坪山新区德国小蠊谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性研究

目的研究野外品系和敏感品系德国小蠊体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的活性,推断其抗性及水平,为蜚蠊防治和进一步完善抗性生化监测方法提供依据。方法采用分光光度法测定野外品系和敏感品系的德国小蠊体内GSTs的活性,分析两种品系德国小蠊GSTs酶活性的差异。结果野外品系和敏感品系德国小蠊GSTs活力分别是19.16和9.14 U/mg prot,野外品系德国小蠊GSTs酶活性显著高于敏感品系,两者酶活力比值(抗性系数)为2.10,且差异具有统计学意义(t=4.33,P0.05)。结论从生化水平上看,深圳市坪山新区野外品系德国小蠊已产生抗药性,可能与GSTs活性增高而引起其对杀虫剂的代谢解毒能力增强相关。     

深圳市大鹏新区德国小蠊抗药性及与抗药性相关的几种酶活性关系的研究

目的及时了解并掌握深圳市大鹏新区内德国小蠊抗药性的现状,同时探讨德国小蠊抗性产生的生化机理与其体内相关酶活性的关系,为指导德国小蠊综合防治提供理论参考和科学依据。方法采用药膜法测定采自大鹏新区内盛华源餐厅,葵涌市场,葵兴小区,大鹏山庄,较场尾,南澳南天阁海域酒店,大鹏妇幼保健院,沙岗村民宿区8个采样点并混合饲养至F1代的德国小蠊对6种常用杀虫剂的抗性水平;采用分光光度法测定7种酶的活力。结果新区内德国小蠊对氯菊酯、β-氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、残杀威、乙酰甲胺磷和毒死蜱6种杀虫剂的抗性倍数(R/S)分别为5.61、3.10、10.34、2.36、6.90和3.93;对德国小蠊野外和敏感品系体内7种酶(GSTs、AChE、AKP、ACP、SOD、Na-K-ATP、Ca-ATP)活性测定结果显示野外品系均高于敏感品系,经统计学分析,野外品系体内GSTs、AChE和SOD活性与敏感品系相比差异有异统计学意义(P0.05)。结论深圳市大鹏新区德国小蠊对6种常用杀虫剂均产生了抗药性,其中对溴氰菊酯产生高度抗性,其余均处于中低抗水平,化学防治上建议停用溴氰菊酯,慎用氯菊酯,改用抗性较低的β-氯氰菊酯;德国小蠊体内的GSTs、AChE和SOD与抗药性的形成关系密切,其活性的升高,导致了德国小蠊抗性的产生和发展。     

北京地区德国小蠊乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶生化特征比较

目的 :比较北京不同地区德国小蠊野外品系乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE)和谷胱甘肽S -转移酶 (GSTs)活性上的差异 ,以初步揭示其生化抗性机制。方法 :分别参照Gorun等 (1976)和Habig等 (1981)方法测定AChE活性和GSTs活性。结果 :不同野外品系间AChE和GSTs活性呈现差异。有 4种品系可使AChE和GSTs活性提高 ,其中KFQ品系、LD品系与敏感品系相比 ,AChE的活性分别提高了 1.5 7倍和 1.44倍 ;BYS品系使GSTs活性提高了 2 .3 3倍 ;有 3种品系可使AChE活性提高 ,使GSTs活性下降 ;另有一种品系使AChE和GSTs活性均下降。结论 :德国小蠊野外品系在AChE和GSTs活性上的差异 ,一方面表明AChE和GSTs参与了部分野外品系抗性的形成 ,另一方面也显示野外品系中存在着抗性机制的多样性和复杂性     

ARIMA模型在德国小蠊密度季节消长预测中应用及抗药性

目的探讨差分自回归移动平均(ARIMA)模型对德国小蠊密度的预测,评价德国小蠊抗药性及酶活性。方法选用粘捕法监测德国小蠊的密度和侵害率,运用ARIMA模型对唐山市德国小蠊密度进行拟合与预测;采用药膜法和诊断计量法测定德国小蠊的抗药性,用生理生化法测定其体内的酶活性。结果 2007—2017年唐山市德国小蠊密度为0.17只/张,侵害率为7.63%。在监测生境方面,不同生境之间德国小蠊的密度(F=5.693)、侵害率(χ~2=590.886)差异具有统计学意义(P 0.001);在季节消长方面,德国小蠊密度和侵害率高峰均出现在8月份,分别为0.28只/张和11.36%。通过ARIMA模型对2007—2017年德国小蠊密度进行拟合,最终确定ARIMA(0,1,3)×(0,1,1)12为最佳模型。唐山市德国小蠊对不同杀虫剂均已产生抗药性;德国小蠊野外种群谷胱甘肽–S–转移酶(GSTs)活性与敏感品系无差异;多功能氧化酶(MFO)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性均高于敏感品系;乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性低于敏感品系。结论成功建立ARIMA模型,可用于德国小蠊密度的预测预警;唐山市德国小蠊抗药性问题严重,MFO和CarE增进抗药性。     

德国小蠊谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力与抗药性的关系

目的了解德国小蠊的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（ACHE）与抗药性的关系,为探讨德国小蠊抗性机制及建立抗性生化检测方法提供理论依据。方法采用药膜法测定德国小蠊对4种常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,采用分光光度法测定酶活性。结果德国小蠊对DDVP、残杀威、溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯抗性系数分别为1．08、2．35、7．47和10．92。对德国小蠊抗性和敏感品系GSTs、AChE活力比较结果表明,抗性品系GSTs活力相对于敏感品系明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,抗性品系AChE活力相对于敏感品系明显下降,差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论德国小蠊抗性品系除对DDVP和残杀威有较弱抗性外,对高效氯氰菊酯产生了高度抗性,对溴氰菊酯产生了一定程度的抗性;对GSTs、AChE活力研究结果表明GSTs的活性增高,使杀虫剂代谢加速,导致杀虫剂对德国小蠊的敏感性下降;AChE作为有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫药物的靶标酶,其活力下降导致德国小蠊敏感性下降。表明杀虫剂的代谢酶和靶标酶活力的改变,与德国小蠊对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和菊酯类杀虫剂产生的抗性密切相关。     

生物化学指标在德国小蠊抗性监测中的应用研究

目的 通过研究几种生物化学指标在德国小蠊实际抗性监测中的应用，进一步探索和完善德国小蠊的抗性监测方法。方法 从山东省东营、青岛、济南3市分别采集野外生活的德国小蠊个体，参照GB13917．1、13917．8-92《农药登记卫生杀虫剂室内药效试验方法》喷施一定剂量不同浓度的高效氯氰菊酯，用各种酶测定试剂盒测定德国小蠊的酶活性。结果 用乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）的活性作为指标监测抗性种群的抗性状况，济南、青岛、东营3市德国小蠊的抗性指数依次为1．47、1．35、1．49，1．29、1．25、1．35和133、1．29、1．37，抗性种群与敏感品系的酶活性经统计学处理差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；用Na．K．ATPax、Ca-ATPase的活性作为指标监测抗性种群的抗性状况，济南、青岛、东营3市德国小蠊的抗性指数依次为1．02、1．04、1．03和1．16、1．08、1．19，与敏感品系的酶活性差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 AChE、SOD、GPx的酶活性可作为指示德国小蠊对高效氯氰菊酯抗性状况的指示指标，而Na-K-ATPase或Ca-ATPase的酶活性只能作为参考指标。     

德国小蠊谷胱甘肽S-转移酶在不同发育阶段活性变化及其在野外种群中的水平

目的研究谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）在德国小蠊不同发育阶段（若虫到成虫）与北京地区不同野外种群中的活性水平。方法分别采用分光光度法与药膜法测定德国小蠊GSTs活性与其抗性水平。结果德国小蠊GSTs比活力在若虫期随龄期增加而逐渐升高,在4周龄达到最高;随后逐渐降低,在羽化时酶活力降至最低,在成虫期略有升高。德国小蠊敏感品系成虫GSTs比活力为2.70 nmol（/min.mg）,Km值与Vmax分别为2.26 mmol/L和0.33 nmol（/min.mg）;9个区（县）野外种群GSTs比活力为2.76～8.69 nmol（/min.mg）,Km值和Vmax分别为0.65～2.37 mmol/L和0.33～0.54 nmol（/min.mg）。与敏感品系比较,野外种群成虫GSTs比活力和Vmax均较高,Km值较低,且对2种常用杀虫剂表现出不同程度的抗性（对高效氯氰菊酯为1.50～8.37倍;对残杀威为1.04～3.34倍）。结论 GSTs活性随德国小蠊发育阶段不同（若虫到成虫）而变化,并可能参与德国小蠊野外种群的抗性形成。     

德国小蠊DDVP抗性与相关酶活性的关系

目的 探讨乙酰胆碱酯梅（AChE）、α-乙酸萘酯酶（1-NA）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）活性与德国小蠊敌敌畏（DDVP）抗性水平的关系。方法 采用分光光度法和微量板酶动力学法分别测定不同DDVP抗性水平德国小蠊的AChE、1-NA和GSTs酶活性，应用SAS软件进行统计分析。结果 随着德国小蠊DDVP抗性水平的增加，1-NA及GSTs酶活性逐渐性逐渐升高，AChE活性仰制率和1-NA酶活性在德国小蠊抗性系数为2．8及以下时与敏感株相比，差异均有统计学意义P〈0．05。GSTs酶活性在抗性系数2．8及以下与敏感株相比，差异无统计学意义。结论 AChE的抑制率和1-NA酶活性可作为德国小蠊对DDVP抗性的生物化学标记。     

呼和浩特市德国小蠊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性调查

目前,化学防治是控制德国小蠊种群数量的主要手段,但广泛且频繁地使用杀虫剂使德国小蠊对其产生了不同程度的抗药性[1].为掌握呼和浩特市德国小蠊的抗药性现状,2011年呼和浩特市疾病预防控制中心(CDC)开展了抗药性监测工作. 1材料与方法 1.1 杀虫剂及试剂 98.0％溴氰菊酯、91.8％残杀威、96.0％敌敌畏、91.3％氯氰菊酯、95.2％高效氯氰菊酯,均由中国CDC传染病预防控制所提供;丙酮(分析纯),由天津市化学试剂三厂生产. 1.2供试昆虫 敏感品系德国小蠊,引自中国CDC传染病预防控制所;野外种群德国小蠊采自呼和浩特市宾馆、饭店、居民区,经实验室繁殖饲养1代后,选羽化2～3周龄健康雄性成虫供试.     

高效氟氯氰菊酯对德国小蠊谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶抑制作用研究

[目的]通过研究高效氟氯氰菊酯与德国小蠊谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶（GSTs）活性水平的量效与时效关系,进一步完善高效氟氯氰菊酯作用机制的研究,为德国小蠊的防制工作提供理论基础和参考方法。[方法]参照国标GB13917．1～8—92《农药登记卫生杀虫剂室内药效试验方法》喷施一定剂量不同浓度的高效氟氯氰菊酯,用谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶测定试剂盒测定德国小蠊GSTs活性。[结果]从药物处理后144h内GSTs相对活性水平来看,药物的抑制作用与高效氟氯氰菊酯的浓度具有一定的关系,但高效氟氯氰菊酯对德国小蠊谷胱甘肽硫-转移酶的抑制从总体上看不是很显著。[结果]GSTs敏感度降低而产生的靶标抗性可能是德国小蠊对高效氟氯氰菊酯产生抗药性的原因之一,德国小蠊GSTs活性水平可做为对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性水平检测参考的指标之一。     

Heat-related illnesses, deaths, and risk factors--Cincinnati and Dayton, Ohio, 1999, and United States, 1979-1997

During the summer of 1999, a heat wave occurred in the midwestern and eastern United States. This period of hot and humid weather persisted from July 12 through August 1, 1999, and caused or contributed to 22 deaths among persons residing in Cincinnati (18 deaths) and Dayton (four deaths). A CDC survey of 24 U.S. metropolitan areas indicated that Ohio recorded some of the highest rates for heat-related deaths during the 1999 heat wave, with Cincinnati reporting 21 per million and Dayton reporting seven per million (CDC, unpublished data, 1999). This report describes four heat-related deaths representative of those that occurred in Cincinnati or Dayton during the 1999 heat wave, summarizes heat-related deaths in the United States during 1979-1997, describes risk factors associated with heat-related illness and death, and recommends preventive measures.     

International standards and international reference preparations: amphotericin B, vancomycin, capreomycin, cefalotin, demethylchlortetracycline, gentamycin, gramicidin S, kanamycin and kanamycin B, lincomycin, lymecycline, methacycline, paromomycin, rifamycin SV, ristocetin and ristocetin B, spiramycin, and triacetyloleandomycin

Each of the preparations described here was obtained and evaluated at the request of a WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. Unless otherwise stated, a standard procedure was used to distribute the material into individual ampoules. The procedure was as follows. Upon receipt by the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, materials were stored temporarily in the dark at a temperature of -10°C or lower, and protected from moisture. At a convenient time they were brought back to room temperature, mixed, and distributed into individual neutral glass ampoules so that each ampoule contained 50-100 mg of powder. If it was known that the material was light-sensitive non-actinic glass ampoules were used. After exhaustive drying in vacuum over phosphorus(V) oxide, the ampoules were either constricted (up to 1963) or fitted with capillary leak plugs, dried for a further period under the same conditions, filled with dry nitrogen, and sealed by fusion of the glass. The total drying period varied from 8 to 38 days according to the nature of the material. After they had been tested for leaks, the ampoules were stored in the dark at -20°C.     

Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality

BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that zinc, copper, and magnesium are involved in carcinogenesis and atherogenesis. Few longitudinal studies have related these minerals to cancer or cardiovascular disease mortality in a population. METHODS: Data from the Paris Prospective Study 2, a cohort of 4035 men age 30-60 years at baseline, were used to assess the association between serum zinc, copper, and magnesium and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Serum mineral values measured at baseline were divided into quartiles and classified into low (1st quartile, referent group), medium (2nd-3rd quartiles), and high (4th quartile) values. During 18-year follow up, 339 deaths occurred, 176 as a result of cancer and 56 of cardiovascular origin. Relative risks (RRs) for each element were inferred using Cox's proportional hazard model after controlling for various potential confounders. RESULTS: High copper values (4th quartile) were associated with a 50% increase in RRs for all-cause deaths (RR = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.1-2.1), a 40% increase for cancer mortality (1.4; 0.9-2.2), and a 30% increase for cardiovascular mortality (1.3; 0.6-2.8) compared with low values (1st quartile). High magnesium values were negatively related to mortality with a 40% decrease in RR for all-cause (0.6; 0.4-0.8) and cardiovascular deaths (0.6; 0.2-1.2) and by 50% for cancer deaths (0.5; 0.3-0.8). Additionally, subjects with a combination of low zinc and high copper values had synergistically increased all-cause (2.6; 1.4-5.0) and cancer (2.7; 1.0-7.3) mortality risks. Similarly, combined low zinc and high magnesium values were associated with decreased all-cause (0.2; 0.1-0.5) and cancer (0.2; 0.1-0.8) mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: High serum copper, low serum magnesium, and concomitance of low serum zinc with high serum copper or low serum magnesium contribute to an increased mortality risk in middle-aged men.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.     

Dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, and blood pressure

The cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure with dietary sodium, calcium, and potassium, as estimated from dietary histories, was investigated by multiple regression analysis of data gathered in the Netherlands in the early 1950s in a general health examination of 2,291 middle-aged civil servants and spouses of civil servants. A statistically significant negative trend with systolic blood pressure was seen for calcium intake in both males and females, even after adjustments for covariates. For sodium and potassium intake, the observed negative trends were not significant after multivariate analyses. In addition, no consistent associations were found between diastolic blood pressure and the micronutrients after multivariate analyses, except for a significant negative association with calcium intake in females. In this study population, blood pressure was a strong independent risk factor of total mortality: 15- and 25-year mortality was about twice as high for hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg) as for normotensives (less than 160 mmHg). These findings support the conclusion in recent epidemiologic studies that higher intakes of calcium are associated with lower systolic blood pressure, and they extend the evidence to an earlier time period.     

Professional and Consumer Publications, Programs, Audiovisuals, and Software

Books, curricula, audiovisuals, and other resources that nutrition professionals may use for reference, continuing education, or in a formal or informal education setting are designated “professional.” Books, handouts, diet plans, and other resources specified by authors as being written for general audiences are categorized as “consumer.” Inclusion of any material in this section does not imply endorsement by the Society for Nutrition Education. Evaluative comments contained in the reviews reflect the views of the authors. Prices quoted are those provided by the publishers at the time materials were submitted. They may no longer be current when the review is published.