宝鸡地区汉坦病毒基因分型及序列特征研究

目的分析宝鸡地区的汉坦病毒基因序列特征。方法收集肾综合征出血热患者血清及汉坦病毒宿主动物鼠肺标本,通过荧光PCR方法进行基因分型,采用RT-PCR对目的基因进行扩增并测序,与汉坦病毒分型菌株进行序列比对及种系发生树分析。结果宝鸡地区汉坦病毒分型检测结果均为汉滩型(HTN),未检测到汉城型(SEO);序列分析显示,获得的11株序列与宁夏分离株Niongxia-A及陕西分离株A16同源性为94.3%~97.0%,同属于汉滩型H9亚型;1株序列与其他11株序列同源性仅为76.5%~77.4%,进一步序列比对显示与Nc167毒株同源性较高。结论宝鸡地区汉坦病毒基因型为汉滩型H9亚型;检测到1株与大别山病毒(DBSV)高度同源,不排除存在其他汉坦病毒型别的可能。     

广西北部地区汉坦病毒基因型研究

目的查明广西北部地区汉坦病毒的基因型及其基因亚型。方法用RT-PCR方法检测鼠肺中的汉坦病毒并对M和S片段进行扩增和测序。下载已知毒株序列并进行比较,以明确其基因型及其亚型。结果 2011年采集宿主动物肺组织标本356份,RT-PCR检测阳性12份。S片段与汉城型汉坦病毒(SEOV)的同源性较高,在86.6%~88.9%之间,与汉滩型汉坦病毒(HTNV)的同源性较低,在73.5%~74.0%之间。系统进化分析显示属于汉城型汉坦病毒的S6亚型。结论广西北部地区汉坦病毒基因型为汉城型汉坦病毒S6亚型。     

福建省宁德港地区2020年夏季鼠形动物汉坦病毒基因特征分析

目的 分析2020年夏季福建省宁德港地区（宁德港）鼠形动物携带汉坦病毒基因特征及遗传进化关系。方法 夹夜法采集宁德地区鼠类,提取鼠形动物肺组织RNA,用汉坦病毒检测试剂盒对样本进行检测,阳性样本进行全基因组测序,对序列进行相似性、遗传与变异等生物信息学分析。结果 共捕获鼠形动物112只,汉坦病毒阳性率为6.25%（7/112）,其中包括褐家鼠5只,黄胸鼠2只;对阳性样本测序,获得2条汉坦病毒的基因全序列（分别命名为：FJ35和FJ36,GenBank登录号：MW449188~MW449193）,全基因组序列均来自雄性褐家鼠;序列比对发现该样本所携带病毒属于汉坦病毒基因型汉城病毒（SEOV）,与山东省汉坦病毒分离株JX20140581和LZSF21之间核苷酸相似性较高为99%;采用最大似然法构建系统发育树发现该阳性样本所携带病毒属于S3亚型,与浙江省、山东省以及东北地区汉坦病毒分离株Z37、LZSF21和zy27、Gongzhuling415等属于同一亚型;氨基酸序列分析发现,与国际标准株SEOV80-39 M片段编码的氨基酸相比,FJ35和FJ36第81位谷氨酰胺（Q）变为精氨酸（R）;与FJ372核蛋白氨基酸相比发现N259S变异。结论 2020年夏季宁德港鼠形动物汉坦病毒阳性率较高,存在人群自然感染和流行的风险;形成该疫源地的病毒来自山东省某疫区的可能性比较大,需要做好港口鼠形动物的输入性防控;2株阳性样本所携带病毒属于S3亚型,与周围地区病毒株核苷酸及氨基酸同源性较高,但糖蛋白及核蛋白氨基酸存在一些微小的变异,可能引起相关抗原性的改变。     

一株汉城型汉坦病毒的分离及基因鉴定

目的从鼠肺中获得汉坦病毒分离株并进行基因鉴定与分型,为地区分离株特性研究提供基础。方法用Vero-E6细胞分离病毒,进行荧光和RT-PCR鉴定,之后对目的片段进行序列测定和分析。结果从褐家鼠鼠肺中分离到一株汉坦病毒,编号SC106。用汉城型（SEO）汉坦病毒M基因特异性引物检测得到预计大小的片段,此片段的核苷酸序列分析表明,SC106与SEO型参考毒株的同源性较高,均在94%以上;与汉滩型（HTN）参考毒株的同源性较低,均在67%以下。进化树分析表明SC106位于SEO型所在的支系。结论SC106为SEO型汉坦病毒。     

辽宁省肾综合征出血热基因分型及序列分析

目的：了解辽宁省汉坦病毒的分子特征，建立肾综合征出血热（HFRS）病毒基因库。方法：用RT-PCR方法对间接免疫荧光阳性鼠肺标本进行目的基因的扩增并测序，与标准汉坦病毒（HV）株一起进行同源性分析及系统发生树分析。结果：23株扩增产物与L99HV同源性在78．5％～99．6％之间，属汉城型（SEO）型HV，除[01]Shenyang-Yuhong／5／2005／sewer-r，[02]Shenyang-Yuhong／4／2005／sewer-r，[03]Shenyang-Yuhong／7／2005／sewer-r外，同源性均在94％以上。获得的23株HV序列在系统发生树上的遗传距离较近，同源性也均在94．7％以上，基本属于同一亚型。各株与LR1 HV相应序列进行比较同源性仅在26．7％～43．7％之间。结论：辽宁省是以SEO型HV为主的SEO和汉滩（HTN）混合型疫区，且SEO型汉坦病毒变异较小，稳定性较高。     

肾综合征出血热疫苗后备毒株的分离和生物学特性研究

目的从肾综合征出血热(HFRS)疫区阳性鼠肺中分离汉坦病毒(HV),并对分离到的病毒进行型别鉴定和生物学特性研究,为HFRS疫苗后备毒种库的建立打下基础。方法疫区阳性鼠肺研磨液接种长爪沙鼠分离病毒,并将分离到的HV经乳沙鼠脑内连续传代,采用直接免疫荧光法和酶联免疫吸附试验,检查毒株的型别,研究传代后毒株的繁殖特性、病毒滴度和抗原滴度。结果从疫区32份阳性鼠肺中分离到9株HV,经单克隆直接荧光血清检查6株为汉滩病毒株,3株为汉城病毒株,经乳沙鼠脑内连续传代,其中4株毒株的病毒滴度和抗原滴度较高,汉滩和汉城毒株的病毒和抗原滴度最高分别达106.50、106.00和1∶5120、1∶5120。结论4株毒株的病毒滴度和抗原滴度均较高,可作为HFRS疫苗后备毒种的筛选毒株。     

2019—2022年河南省肾综合征出血热宿主动物监测情况分析

目的分析2019—2022年河南省肾综合征出血热(HFRS)宿主动物分布及携带汉坦病毒(HV)情况。方法在河南省HFRS监测点开展宿主动物监测, 采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测鼠肺HV, 分析河南省鼠类动物携带HV型别, 对阳性样本进行测序, 分析核苷酸序列的同源性及变异情况。结果 2019—2022年共捕鼠1 308只, 16份鼠肺HV核酸阳性, 鼠HV阳性率为1.22%(16/1 308)。按种类, 黑线姬鼠HV阳性率最高(68.75%, 11/16)。按分布地, 野外鼠HV阳性率最高(2.50%, 12/480), 居民区鼠HV阳性率为0.53%(4/759)。16份阳性样本分型结果显示, 所携带的病毒均属于Ⅰ型汉滩病毒。阳性样本测序后获得8条S基因片段(OQ681444～OQ681451)和6条M基因片段(OQ681438～OQ681443);S和M基因片段与陕西84FLi株、四川SN7 株相似性较高。S和M基因片段系统进化分析显示, 均为汉滩病毒H5基因亚型。氨基酸序列分析显示, 与汉滩病毒疫苗株84FLi相比, 8条S片段编码氨基酸第74位由天冬酰胺替换为丝氨酸;XC2022...     

辽宁省汉城型汉坦病毒基因亚型分析

目的 分析辽宁省汉城型汉坦病毒(HV)的基因亚型及其分布情况.方法 收集辽宁省内主要肾综合征出血热(HFRS)流行地区的鼠肺和病人血清标本,采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测鼠肺中HV抗原,应用HV特异性引物以RT-PCR方法扩增标本中M和S基因片段的特异性核苷酸序列,测序后与已知病毒序列进行比较分析,构建系统发生树,以明确其型别和亚型及其地理分布情况.结果 辽宁省HFRS疫区褐家鼠携带的病毒均为汉城型病毒(SEOV);对鼠肺及病人携带HV的部分M片段及部分S片段进行核苷酸序列分析表明,发现SEOV的同源性较高,变异较小,稳定性较高,而且地理位置相近地区基因组核苷酸序列的同源性很高(＞98.8％),具有小范围的地理聚集现象.结论 辽宁省流行的SEOV均为S3亚型,基因亚型分布比较单一.     

江西省1株汉滩型汉坦病毒的分离与鉴定

目的 了解江西省啮齿动物携带的肾综合征出血热汉坦病毒的基因型别。方法 采用Vero-E6细胞对8份免疫荧光汉坦病毒抗原阳性鼠肺标本进行病毒分离,采用直接免疫荧光法和RT-PCR方法对培养物进行鉴定,对分离株部分M基因进行序列测定和分析。结果 1份标本培养后经直接免疫荧光试验检测到汉坦病毒特异性免疫荧光颗粒,培养物能在Vero-E6细胞中稳定传代,毒株命名为AYW89-15。毒株核酸经汉坦病毒M基因特异性分型引物进行RT-PCR检测,获得汉滩型汉坦病毒(Hantaan virus, HTNV)预期大小的目的片段;通过序列分析发现,分离株与HTNV参考株核苷酸同源性为83.1%～94.7%,氨基酸同源性为95.0%～99.0%,与汉城型等其他型别汉坦病毒核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均低于75%。进化树分析表明AYW89-15位于HTNV所在的枝系。 结论 新分离株AYW89-15为HTNV。     

吉林省汉城型汉坦病毒基因分型研究

目的 查明吉林省褐家鼠中汉城型汉坦病毒的基因亚型及其分布情况。方法 在吉林省的主要疫区采集啮齿类宿主动物，用免疫荧光法检测鼠肺标本，对汉坦病毒抗原阳性标本以RT-PCR法扩增部分M和S基因片段上的核苷酸序列并测序，将扩增片段的核苷酸序列与已知病毒序列进行系统发生分析并分型。结果 褐家鼠携带的汉坦病毒均为汉城病毒。序列分析发现在吉林省主要疫区褐家鼠流行的汉城病毒均为S3亚型，与辽宁、黑龙江省褐家鼠中的病毒株同源性较高，进化关系较近。结论 吉林省褐家鼠主要携带S3亚型的汉城型汉坦病毒。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.