斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇在口岸蝇类监测中的重要性探讨

目的了解口岸斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇的本底情况以及这两种昆虫在媒介生物中的重要性。方法选择新会口岸港区内2个不同生态环境作为调查点,以鱼肠、发酵花生麸为诱饵进行4次诱蝇笼捕获,分类统计。结果综合鱼肠和发酵花生麸为诱饵的调查结果显示,新会口岸优势蝇种为大头金蝇,其次为家蝇、斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇。用两种诱饵诱捕结果显示后3种蝇密度差异性都不明显。这4种蝇构成新会口岸蝇类的绝对优势。结论斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇是珠江三角洲的优势蝇类之一,且具有传播疾病的能力,建议将这两种蝇作为华南地区口岸卫生性蝇类的重点监测目标;制定了适合广东省的媒介蝇类监测名录。     

珠海口岸蝇类调查报告

目的为了解蝇类的季节消长情况,珠海出入境检验检疫局于2003年3月～2004年2月对珠海地区7个口岸进行了蝇类调查。方法笼诱法,定人定点每月两次进行蝇类诱捕。结果诱获蝇类51063只,平均蝇密度为101．32只／笼,分为4科19属28种;优势蝇种为大头金蝇75．55％、瘦叶带绿蝇9．92％、家蝇2．55％、裸芒综蝇2．48％、丝光绿蝇2．34％;各口岸的消长曲线不一样,蝇类密度高峰大多出现在夏秋季。结论在珠海口岸的蝇类密度控制方面,要以大头金蝇、瘦叶带绿蝇、家蝇、裸芒综蝇、丝光绿蝇为主要对象。     

立式诱蝇笼与悬挂式诱蝇笼的效果比较

目的 比较研究立式诱蝇笼和悬挂式诱蝇笼对蝇类的现场诱捕效果。方法 蝇类密度比较采用配对样本Wilcoxon符号秩和检验,构成比比较采用χ²检验和Fisher确切检验法。结果 2种诱蝇笼共捕获蝇类405只和非蝇类24只,其中立式诱蝇笼捕获昆虫中蝇类构成比(97.12%)大于悬挂式诱蝇笼(91.86%),二者之间的差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.614,P=0.018)。立式诱蝇笼和悬挂式诱蝇笼捕获蝇类中蝇种构成比不同,差异有统计学意义(χ²=14.90,P=0.005)。立式诱蝇笼和悬挂式诱蝇笼监测成蝇密度均为12.5只/笼,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.922,P=0.357)。结论 立式诱蝇笼和悬挂式诱蝇笼均可用于蝇类监测与防治,应用者可根据实际情况,合理选择诱蝇笼款式。     

广州市邮政口岸蝇类本底调查

目的通过对广州市流花邮政大院蝇类的种群组成、密度及季节消长规律进行调查分析,以便收集广州市邮政口岸地区蝇类本底资料。方法于2012年1月—12月采用笼诱法,定时、定点每月2次进行蝇类诱捕。结果本次调查共诱捕蝇类1 475只,经分类鉴定隶属于4科12属22种,年平均蝇密度为20.49只/笼。优势蝇种为裸芒综蝇。结论本次调查填补了广州市邮政口岸医学媒介生物蝇类的资料空白,根据自然环境和媒介生物随季节消长的特点,蝇类防治工作的关键是采取综合防治措施,才能有效地防患于未然。     

北京市东城区蝇类优势种群密度消长与相关疾病关系的研究

目的掌握北京市东城区蝇类优势种群及其消长情况,分析蝇传疾病与蝇类的关系,为控制蝇类孳生,防治肠道传染病提供依据。方法每年4~10月用捕蝇笼法,对东城区7个监测点进行蝇密度监测,将捕获的蝇带回实验室分类、鉴定。分析2010-2013年的优势蝇种及消长情况;收集东城区2010-2013年蝇传疾病发病资料,用相关分析方法分析蝇密度消长与传染病的相关关系,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果东城区以麻蝇(67.91%)、大头金蝇(8.11%)、厩腐蝇(8.10%)、丝光绿蝇(6.88%)和家蝇(6.77%)为优势蝇种;7~8月蝇密度达高峰,历年最高密度分别为18.00只/(笼·d)、16.47只/(笼·d)、25.77只/(笼·d)和24.47只/(笼·d)。肠道传染病发病率在7~8月呈高峰,占辖区传染病发病首位。蝇类密度季节消长与细菌性痢疾(r=0.906,P0.01);其他感染性腹泻(r=0.931,P0.01)及手足口病(r=0.819,P0.05)发病呈相关性。结论北京市东城区蝇种繁多且密度较高,主要肠道传染病的发病与蝇类密度有相关性,因此定期适时开展灭蝇工作,可降低细菌性痢疾等肠道传染病发病率。     

聊城市蝇类密度监测结果分析

目的掌握聊城市蝇类种群构成、季节消长和不同生境蝇密度情况,为制定蝇类防控方案提供科学依据。方法采用笼诱法进行蝇类密度监测。结果 2012年共捕获蝇类1 454只,平均蝇密度为6.1只/笼。其中,优势蝇种主要有家蝇(95.46%)、市蝇(3.99%)。蝇类密度季节消长基本呈单峰曲线,6-7月形成密度高峰。不同生境蝇密度季节消长曲线相同。农贸市场蝇密度最高,达12.94只/笼。结论 2012年蝇密度水平较低,家蝇、市蝇是重点防控蝇种。建议在蝇密度高峰期采取综合防治措施,降低蝇密度,减少蝇媒传染病的发生。     

沈阳地区不同栖息环境有瓣蝇类生物多样性调查

目的调查沈阳地区不同栖息环境中有瓣蝇类生物多样性。方法笼诱法采集,体视解剖镜鉴定,DPS和SPSS软件分析数据。结果 2015年共发现有瓣蝇类13种,8 693只。优势种为厩腐蝇和丝光绿蝇,占总数的68.7%。不同栖息环境有瓣蝇类丰富度和生物多样性指数不同,丰富度、辛普森、香浓威纳和均匀度多样性指数在居民区中最高(分别为8.73、0.74、2.34和0.76);其次为餐饮行业(6.47、0.66、1.94和0.73)、农贸市场(5.20、0.75、2.07和0.87)和公园绿化(4.27、0.66、1.72和0.80);学校中最低(1.40、0.14、0.24和0.19)。结论有瓣蝇类与人类活动密切相关,学校中对蝇类的控制和杀灭处理较好,而餐饮行业应该加强对有瓣蝇类的控制以确保顾客饮食安全。     

家蝇抗性机制研究进展

<正>蝇类在昆虫系统分类上隶属于双翅目,环裂亚目,有缝组(Schizophora),真蝇派(Myiodaria)的无瓣类(Acalyptratae)和有瓣类(Calytratae),共有几十个科,种类十分丰富。仅家蝇科、丽蝇科和麻蝇科,全世界就已知约8 000种,我国已知种类已达1 424种。由于蝇类的体表多毛、足部爪垫能分泌黏液,易附着大量的病原体,且它们喜欢在人或畜的粪、尿、痰、呕吐     

2007年济南市农村蝇类种群与密度调查

[目的]了解济南市农村蝇类密度与种类分布情况,为制订有效地蝇类防制措施提供依据.[方法]2007年5月,在济南市选择槐荫区(黄河以南)、商河县(黄河以北)农村选择6个村庄,采用捕蝇笼诱捕法进行蝇类密度和种类分布调查.[结果]蝇类密度(只/笼·8 h),5月15～17日黄河以南4个村庄为(33.50±60.37),黄河以北2个村庄为(31.10±28.33)(P>0.05);5月15～17日饲养牛羊的2个村庄为(86.40±60.05),未饲养牛羊的2个村庄为(7.60±8.77)(P<0.01).在黄河以南2个村庄捕获的629只苍蝇分属丽蝇科(占28.62%)、蝇科(占56.60%)、麻蝇科(占13.67%)、花蝇科(占1.11%),包括巨尾阿丽蝇、大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、棕尾别麻蝇、尾黑麻蝇、横带花蝇、家蝇.[结论]济南市黄河南、北农村蝇类密度相近,饲养牛羊村庄蝇类密度较高.     

城市外环境灭蝇袋与捕蝇笼灭蝇效率比较

目的 比较灭蝇袋和捕蝇笼在城市外环境灭蝇效率的差异,为蝇类防治工作提供参考。方法 以蝇密度表示捕蝇效率,计算Shannon-Weiner指数蝇种属的多样性,用t检验比较差异显著性。结果 共计捕蝇3 608只,其中灭蝇袋捕蝇3 036只,捕蝇笼捕蝇572只。灭蝇袋法密度为(0.346±0.202)只/(袋·h),捕蝇笼法密度为(0.059±0.039)只/(笼·h),二者有显著统计学差异(t=5.105,P<0.01)。灭蝇袋和捕蝇笼均捕获蝇类12属。灭蝇袋法Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为1.621,捕蝇笼法Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为1.859,二者有显著统计学差异(t=5.97,P<0.01)。结论 灭蝇袋的灭蝇效率显著高于捕蝇笼。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.