替硝唑木糖醇注射液的制备与质量控制

目的开发一种具有抗菌和供能作用且适应糖尿病、高血压和肥胖病患者的替硝唑木糖醇注射液，建立该制剂的含量测定方法并对其稳定性进行初步考察。方法拟定处方组成与制备工艺；并进行性状、鉴别、杂质和有关物质检查等质量研究，采用紫外分光光度法测定替硝唑含量，容量法测定木糖醇含量；影响因素试验考察其稳定性。结果替硝唑的含量可于317nm波长处直接测定，平均回收率为99．07％，RSD=0．63％(n=9)；本品在光照、低温及高温条件下5d及10d的样品与0d比较，其外观性状、pH值、澄明度、有关物质及含量等均无明显变化。结论该制剂处方合理，制备工艺可行，含量测定方法准确，稳定性良好。     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星木糖醇注射液的制备与质量控制

目的研发可抗茵和补充能量，且适用于糖尿病、高血脂和肥胖病患者的帕珠沙星木糖醇注射液。方法拟订处方组成与制备工艺，并进行其性状、鉴别、杂质和有关物质检查等质量研究，用反相高效液相色谱法测定甲磺酸帕殊沙星含量，用容量法测定木糖醇含量；通过影响因素试验考察制剂稳定性。结果甲磺酸帕殊沙星的含量可于239nm波长处直接测定，平均回收率为100．85％，RSD=0．33％；在低温及高温条件下，放置5d及10d的样品与0d的比较，外观性状、pH值、澄明度、有关物质及含量等均无明显变化。结论该制剂处方合理，制备工艺可行，含量测定方法简单、快捷、准确。     

氟尿嘧啶氯化钠注射液的制备与质量控制

目的　制备氟尿嘧啶氯化钠注射液 ,建立该制剂的质量控制方法并对其稳定性进行初步探讨。方法　拟定处方组成与制备工艺 ;采用紫外分光光度法中的吸收系数法测定氟尿嘧啶含量 ,容量法测定氯化钠含量 ;影响因素试验考察其稳定性。结果　该制剂质量可控 ;影响因素试验系取该注射液在光照、低温及高温条件下 5 d及 10 d的样品与 0 d比较 ,该注射液的外观性状、p H值、澄明度及氟尿嘧啶和氯化钠含量等均无明显变化。结论　该制剂处方合理 ,制备工艺可行 ,含量测定方法准确 ,稳定性良好     

盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶剂的制备与质量控制

目的制备盐酸左氧氟沙星凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法.方法以0.5%卡波姆940为凝胶基质,采用高效液相色谱法测定制剂中盐酸左氧氟沙星的含量,并进行稳定性考察和皮肤刺激性试验.结果盐酸左氧氟沙星浓度在12.5～200 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.02;制剂稳定性良好,对皮肤无刺激性.结论该制剂处方合理,制备工艺简便,质量控制方法简单、准确.     

注射用二乙酰氨乙酸乙二胺的制备与质量控制

目的制备注射用二乙酰氨乙酸乙二胺并建立该制剂的质量控制标准。方法确定处方组成与制备工艺并进行鉴别和含量测定等质量研究,采用HPLC法测定二乙酰氨乙酸乙二胺含量;通过影响因素试验考察其稳定性。结果HPLC法测定含量,平均回收率为99.1%,RSD=0.35%;在光照、高温及高湿条件下5d及10d其外观及含量等均无明显变化。结论该制剂制备工艺可行,质量控制方法可靠。     

氧氟沙星漱口液的配制及稳定性试验

目的：配制氧氟沙星漱口液，并考察其稳定性。方法：通过参考有关资料，确定处方和制备方法，并采用紫外分光光度法测定氧氟沙星含量，进行稳定性研究。结果：初均速法考察稳定性，线性关系良好，预测其室温有效期为t0.9=310d，氧氟沙星平均回收率为99.46%，RSD=1.92%(n=5)。结论：该制剂稳定性良好，可作为临床辅助治疗药物。     

注射用氟康唑的制备工艺及稳定性研究

目的:筛选注射用氟康唑的制备工艺,建立其含量测定方法。方法:以pH值及助溶剂种类等为考察因素筛选处方;采用高效液相色谱法测定其含量。结果:溶液pH在6.5～8.5时制剂稳定性较好,且丙二醇可增加制剂澄明度;氟康唑检测浓度在40～200μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为100.37%,RSD=1.37%(n=3)。结论:按照筛选出的处方、工艺制备的注射用氟康唑质量稳定,含量测定方法准确、可行。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星滴眼液的制备和临床应用

目的:以玻璃酸钠为载体制备盐酸左氧氟沙星滴眼液.方法:选择盐酸左氧氟沙星滴眼液的处方,建立配制和质控标准,并对其稳定性、刺激性和临床疗效进行考察.结果:玻璃酸钠不影响主药性质,对含量测定方法不干扰,留样观察6个月质量稳定,临床用于176例患者,有效率100%.结论:该制剂工艺简单,质控可靠,疗效显著,方便临床用药,适合于医院制剂.     

左氧氟沙星凝胶剂的制备与临床应用

目的:制备左氧氟沙星凝胶剂并建立其含量测定方法,观察其疗效.方法:以卡波姆940为辅料,制备左氧氟沙星凝胶剂;以紫外分光光度法测定其含量, 测定波长为293 nm.考察该制剂对脓疱病或毛囊炎的疗效.结果:平均回收率为101.7%,RSD＝0.5%.该制剂对50例脓疱病或毛囊炎的治愈率为94.0%.结论:本制剂工艺简单,质量稳定、可控,疗效确切,使用方便.     

右倍他米松磷酸钠注射液的制备、质量控制及稳定性考察

目的根据临床需要,研发右倍他米松磷酸钠注射液,考察其稳定性并建立质量控制方法。方法拟订处方组成与制备工艺,并进行性状、鉴别、pH值、有关物质检查等研究,采用高效液相色谱法测定右倍他米松磷酸钠含量,通过影响因素试验、恒温加速试验和长期留样试验考察其稳定性。结果按优化的最佳处方及工艺制备的3批中试样品均合格。结论该制剂处方工艺合理可行,质量可控,稳定性良好;含量测定方法重现性好,专属性强,测定结果在规定的限度内。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.