莱姆病的临床特点及处置要点

莱姆病是由伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)引起的自然疫源性疾病,发病地区不断扩展蔓延,发病率逐年上升,其中,森苏疏螺旋体(B.burgdorferi sensu)、阿氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia afzelii)和加里尼疏螺旋体(Borrelia garinii)等三种基因分型的伯氏疏螺旋体与莱姆病发病密切相关。莱姆病螺旋体基因型的分布与地理环境、媒介生物、宿主动物密切相关,不同基因型引起的临床表现差异巨大。莱姆病临床表现可分为三个阶段：早期局灶期表现为蜱虫叮咬部位的游走性红斑,播散期可出现多发性红斑、螺旋体淋巴细胞瘤、神经系统莱姆病、心肌炎或关节炎,晚期发散期表现为慢性萎缩性关节炎和神经系统损伤症状。     

用聚合酶链方法对北京林区莱姆病疫源地及莱姆病病原体基因型的探索性研究

目的：进一步明确北京林区是否存在莱姆病的自然疫源地及其分布，方法基于莱姆病螺旋体外膜蛋白A基因建立半巢式聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reactio,PCR)方法，对从北京6个林区采集的蜱和鼠进行检测和基因分型，选择阳性标准本进行克隆和序列测定，与已知序进行同源性比较，间接免疫荧光法检测抗莱姆病螺旋体IgG抗体，从长角血蜱中分离莱姆病螺旋体。结果：从门头沟区东灵山采集的标本中检测到莱姆病螺旋体DNA片段，3只游离全沟硬蜱1只检测阳性，57只寄全沟硬蜱若蜱中1只检测阳性；119只野鼠中9只检测阳性，其中8只，B.garinii阳性，1只B.afzelii阳性。50份野鼠血清有5份莱姆病螺旋体IgG抗体阳性，采集采的160只长角血蜱（20只／组）。未分离到莱姆病螺旋体菌株。结论：北京门头沟区东灵山可能存在莱姆病的自然疫源地，包括两个基因型，全沟硬蜱可能是莱姆病的传播媒体，野鼠可能是贮存宿主。     

内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔地区鼠类携带疏螺旋体调查研究

目的了解内蒙古自治区(内蒙古)巴彦淖尔地区鼠类分布、疏螺旋体感染及其基因型等,为该地疫情防控和风险评估提供基础数据。方法于2015-2016年每年的4-6月、9-10月采用夹夜法捕获鼠类,采用特异性PCR扩增法对标本进行疏螺旋体检测,并通过测序和序列比对等进行疏螺旋体基因型分析。结果共捕获鼠类480只,其中子午沙鼠(174只)和长爪沙鼠(124只)数量居多,为该地优势鼠种。鼠类脾脏标本经PCR检测,共发现8份疏螺旋体fla B和16S rDNA基因阳性标本,阳性率为1.67%,其中毛足鼠和长爪沙鼠的阳性率分别为7.14%(2/28)和4.84%(6/124)。对阳性标本基因片段进行序列分析发现,感染的疏螺旋体为Borrelia afzelii和B.garinii。结论内蒙古巴彦淖尔地区鼠类携带的疏螺旋体以B.afzelii和B.garinii为主,应加强该病原体的检测和莱姆病防制。     

827例拟诊莱姆病患者抗伯氏疏螺旋体抗体检查结果分析

目的分析拟诊莱姆病患者血清学检查结果,明确莱姆病临床病症及地区分布情况,为有效诊治莱姆病提供科学依据。方法2001-2006年应用间接免疫荧光试验和ELISA 2种方法对来自全国各地的827例临床拟诊莱姆病患者血清进行抗伯氏疏螺旋体IgM、IgG抗体检查。结果有135例患者血清抗伯氏疏螺旋体IgM、IgG抗体呈阳性反应,阳性率16.32%。其中神经系统疾病344例,阳性88例;心血管系统疾病39例,阳性3例;皮肤病变193例,阳性30例;发热病人102例,阳性6例;关节痛病人105例,阳性5例;精神障碍病人44例,阳性3例。135例患者应用抗生素治疗后有效率达92%。我国18个省(直辖市、自治区)有莱姆病病例发生,以黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、新疆最多,其次是青海、四川、贵州、云南、浙江等省。结论我国人群确实存在莱姆病螺旋体散发感染,通过血清学检查能及早发现病人,提高诊疗效率。     

六盘山地区蜱中莱姆病螺旋体检测及分型

目的了解宁夏部分地区蜱中莱姆病螺旋体感染及基因型别情况。方法选择宁夏六盘山地区为调查点,采集当地蜱类,用巢式PCR法进行检测,阳性产物进行限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,确定莱姆病螺旋体的基因型。结果共检测4个蜱种206只蜱,阳性37只,阳性率17.96%;其中以青海血蜱阳性率最高,达59.37%;RFLP分析表明,蜱中莱姆病螺旋体均为B.garinii基因型,但型内存在一定差别,其中有29份标本属B.garinii基因型Ⅰ群,有8份标本属B.garinii基因型Ⅱ群。结论证实在宁夏六盘山地区蜱中存在莱姆病螺旋体,并发现其属于B.garinii基因型。     

青海省部分地区媒介及宿主动物体内携带伯氏疏螺旋体及基因型别的研究

目的 了解青海省部分地区蜱及野鼠体内莱姆病螺旋体感染及其基因分型情况。方法 采用布旗法采集蜱标本,采用夹夜法捕捉野鼠。经种类鉴定后,提取病原体DNA,应用巢式PCR扩增鼠中莱姆病螺旋体5S-23S rRNA间隔区片段,对阳性产物进行限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析。结果 检测3个区县3个蜱种共计618只蜱标本,其中共有3个蜱种97只标本检测阳性,总阳性率为15.69%。不同蜱种阳性率存在差别(χ~2=9.68,P0.01),其中以青海血蜱阳性率为最高,达到21.66%(47/217)。检测2个鼠种121只野鼠,其中12只检测阳性,总阳性率为9.91%,不同鼠种阳性率存在差别(χ~2=4.64,P0.05),以黄胸鼠的阳性率为最高,达到17.39%(8/46)。基因分型分析结果显示蜱及野鼠标本中莱姆病螺旋体为B.garinii及B.afzelii基因型,其中B.garinii基因型占76.47%。结论 青海省部分地区媒介及宿主动物体内存在莱姆病螺旋体,并至少有B.garinii及B.afzelii两种基因型。     

吉林省莱姆病病原调查和基因分型研究

目的为进一步了解吉林省莱姆病的病原学,为莱姆病的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法采用布旗法捕获蜱;采用BSKⅡ培养基对蜱进行莱姆病螺旋体的分离培养,并对分离到的病原体进行单克隆抗体鉴定及5S~23SrRNA基因间隔区PCR-RFLP分析。结果2004年从吉林省11个地区捕蜱1308只,其中全沟硬蜱1250只,占95.6%;血蜱58只,占4.4%。从全沟硬蜱中分离到7株螺旋体,经单克隆抗体鉴定均为莱姆病螺旋体。5S~23S rRNA基因间隔区PCR-RFLP基因分型结果表明,6株菌为Borrelia garinii基因型,1株菌为Borrelia afzelii基因型。结论吉林省11个地区莱姆病的主要传播媒介为全沟硬蜱,至少存在2个致病基因型,即B.garinii和B.afzelii,以B.garinii基因型为主。因此应加强这些地区莱姆病的防控工作。     

伯氏疏螺旋体分型多重实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立一种检测伯氏疏螺旋体的分型多重实时荧光定量PCR方法,可对3种致病基因型伽氏疏螺旋体B.garinii、阿氏疏螺旋体B.afzelii、狭义伯氏疏螺旋体B.burgdorferi sensu stricto检出并分型。方法针对3种基因型菌株的外膜蛋白osp C基因,在保守序列设计通用引物并分别设计型特异Taqman探针,3条探针分别标记FAM、Texas Red和CY5荧光报告基团,建立和优化多重实时荧光定量PCR反应体系,检测其敏感性和特异性。结果建立的多重荧光定量PCR的最低检测值为B.garinii 40copies/μl、B.afzelii 5.17copies/μl和B.burgdorferi sensu stricto 37.8copies/μl,通过检测立克次体、土拉弗朗西斯菌无交叉反应,检测100只游离蜱与常规PCR结合测序结果分型一致,说明本方法有较好的灵敏性和特异性。结论该方法能快速检测伯氏疏螺旋体并同时分型,为莱姆病的诊断提供新方法。     

黑龙江密山口岸三种蜱媒传染病在媒介蜱中复合感染的调查

目的调查黑龙江密山口岸三种蜱媒传染病在媒介蜱中复合感染的情况。方法采集蜱类标本44份,建立伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)、斑点热群立克次体(spotted fever group rickettsia)、嗜吞噬细胞无形体(anaplasma phagocytophilum)三种新发蜱传疾病病原体特异性通用引物,利用PCR方法对所有标本进行特异性片段扩增,对阳性标本测序并进行序列分析。结果在所检测的44份标本中,共检测出伯氏疏螺旋体阳性标本4份,斑点热群立克次体阳性标本6份,嗜吞噬细胞无形体阳性标本2份,感染率分别为13.63%、9.10%和4.55%。在全沟硬蜱检测到两份分别是莱姆病螺旋体与斑点热群立克次体及嗜吞噬细胞无形体和斑点热群立克次体的复合感染,复合感染率为4.55%。结论黑龙江密山地区至少存在两种莱姆病螺旋体(Borrelia garinii,Borrelia afzelii),三种斑点热群立克次体(Rickettsia raoultii,Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae,Rickettsia heilongjiangensis),和嗜吞噬细胞无形体(anaplasma phagocytophilum);全沟硬蜱存在复合感染。     

承德地区莱姆病自然疫源性特征分析

目的了解承德地区莱姆病自然疫源地存在状况。方法于承德林区捕鼠、采蜱；巴伯-斯托纳-凯利培养基(BSK)分离蜱内病原体；PCR扩增蜱、鼠体内目的片段及序列测定；对林区居民及动物牛、羊进行血清抗体检测。结果全沟硬蜱为优势蜱种，从中PCR扩增出目的片段，基因序列同源性比较，提示此感染菌株与欧亚大陆常见的莱姆病螺旋体Borrelia afzelii种具有高度同源性。林区居民及动物牛、羊血清抗体检出阳性率较高，分别为13．3％，23．3％，30％。结论全沟硬蜱是承德地区的优势蜱种；并发现其感染有致病性莱姆病螺旋体Borrelia afzelii种。林区羊、牛为重要的贮存宿主。林区人群存在莱姆病螺旋体自然感染，可初步认定承德地区为莱姆病自然疫源地。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.