢严重损伤后多种组织缺损的早期修复方法，保全肢体的外形和功能。方法 对上肢创伤后组织严重缺损19例患，彻底清创后，利用显微外科技术将自体神经、血管、骨骼、皮瓣和肌皮瓣等多种组织复合移植一期修复。结果 19例均获成功，患肢得以保全、大部分功能得到恢复。结论 多种组织复合移植一期修复上肢创伤后组织的严重缺损，是目前保全患肢并恢复其功能的有效方法。     

Rehabilitation of patients with upper extremities burns at the stage of skin restoration

Results of surgical treatment of 479 patients with deep burns of the upper extremities on the area from 0.5 to 60% of body surface with the lesion of shoulder (398), elbow (407), radiocarpal (371) joints and hand (423) area. Early or delayed necrectomy (28.6%) with following skin grafting was performed at hospitalization of patients in early period. At IV-degree burns plastic reconstruction with skin-subcutaneous flaps was used: local (22), combined (16), pedicle flap and Filatov's graft (29), flaps with axial circulation (8) and on microsurgical anastomoses. Active surgical policy resulted in recovery of the function of the shoulder joints in 73.7%, elbow joints--in 75.15%, radiocarpal joints--in 83.4% and of hand in 50.2% cases.     

Functional reconstruction of the extremities in cases with definitive peripheral nerve lesions

Deficit if the functional integrity of the limbs as a consequence of the definitive lesions of the peripheral nerves necessitates surgical treatment aimed at regaining of the optimal mobility and strength of the parts of the limbs or whole limbs. Our study was aimed at presenting our experience in functional reconstruction of the extremities, evaluation of significance of primary and delayed microsurgical reconstruction of the injured nerves with respect to further course of treatment and presenting innovative modifications of certain surgical techniques. The total of 101 surgical procedures were performed in 91 patients, out of which 76 were at the level of the shoulder, elbow and hand and 29 were on the feet. Depending on the local findings, the following techniques were applied: transposition of the muscles and tendons, transfer of the free microneurovascular muscle flaps and surgical fusion of the joints. Functional improvement was achieved in 98.7% of the cases. Increased range of movements and strength depended on the applied technique and preoperative findings. Primary and delayed microsurgical reconstruction of nerves increases the probability for choice of adequate surgical techniques. Muscle and tendon transfers are the methods of choice in most of the patients. Free microneurovascular muscle flaps are applied in the most complicated cases.