重视结核病的影像学分析与影像技术

结核病的诊断一般是以临床症状、体征、结核分枝杆菌实验室检查及影像学检查资料为依据，其中结核分枝杆菌阳性（简称“菌阳”）是诊断肺结核的金标准，但菌阳比率不超过50％。因此，影像学检查在结核病变的发现、诊断和鉴别诊断方面具有无可替代的重要价值。     

支气管结核的CT表现及动态观察

目的 分析支气管结核的CT及支气管镜表现，探讨支气管结核的影像特征及其病理基础。方法 收集痰菌、病理及临床证实的支气管结核50例，均做胸部CT及支气管镜检查，将CT及支气管表现对照分析。对有多次CT检查的病例，分析各次检查的动态变化。结果 支气管结核CT表现有以下特点：（1）支气管病变范围广泛；（2）多数病例可见肺内播散病变；（3）支气管狭窄、阻塞不伴有肺门部肿块；（4）病变管壁内可见点状或线状钙化。CT与支气管镜表现对照分析显示：管腔狭窄主要由支气管粘膜充血、水肿及溃疡引起，支气管阻塞多由肉芽肿和陈旧斑痕造成。治疗后，动态观察多数病例肺内播散病灶明显吸收。结论 CT是诊断及鉴别支气管结核的有效手段，也可评价病变的动态变化。     

肺外结核39例临床表现与18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层成像-CT的特点分析

目的 肺外结核的临床与18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)正电子发射计算机断层成像( PET) -CT表现多样,易与恶性病变相混淆,通过分析肺外结核的临床表现及18F-FDG PET-CT的影像学特点,以提高肺外结核的诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析2003-2011年天津医科大学总医院经病理确诊的肺外结核39例的临床表现和18F-FDG PET-CT图像,39例中男11例,女28例；年龄20 ～67岁,平均(60±18)岁,其中20～40岁8例,40～60岁15例,＞60岁16例；有结核病史者5例.采用目测和半定量分析相结合的方法,判断PET图像上病变的示踪剂浓集程度,结合相应层面低剂量CT图像和两者的融合图像判断病变性质.结果 临床表现:发热13例,盗汗、乏力伴消瘦17例,胸腔积液7例,腹胀、腹部肿块6例,颈部肿物2例.实验室检查:低蛋白血症、ESR增快及PPD试验阳性15例,其中PPD强阳性4例,CA125升高3例.PET-CT表现:淋巴结结核表现为体部单发或多发肿大淋巴结,部分可见融合或钙化,FDG显著浓集,部分FDG呈环形摄取；胸膜和腹膜结核表现为胸膜和腹膜增厚,部分呈结节样增厚,FDG显著不均匀浓集,以边缘及浆膜增厚处为著；骨结核均有不同程度的溶骨性骨质破坏,部分脊柱结核的椎旁软组织增厚,半数病灶可见FDG环形摄取；肠结核4例次均累及回盲部,肠壁呈环形或偏心性增厚,FDG呈局灶性、弥漫性等多种浓集形式；肾上腺结核表现为双侧肾上腺肿块样增厚,输卵管结核表现为右侧附件区结节影,肝结核表现为肝脏多发类圆形低密度灶,均可见FDG高摄取.结论 18F-FDG PET-CT检查有助于肺外结核与肿瘤的鉴别诊断.淋巴结结核和骨结核的PET-CT图像FDG环形摄取可能是特异性表现.对仍难与恶性病变鉴别的患者,病史、临床表现和其他检查结果及病理对诊断较为重要.     

肺外结核病的实验室诊断技术应用

肺外结核病是指发生于肺部以外的全身其他脏器的结核病,由于病变部位广,临床表现复杂多样,早期诊断较为困难,误诊、漏诊率较高.鉴于实验室检查对肺外结核的诊断具有重要意义,因此快速、灵敏的实验室诊断技术研究极为重要[1].     

肺结核的影像学诊断——从形态分析到分子影像诊断

医学影像学已成为肺结核及肺部疾病诊断不可缺少的重要方法.病灶形态分析是肺结核影像学诊断与鉴别诊断的重要方法,CT增强扫描是病灶形态学诊断的重要补充方法,MRI既是形态学诊断也是分子影像诊断的重要技术,正电子发射计算机体层摄影术计算机体层摄影术（PET-CT）是重要的分子影像学诊断技术,在结核病的鉴别诊断和结核病灶活动性的评价方面具有重要意义.熟练掌握不同影像学技术,以及在肺结核诊断中应用的目的与意义,重视肺结核不典型影像表现和菌阴肺结核的影像诊断与鉴别,推进影像学形态分析和细菌学、病理学及免疫学等多学科联合诊断等,将是现在及未来的主要努力方向.     

纤维支气管镜诊断菌阴肺结核的意义

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜对疑似肺结核的诊断价值.方法 对胸部影像学表现疑似结核病变特点的59例痰菌阴性患者行支气管镜检查,镜下观察病变,同时行活检、刷片及灌洗液等检查,通过病理及细菌学检查,分析结果.结果 59例患者经支气管镜检查确诊结核49例,2例确诊为肺癌,其中刷片找到抗酸杆菌者32例,活检确诊结核的34例.结论 支气管镜检查是结核病诊断和鉴别诊断的重要方法.     

结核病临床诊治进展年度报告（2012年）（第一部分结核病临床诊断）

近一年来,国内外在结核病临床诊断方面取得了诸多进展,不少诊断新方法、新技术得以在临床上开展应用。在细菌学诊断方面,两种新技术包括等温微量热技术及爆轰纳米金刚石技术与传统的培养法相结合,提高了阳性检出率,具有速度快、敏感度和特异度高等优点。分子影像学在肺结核及肺外结核诊断中也取得了较大的进展。γ-干扰素释放试验在菌阴肺结核及肺外结核的诊断方面具有较大优势。2012年结核病分子生物学诊断仍集中在以核酸扩增为核心的检测技术上,而最引人注目的是Xpert Mtb/RIF技术,其在结核病和耐药结核病诊断中取得了丰硕的成果,在儿童结核病及Mtb与HIV双重感染的诊断方面也发挥了重要作用。RNA恒温扩增技术不仅可用于诊断结核病,还可用于疗效的监测。内镜介入诊断部分介绍了呼吸内镜在肺结核、气管支气管结核、纵隔淋巴结结核及胸膜结核诊断中的应用进展。其中支气管内镜超声引导下经支气管针吸活检术引起了国内外学者的极大关注,该方法以其操作技术简单、微创、定位准确、敏感度和特异度高,以及可重复性强等优势,在纵隔及肺门淋巴结结核的诊断中发挥了越来越大的作用。     

结核性脑膜炎患者行脑脊液实验室检测方法的现状与进展

结核性脑膜炎(tuberculous meningitis,TBM)是最常见的肺外结核之一,约占全部结核病患者的1%;但死亡率可达26.8%,死亡多发生在患病最初的6个月,早期诊断及治疗是改善TBM预后的重要因素。临床上对TBM的诊断是通过临床表现、脑脊液检测、头颅影像学检查及是否并发颅外结核等综合分析后作出的。脑脊液检测是诊断TBM的重要指标,通过检测脑脊液中的结核分枝杆菌及其特异性的标志物,可以为TBM的诊断提供重要帮助。     

纵隔淋巴结结核1例并文献复习

正全球不典型的结核病例逐渐增多,其中约1/5为肺外结核~([1])。肺外结核往往病变较为隐匿,缺乏诊断的"金标准",极容易造成误诊、漏诊和延迟诊断。纵隔淋巴结结核多好发于儿童,早期多以发热为首发症状,临床表现无特异性,常因无肺实质性病变、结核中毒症状不典型、无病原学证据及典型影像学依据,易误诊为其他疾病(如结节病、恶性淋巴瘤、转移癌等)。本文报道1例纵隔淋巴结结核诊治体会。病例资料     

气管支气管结核早期多层螺旋CT诊断（附22例报告分析）

目的了解气管支气管结核的早期16层螺旋CT影像表现，评价多层螺旋CT诊断支气管结核的价值。方法对22例经手术病理和纤维支气管镜活检证实的气管支气管结核分别进行MPR重建成像，分析其影像学表现。结果支气管结核的16层螺旋CT表现有以下特点：（1）多支段受累，好发于上肺叶及中肺叶；（2）病变支气管范围长，多为主支气管、叶支气管、段支气管连续或间断受累；（3）管腔多为不规则狭窄；（4）管壁多为不规则增厚，密度增高或钙化。22例气管支气管结核患者中，16支病变支气管表现为支气管壁不同程度向心性增厚，内壁呈浅波浪状。22例均合并肺内结核，肺内结核病灶多数分布于病变支气管所属肺组织。结论16层螺旋CT对显示气管、支气管内膜结核的累及范围有一定的优势，对支气管结核的早期诊断及治疗方法的选择有较高的临床应用价值。     

Tuberculous cellulitis in a child demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging.

The increasing prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis means that it is important for clinicians to review their knowledge of unusual presentations of mycobacterial infections. Involvement of subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle is rare in tuberculosis. Occasionally, infection of soft tissue may be the sole manifestation of tuberculosis. Apart from cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis, the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis may be difficult. Modern imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, may be helpful in making a differential diagnosis. We present here a case of tuberculous cellulitis in an immunocompetent child and discuss the contribution of MRI in diagnosis.     

Disseminated tuberculosis of the lungs in children]

The infiltration phase of disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis has recently become a severe form of tuberculosis in children. It is accompanied by bacillary excretion (61.3%), lung tissue destruction (29.1%) and process generalization with extrapulmonary localization. Its course is most severe in the phase of destruction and has fatal outcome in 26.4% of cases which is mainly encountered in children of the early and pubertal age. The differential diagnosis of disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis in children with dissemination of non-tuberculous etiology is of importance considering a high percentage of diagnostic errors. Timely diagnosis of the destruction phase of disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis requires tuberculin diagnosis with Mantoux test with 2 TU PPD-L and bacteriological examination of all children with diffuse lung lesions staying in children's somatic hospitals.     

结核分枝杆菌特异性蛋白抗体检测在肺外结核病诊断中的价值

目的研究结核分枝杆菌特异性蛋白(TB-SA)抗体检测在肺外结核病诊断中的价值。方法对71例肺外结核病患者和40例健康志愿者进行血清结核分枝杆菌特异蛋白抗体检测,并对各种肺外结核病引流物标本进行AFB涂片和培养检查。结果结核分枝杆菌TB-SA抗体检测诊断菌阳肺外结核病敏感度为87.5%(7/8),诊断菌阴肺外结核的敏感度为63.5%(40/63),诊断肺外结核总体敏感度为66.2%(47/71),特异度为97.5%(39/40)。结论结核分枝杆菌TB-SA抗体检测诊断肺外结核病有较好的敏感性和特异性,是辅助诊断和鉴别诊断肺外结核病较为理想的免疫学方法之一。     

Pneumocystis carinii peritonitis. Antemortem confirmation of disseminated pneumocystosis by cytologic examination of body fluids.

Histologic confirmation of extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has usually required organ biopsy when the diagnosis was made antemortem. Three cases of Pneumocystis peritonitis were studied in which confirmation of extrapulmonary dissemination was achieved by cytologic examination of ascitic fluid. Patients presented with characteristic choroidal lesions, transudative ascites, profound hypoalbuminemia, and hepatic dysfunction. Cytologic examination of ascitic fluid confirmed extrapulmonary dissemination of pneumocystis. All three patients died despite a minimum of 2 weeks of standard therapy. Cytologic examination of body fluids to confirm dissemination of Pneumocystis may obviate the need for organ biopsy. Disseminated pneumocystosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of ascites or peritonitis in a patient at risk for human immunodeficiency virus--associated opportunistic infections. The presence of transudative ascites may be characteristic of this syndrome.     

Tuberculous liver abscess not associated with lung involvement

Hepatic tuberculosis is one of the uncommon forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We report a 78-year-old woman who developed tuberculous liver abscesses with splenic abscess not associated with pulmonary foci. Ultrasonography and computed tomography of the abdomen showed the low-density lesions in the liver and spleen. Histopathology of specimens obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy revealed coagulation necrosis and epithelioid cells but not tumor cells, suggesting tuberculosis infection in the liver and spleen. Systemic chemotherapy with anti-tuberculous agents led to the improvement of the lesions in the liver as well as spleen. Although tuberculous liver abscess is a very rare case, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of unknown hepatic mass lesions.     

Adrenal tuberculosis after a pheochromocytoma: a misleading tumoral presentation

Adrenal gland involvement could account for 6% of active tuberculosis. The diagnosis of this extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis is difficult, especially when presenting as unilateral adrenal tumor. This report describes an unusual case of adrenal tuberculosis presenting as a tumor occurring shortly after surgical removal of an adrenal pheochromocytoma located in the opposite gland, in a 63-year-old woman with a previous history of breast cancer. At initial presentation, the patient suffered from symptomatic paroxysmal hypertension. A pheochromocytoma in the left adrenal was diagnosed and resected. One year later, while physical examination and biological parameters were unremarkable, an enhanced adrenal computed tomography (CT) scan showed a right adrenal mass mimicking the CT features of the resected pheochromocytoma. A peripheral tissular rim delineating a central hypodensity characterized this tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the same findings on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted slices, while the mass was not seen on T2-weighted images. No tumoral signal loss was observed on out of phase images when using the in phase-out of phase T1-weighted sequence. Because of the tumoral evolution and the uncertainty of the nature of that lesion, the patient underwent a second adrenalectomy. Definitive diagnosis was provided by culture of tissue sample, which resulted in the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In an era of tuberculosis resurgence, this unusual case underscores the necessity of keeping in mind adrenal tuberculosis as a possible differential diagnosis in adrenal tumors of uncertainty nature. It stresses the importance of culture of biopsy tumor, whenever feasible, to avoid unnecessary operations. In the near future, interferon-gamma assay could be a valuable means to recognize extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis.     

结核病分子病理学诊断技术临床应用进展

病理学是诊断结核病的重要途径,尤其在痰菌阴性的肺结核及肺外结核等疑难患者的诊断中发挥了重要作用。2017年公布的《中国结核病病理学诊断专家共识》提出病理学确诊结核病必须同时满足两个条件:(1)组织形态学符合结核病病理基本变化;(2)通过分子病理学检测获得明确的病原学依据。近年来,分子病理学诊断技术在结核病的诊断和鉴别诊断中起到越来越重要的作用。作者对分子病理学技术在诊断结核病、非结核分枝杆菌病,以及耐药结核病中的应用进展进行了综述。     

《肺结核影像诊断标准》解读

肺结核病仍然是当今危害人类健康的重大传染病,尤其在新型冠状病毒肺炎流行的背景下,保持和加强结核病服务是实现全民健康覆盖和恢复卫生系统总体进程的重要组成部分,并能确保应对结核病和新型冠状病毒肺炎的协同防控作用.肺结核影像诊断标准的制订和发布,对肺结核的精准分型、影像学诊断与鉴别诊断、疗效评价等具有极其重要的意义,同时也是...     

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children]

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis morbidity in children of the Novosibirsk region for the period of 10 years was analysed on the basis of the materials presented by the regional antituberculosis center. It was found that 44 children has extrapulmonary tuberculosis which accounted for 17.9% of the total number of sick children and 5.7% of all extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was diagnosed in 50% and bone-and-joint tuberculosis in 27.3% of cases; nephrotuberculosis occupied the third and ocular tuberculosis the fourth place; 20% of sick children were detected after their examination and 80% after surgery for other general diseases. Complications of the main process at the moment of application for help had 18.2% of children. The basic causes of later extrapulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in children is the absence of awareness for tuberculosis in the general practitioners and inadequate work carried out in tuberculosis infection foci.